@unpublished {721886,
	title = {Team Incentives and Lower Ability Workers: A Real-Effort Experiment},
	year = {Submitted},
	abstract = {
	Despite a large literature on team incentives, studies on teams in a purely financial sense are limited. In such environments, team members independently engage in tasks with identifiable individual contributions, while their compensation is partially linked to team outputs. We conducted an experiment of such scenario with three distribution schemes (equal sharing, individual piece rate, and winner-takes-all) and examined these schemes both with and without a team threshold. Our results showed the surprising power of equal sharing on improving team productivity compared to winner-takes-all and individual piece-rate, contradicting the predictions of the standard economics theory. Our findings reveal that the higher team output observed under equal sharing was driven by the increased productivity of less able workers. This could be attributed to an explanation of guilt aversion and cannot be illuminated by several alternative theories. We also found that participants preferred piece rate over the other schemes. Yet, the presence of a team threshold highlighted the importance of cooperation, leading to a greater preference for equal sharing. Our findings suggest that organizations with workers of varying abilities are likely to benefit from an appropriate equal sharing component tailored to their responsiveness to sharing in rewards.

},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Pan, Xiaofei and Xiaolan Yang and Maoliang Ye}
}
@article {686440,
	title = {"Minimum Wages and the Rise of Firms{\textquoteright} Robot Adoption in China."},
	year = {Forthcoming},
	abstract = {In this study, we analyze the impacts of minimum wages on firms{\textquoteright} robot adoption using novel panel data related to robots imported by firms in China from 2001 to 2012, a period when most of China{\textquoteright}s robots are imported. We find that minimum wages raise firms{\textquoteright} robot adoption significantly. The effects of minimum wages on robot adoption are larger for firms in routine-intensive industries, for firms in labor-intensive industries, and for large firms. Employing robots significantly increases firms{\textquoteright} value added, labor employment, labor productivity, total factor productivity, and average wages. The firm-level production function estimations show that on average, one robot replaces about 15 workers in China.},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Xueyue Liu and Zhikuo Liu and Ran Song and Ruixiang Xiong}
}
@inbook {655032,
	title = {"Planning for the {\textquotedblleft}Expected Unexpected{\textquotedblright}: Work and Retirement in the U.S. After the COVID-19 Pandemic Shock", in Lisa Berkman and Beth C. Truesdale (editors)},
	booktitle = {Overtime: America{\textquoteright}s Aging Workforce and the Future of "Working Longer"},
	year = {Forthcoming},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press },
	organization = {Oxford University Press },
	address = {New York },
	abstract = {
	This chapter analyzes the implications of the unexpected 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic for work and retirement in the U.S. The pandemic induced the greatest loss of jobs in the shortest period of time in U.S. history. A slow economic recovery would surely have endangered work longer/retire later policies that seek to adjust the finances of Social Security retirement to an aging population. Boosted by the huge CARES (March 2020) and ARPA (April 2021) rescue packages, the early recovery from the COVID-19 recession was faster and stronger than the recovery from the 2007-2009 Great Recession. Even so, the pandemic greatly altered the job market, with workers suffering from long COVID having difficulty returning to work and more workers working from home. In its immediate effect and potential long-run impact, the pandemic recession/recovery is a wake-up call to the danger that shocks from the natural world pose to work and retirement. Realistic planning for the future of work and retirement should go beyond analyzing socioeconomic trends to analyzing expected unexpected changes from the natural world as well.

},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {708081,
	title = {Gender Homophily: In-Group Citation Preferences and the Gender Disadvantage},
	journal = {Research Policy},
	volume = {53},
	number = {1},
	year = {2024},
	abstract = {Based on an extensive sample of articles in the life sciences, we find that gender homophily in\&nbsp;forward citations is substantial: compared to men-led articles (i.e., those with men as either the first or last\&nbsp;author), women-led articles receive fewer forward citations from subsequent men-led articles and more\&nbsp;forward citations from subsequent women-led articles. This occurs across life science fields with varying\&nbsp;gender ratios. Forward citations flow differentially to papers led by women versus men for a variety of\&nbsp;reasons, including the detailed field and scientific concepts covered in the articles, the journals in which\&nbsp;they are published, article length, authors{\textquoteright} research experience, and the size of the author team. After\&nbsp;accounting for this extensive set of factors, we find some forward citations appear to be driven by gender\&nbsp;citation homophily {\textendash} that is, gender alignment between citing and cited authors. This pattern greatly\&nbsp;disadvantages women in fields where they are\&nbsp; underrepresented, leading to a gender citation gap,\&nbsp;compared to more gender-balanced fields, where the gap is shrinking. We also find that articles written by\&nbsp;more recent cohorts of scientists are subject to less gender citation homophily than earlier cohorts.\&nbsp;Investigation into potential pathways by which gender citation homophily operates suggests it stems fromgendered specialization in research niches and, to a lesser extent, from gender homophily in professional\&nbsp;connections among scientists, as opposed to from direct discrimination against unknown authors based on\&nbsp;gender inferred from their names. Since gender homophily in citations impedes gender-indifferent\&nbsp;knowledge flow in most fields, its adverse impact on science likely includes not only slowing women{\textquoteright}s\&nbsp;careers but also creating a less efficient diffusion of knowledge and recombination of work from earlier\&nbsp;papers into newer work.\&nbsp;},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104895},
	author = {Sifan Zhou and Chai, Sen and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {716721,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Data Deepening and Nonbalanced Economic Growth,{\textquotedblright}75 (March 2023): },
	journal = {Journal of Macroeconomics},
	volume = {75},
	number = {March},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {As a newly emerging factor, data can promote economic growth by driving technological progress, and nonbalanced growth between digital\&nbsp;industries\&nbsp;and nondigital\&nbsp;industries\&nbsp;has been notable in recent years. This paper provides a novel growth model with two sectors that differ in the degree of data deepening and the factor structure of the production function. In the model, data in one sector is the by-product of economic activities not only in its sector, but also in the other sector. More importantly, data utilization within and across sectors can spur new ideas and promote technological innovation. The model indicates that increases in the stock of data in the two sectors have opposite effects on the allocation of skilled labor between the two sectors. The skill premium (the wage of skilled labor relative to the wage of unskilled labor) decreases with an increase in the fraction of skilled labor employed in the data-extensive sector. With credible parameter values, model calibration shows that faster growth of output occurs in the more data-intensive sector and the high skill premium persists in the long run.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2023.103503},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Buyuan Yang and Baitao Zhang}
}
@workingpaper {703616,
	title = {Creating and Connecting US and China Science: Chinese Diaspora and Returnee Researchers},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {The close connection between US and China in scientific research and education in the 2000s produced a large group of China-born researchers who work in the US ({\textquotedblleft}diaspora{\textquotedblright}) and a larger group of China-born researchers who gained US-research experience and returned to do their research in China ({\textquotedblleft}returnee{\textquotedblright}). Analyzing 2018 Scopus data on research papers, we estimate that diaspora researchers contributed to 27\% of US addressed papers, and that returnee researchers contributed to 38\% of China addressed papers. Both the number of papers with diaspora authors and the number of papers with returnee authors far exceeded the usual measure of US-China collaborative work, papers with both US and China addresses. In terms of quality or impact, papers with diaspora or returnee authors averaged more citations and had higher proportions of publication in high CiteScore journals than other US-addressed or China-addressed papers. Finally, papers with diaspora and/or returnee authors were at the center of the US-China coauthor network and major conduits of research findings between the countries in the network of scientific citations. The benefits of the US-China research connection notwithstanding, the link between the countries{\textquoteright} research began to fray from 2018 through the early 2020s, with potential deleterious effects on each country{\textquoteright}s future research output and on global science writ large to which US and China are the two biggest contributors.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w31306},
	author = {Qingnan Xie and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {697632,
	title = {Beyond Burnout: from Measuring to Forecasting},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {Burnout of physicians and other medical personnel is a major problem in the economics of healthcare systems, potentially costing billions of dollars. Knowledge of the determinants and costs of burnout at the organization level is sparse, making it difficult to assess the net benefits of interventions to reduce burnout at the level where arguably the greatest change can be affected. In this paper, we use data from a midsize healthcare organization with about 500 clinicians in 2021-22 to advance analysis of clinical burnout in two ways. First, we estimate the costs of clinician burnout beyond the widely studied losses due to turnover. Including hard-to-measure and potentially long-term costs that arise from reduced patient satisfaction and lower productivity of burnt-out clinicians at work, our analysis suggests a much higher cost of burnout per clinician than previous estimates that exclude these costs. Second, we use standard medical billing and administrative operating data to forecast turnover and productivity of clinicians to serve as an early warning system. Accurate estimates of both the cost of burnout now and of likely future costs should help decision-makers be proactive in their approach to solving the burnout crisis currently affecting the healthcare industry. While our empirical analysis relates to a particular healthcare organization, the framework for quantifying the costs of burnout can be used by other organizations to assess the cost-effectiveness of ameliorative policies.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w30895},
	author = {Bart Blackburn and Chan, Tiffany and Elizabeth Cherot and Richard B. Freeman and Xi Hu and Eric Matt and C. Aubrey Rhodes}
}
@article {696351,
	title = {Pandemics are Catalysts of Scientific Novelty: Evidence from COVID-19. Meijun Liu, Yi Bu, Chongyan Chen, Jian Xu, Daifeng Li, Yan Leng, Richard B. Freeman, Eric T. Meyer, Wonjin Yoon, Mujeen Sung, Minbyul Jeong, Jinhyuk Lee, Jaewoo Kang, Chao Min10 | Min},
	journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology},
	volume = {73},
	number = {8},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1065-78},
	abstract = {Scientific novelty drives the efforts to invent new vaccines and solutions during the pandemic. First-time collaboration and international collaboration are two pivotal channels to expand teams{\textquoteright} search activities for a broader scope of resources required to address the global challenge, which might facilitate the generation of novel ideas. Our analysis of 98,981 coronavirus papers suggests that scientific novelty measured by the BioBERT model that is pretrained on 29 million PubMed articles, and first-time collaboration increased after the outbreak of COVID-19, and international collaboration witnessed a sudden decrease. During COVID-19, papers with more first-time collaboration were found to be more novel and international collaboration did not hamper novelty as it had done in the normal periods. The findings suggest the necessity of reaching out for distant resources and the importance of maintaining a collaborative scientific community beyond nationalism during a pandemic.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24612},
	author = {Meijun Liu and Yi Bu and Chongyan Chen and Xu, Jian and Daifeng Li and Yan Leng and Richard B. Freeman and Eric T. Meyer and Wonjin Yoon and Mujeen Sung and Minbyul Jeong and Jinhyuk Lee and Kang, Jaewoo and Chao Min and Song, Min and Yujia Zhai and Ying Ding}
}
@webarticle {695983,
	title = {"Equal Sharing Motivates Lower-Ability Workers in Team Production," },
	journal = {VoxEU-CEPR},
	number = {November 5},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {
	Most firms organise production around teams comprised of workers with varying abilities, and compensate workers according to their own or their team{\textquoteright}s output. But little is known about how team members with different abilities respond to compensation thresholds, and analyses of teams in business settings typically focus on top performers. This column compares lower-ability participants in an experiment conducted among university students in China. Participants assigned to equal-sharing compensation schemes were more productive than those assigned to winner-takes-all, suggesting that organisations should consider how lower-ability workers respond to shared rewards.

},
	url = {https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/equal-sharing-motivates-lower-ability-workers-team-production},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Pan, Xiaofei and Xiaolan Yang and Maoliang Ye}
}
@article {694479,
	title = {Occupational Skill Premia around the World: New Data, Patterns and Drivers.},
	journal = {Labour Economics},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1-40},
	abstract = {Firms hire workers to undertake tasks and activities associated with particular occupations, which makes occupa-tions a fundamental unit in economic analyses of the labor market. Using a unique dataset on pay in identicallydefined occupations in developing and advanced countries, we find that in most countries occupational skill pre-mia narrowed substantially from the 1950s to the 1980s, then widened through the 2000s, creating a U-shapedpattern of change. The narrowing was due in part to the huge worldwide increase in the supply of educatedworkers. The subsequent widening was due in part to the weakening of trade unions and a shift in demand tomore skilled workers associated with rising trade. The data indicate that supply, demand, and institutional forcesare all drivers of occupational skill premia, ruling out simple single factor explanations of change. The paperconcludes with a call for improving the collection of occupational wage data to understand future changes in theworld of work.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102255},
	author = {David Kunst and Richard B. Freeman and Remoco Oostendorp}
}
@workingpaper {693760,
	title = {Team Incentives and Lower Ability Workers: An Experimental Study on Real-Effort Tasks Richard B. Freeman, Xiaofei Pan, Xiaolan Yang, and Maoliang Ye NBER Working Paper No. 30427},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {Team incentives are important in many compensation systems that pay workers according to the output of their team as well as to their own output, with team bonuses often depending on whether the team meets or exceeds specified thresholds. Yet little is known about how team members with different abilities respond to compensation rules and thresholds. We contrast the performance of lower ability participants and higher ability participants in an experiment with three distribution schemes {\textendash} equal sharing, piece rate sharing, and tournament style winner-takes-all {\textendash} in settings with and without a team threshold. Workers randomly assigned to equal sharing had higher productivity than those assigned to winner-takes-all and had similar productivity to workers in piece-rate scheme. Output under equal sharing was boosted by the higher productivity of less able workers, possibly motivated by a desire to avoid guilt feelings about letting down their partners, per models of guilt aversion. Given a choice of distribution schemes, participants selected piece rate over equal sharing and favored both of these over winner-takes-all; in addition, a team threshold induced more concern about cooperation and thus greater preference for equal sharing. The findings suggest that organizations with teams of workers with varying abilities are likely to do better if the organization can consider lower ability workers{\textquoteright} responsiveness to sharing in rewards, e.g., to have an equal sharing component in its compensation system when they are strongly guilt averse.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w30427},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Pan, Xiaofei and Xiaolan Yang and Maoliang Ye}
}
@workingpaper {686429,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Planning for the {\textquotedblleft}Expected Unexpected{\textquotedblright}: Work and Retirement in the US After the COVID-19 Pandemic Shock,{\textquotedblright} NBER WP $\#$ 29653 (January 2022)},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {
	This chapter analyzes the implications of the unexpected 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic for work and retirement in the U.S.\&nbsp; The pandemic induced the greatest loss of jobs in the shortest period of time in U.S. history.\&nbsp; A slow economic recovery would surely have endangered work longer/retire later policies that seek to adjust the finances of Social Security retirement to an aging population.\&nbsp; Boosted by the huge CARES (March 2020) and ARPA (April 2021) rescue packages, the early recovery from the COVID-19 recession was faster and stronger than the recovery from the 2007-2009 Great Recession.\&nbsp; Even so, the pandemic greatly altered the job market, with workers suffering from long COVID having difficulty returning to work and more workers working from home.\&nbsp; In its immediate effect and potential long-run impact, the pandemic recession/recovery is a wake-up call to the danger that shocks from the natural world pose to work and retirement.\&nbsp; Realistic planning for the future of work and retirement should go beyond analyzing socioeconomic trends to analyzing expected unexpected changes from the natural world as well.

},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w29653},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@journal {666429,
	title = {Twisting the Demand Curve: Digitalization and the Older Workforce.},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {
	Software represents a major and fast-growing share of firms{\textquoteright} capital investment, impacting demand for labor and what workers do on their jobs. Using U.S. Census Bureau panel data that link firms and workers, this paper estimates the effect of firm software capital on the earnings of workers by age group. We extend the AKM framework to include job-spell fixed effects that account for potential correlation between the worker{\textendash}firm match and employee age, as well as including time-varying firm effects that allow for a correlation between wage-enhancing productivity shocks and software investments. Within job-spell, capitalized software investment raises worker earnings. However, it does so at a rate that declines after the age of 50, to about zero beyond 65. Our data further show that software capital increases the earnings of high-wage workers relative to low-wage workers and earnings in high-wage firms relative to low-wage firms, thereby widening earnings\&nbsp;inequality\&nbsp;within and across firms.

},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.12.003},
	author = {Erling Barth and James C. Davis and Richard B. Freeman and Kristina McElheran}
}
@article {679980,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Estimating the Energy Impact of Electric, Autonomous Taxis: Evidence from a Select Market,{\textquotedblright}  Environmental Research Letters (in press 2021). Open Access article.},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {Electric, autonomous vehicles promise to address technical consumption inefficiencies\&nbsp;associated with gasoline use and reduce emissions. Potential realization of this prospect has\&nbsp;prompted considerable interest and investment in the technology. Using publicly available data\&nbsp;from a select market, we examine the magnitude of the envisioned benefits and the\&nbsp;determinants of the financial payoff of investing in a tripartite innovation in motor vehicle transportation: vehicle electrification, vehicle automation, and vehicle sharing. In contrast to\&nbsp;previous work, we document that 1) the technology{\textquoteright}s envisioned cost effectiveness may be\&nbsp;impeded by previously unconsidered parameters, 2) the inability to achieve cost parity with the\&nbsp;status quo does not necessarily preclude net increases in energy consumption and emissions, 3)\&nbsp;these increases are driven primarily by induced demand and mode switches away from pooled\&nbsp;personal vehicles, and 4) the aforementioned externalities may be mitigated by leveraging a\&nbsp;specific set of technological, behavioral and logistical pathways. We quantify {\textendash}\&nbsp; for the first time {\textendash}\&nbsp;the thresholds required for each of these pathways to be effective and demonstrate that\&nbsp;pathway stringency is largely influenced by heterogeneity in trip timing behavior. We conclude\&nbsp;that enacting these pathways is crucial to fostering environmental stewardship absent\&nbsp;impediments in economic mobility.\&nbsp;\&nbsp;},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1bd9},
	author = {Ashley Nunes and Laurena Huh and Nicole Kagan and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@journal {667183,
	title = {"Trade Unions and the Welfare of Rural-Urban Migrant Workers in China," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, (April 21) 2021},
	journal = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review},
	year = {2021},
	month = {21 April },
	abstract = {
	Using a panel survey, the authors investigate how the welfare of rural-urban migrant workers in China is affected by trade union presence at the workplace. Controlling for individual fixed effects, they find the following. Relative to workers from workplaces without union presence or with inactive unions, both union-covered non-members and union members in workplaces with active unions earn higher monthly income, are more likely to have a written contract, be covered by social insurances, receive fringe benefits, express work-related grievances through official channels, feel more satisfied with their lives, and are less likely to have mental health problems.

},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939211004440},
	author = {Alison Booth and Richard B. Freeman and Xin Meng and James Zhang}
}
@article {666147,
	title = {Impact of Deunionization on Growth and Dispersion of Productivity and Pay},
	journal = {Industrial and Corporate Change},
	volume = {30},
	number = {2 (April)},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {377{\textendash}408},
	abstract = {This article presents an Agent-Based Model (ABM) that seeks to explain the concordance of sluggish growth of productivity and of real wages found in macroeconomic statistics, and the increased dispersion of firm productivity and worker earnings found in micro level statistics in advanced economies at the turn of the 21st century. It shows that a single market process unleashed by the decline of unionization can account for both the macro- and micro-economic phenomena, and that deunionization can be modeled as an endogenous outcome of competition between high wage firms seeking to raise productive capacity and low productivity firms seeking to cut wages. The model highlights the antipodal competitive dynamics between a {\textquotedblleft}winner-takes-all economy{\textquotedblright} in which corporate strategies focused on cost reductions lead to divergence in productivity and wages and a {\textquotedblleft}social market economy{\textquotedblright} in which competition rewards the accumulation of firm-level capabilities and worker skills with a more egalitarian wage structure.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtaa025},
	author = {Giovanni Dosi and Richard B. Freeman and Marcelo C. Pereira and Andrea Roventini and Maria Enrica Virgilllito}
}
@workingpaper {664380,
	title = {"The Contribution of Chinese Diaspora Researchers to China{\textquoteright}s Catching Up in Global Science and High-Tech Industries,{\textquotedblright} (revised Feb 2021)},
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {
	This study examines the contribution of Chinese diaspora researchers {\textendash} those born in China but working outside the country {\textendash} to China{\textquoteright}s catching up in global science to become a world leader in research publications and citations. Using a novel name-based way to identify Chinese diaspora authors of scientific papers, we show that these researchers produce a large proportion of global scientific papers of high quality, gaining about twice as many citations as other papers of the same vintage. Our analysis also shows that diaspora researchers are a critical node in the co-authorship and citation networks that connect scientific discovery in China with the rest of the world. In co-authorship, diaspora researchers are over-represented on international collaborations with China-addressed authors. In citations, a paper with a diaspora author is more likely to cite China-addressed papers than a non-China addressed paper without a diaspora author; and, commensurately, China-addressed papers are more likely to cite a non-China addressed paper with a diaspora author than a non-China paper without a diaspora author. Through those pathways, diaspora research contributed to China{\textquoteright}s 2000-2015 catch-up in science and to global science writ large, consistent with ethnic network models of knowledge transfer, and contrary to brain drain fears that the emigration of researchers harms the source country.



	\&nbsp;

},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w27169},
	author = {Qingnan Xie and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {650245,
	title = {"Ownership Cures for Inequality", Chapter 21 in Olivier Blanchard and Dani Rodrik (editors)},
	booktitle = {Combating Inequality: Rethinking Policies to Reduce Inequality in Advanced Economies},
	year = {2021},
	publisher = {MIT Press },
	organization = {MIT Press },
	address = {Cambridge },
	abstract = {
	What, if anything, can the United States do to reverse the upward trend in inequality and the danger that it will lead to populist despotism or a corrupt oligarchy with laws made for the few, not for the many?



	I propose two sets of policies. The first requires reforms in labor laws and regulations to better enable workers to organize and bargain collectively with employers. The second requires tax and procurement policies to encourage firms to develop employment ownership programs so that workers own some of the capital that employs them and additional policies that increase worker investments in capital more broadly. By operating on ownership of both labor and capital, the policies can modernize American economic institutions to fit the coming world of artificial intelligence (AI) robotics and avoid Madison{\textquoteright}s Scylla and Charybdis choice between anarchy and corruption.

},
	url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/combating-inequality},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {716706,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Firm Dynamics of Hi-Tech Start-ups: Does Innovation Matter?{\textquotedblright} Dongyang Zhang, Liqun Zhuge, Richard B. Freeman. China Economic Review 59 (Feb 2020): 1-17.},
	journal = {China Economics Review},
	volume = {59},
	number = {February},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-17},
	abstract = {Innovation plays a vital role in corporate issues since it brings potentially appreciable profits and\&nbsp;shores up their statuses in certain fields, although it may also harness firms, especially smaller\&nbsp;ones, with high survival risks. This concern brings forth our research topic: will participating in\&nbsp;innovation activities diminish small firms{\textquoteright} risk of exit from the market? Our paper concentrates\&nbsp;on hi-tech start-ups and complements existing firm dynamic studies by adopting a comprehensive\&nbsp;annual survey dataset from a considerable science park located in Beijing. Using an efficient\&nbsp;discrete-time proportional hazards model, and thanks to extensive data available, we can take a\&nbsp;deeper investigation into this topic. Our research complies with most of the previous studies that\&nbsp;show that the benefit from innovativeness outweighs the cost and we solidify our conclusions by\&nbsp;considering a few distinctive features existing in China{\textquoteright}s economy.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101370},
	author = {Dongyang Zhang and Liqun Zhuge and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {716701,
	title = {Firm Dynamics of Hi-Tech Start-Ups: Does Innovation Matter? },
	journal = {China Economic Review},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Innovation plays a vital role in corporate issues since it brings potentially appreciable profits and\&nbsp;shores up their statuses in certain fields, although it may also harness firms, especially smaller\&nbsp;ones, with high survival risks. This concern brings forth our research topic: will participating in\&nbsp;innovation activities diminish small firms{\textquoteright} risk of exit from the market? Our paper concentrates\&nbsp;on hi-tech start-ups and complements existing firm dynamic studies by adopting a comprehensive\&nbsp;annual survey dataset from a considerable science park located in Beijing. Using an efficient\&nbsp;discrete-time proportional hazards model, and thanks to extensive data available, we can take a\&nbsp;deeper investigation into this topic. Our research complies with most of the previous studies that\&nbsp;show that the benefit from innovativeness outweighs the cost and we solidify our conclusions by\&nbsp;considering a few distinctive features existing in China{\textquoteright}s economy.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101370},
	author = {Dongyang Zhang and Liqun Zhuge and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {669943,
	title = {The impact of deunionization on the growth and dispersion of productivity and pay", NBER WP 26634 (January)},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {This paper presents an Agent-Based Model (ABM) that seeks to explain the concordance of sluggish growth of productivity and of real wages found in macro-economic statistics, and the increased dispersion of firm productivity and worker earnings found in micro level statistics in advanced economies at the turn of the 21st century. It shows that a single market process unleashed by the decline of unionization can account for both the macro and micro economic phenomena, and that deunionization can be modeled as an endogenous outcome of competition between high wage firms seeking to raise productive capacity and low productivity firms seeking to cut wages. The model highlights the antipodal competitive dynamics between a {\textquotedblleft}winner-takes-all economy{\textquotedblright} in which corporate strategies focused on cost reductions lead to divergence in productivity and wages and a {\textquotedblleft}social market economy{\textquotedblright} in which competition rewards the accumulation of firm-level capabilities and worker skills with a more egalitarian wage structure.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w26634},
	author = {Giovanni Dosi and Richard B. Freeman and Marcelo C. Pereira and Andrea Roventini and maria Enrica Virgillito}
}
@workingpaper {669882,
	title = {"Trade Unions and the Welfare of Rural-Urban Migrant Workers in China", Booth, Alison L., Richard B. Freeman, Xin Meng and James Zhang. CEPR Discussion paper No. DP15350},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Using a panel survey, we investigate how the welfare of rural-urban migrant workers in China is affected by trade union presence at the workplace. Controlling for individual fixed- effects, we find the following. Relative to workers from workplaces without union presence or with inactive unions, both union-covered non-members and union members in workplaces with active unions earn higher monthly income, are more likely to have a written contract, be covered by social insurances, receive fringe benefits, express work-related grievances through official channels, feel more satisfied with their lives, and are less likely to have mental health problems.},
	url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3723539},
	author = {Alison Booth and Richard B. Freeman and Xin Meng and James Zhang}
}
@webarticle {666473,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Unions Raise Worker Wellbeing{\textquotedblright} },
	journal = {VoxEU / CEPR},
	year = {2020},
	url = {https://voxeu.org/article/unions-raise-worker-wellbeing},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and David G. Blanchflower and Alex Bryson}
}
@article {653043,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Regulation and Innovation: Examining Outcomes in Chinese Pollution Control Policy Areas,{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Economic Modelling},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {19-31},
	abstract = {In this paper, we examine how two regionally implemented environmental initiatives in China have impacted the innovation ability of Chinese-listed firms. The regional implementation of these policies, with non-policy regions serving as controls, offers researchers the perfect conditions for a natural experiment. Using research and development (R\&amp;D) expenditures and patents as a proxy for innovativeness, we compare the record of innovation of firms inside the policy zones with firms outside the policy zones. We use a Difference-In-Difference-In-Differences (DIDID) method to eliminate endogeneity and take the quality of the patents into account by incorporating sub-items. Results show only one of the regulations had a positive effect and that low quality patents account for most of the innovation. We conclude that reasonably designed environmental regulations, when implemented regionally in competitive industries, do improve Chinese firms{\textquoteright} innovation ability in line with the Porter Hypothesis. The results help us derive some useful policy implications regarding innovation.},
	url = {https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1b5JoyGFsEwbq},
	author = {Liqun Zhuge and Richard B. Freeman and Matthew T. Higgins}
}
@workingpaper {652999,
	title = {"The Contribution of Chinese Diaspora Researchers to Scientific Publications and China{\textquoteright}s {\textquotedblleft}Great Leap Forward{\textquotedblright} in Global Science"},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {China-born scientists and engineers who conduct their research outside China, the diaspora researchers of our title, contributed to global science through the exceptional quantity and quality of their scientific work and through distinctive connections to China-based researchers and research. Analysis of the Scopus database of English language scientific journal articles shows that Chinese diaspora research publications are a substantial and growing proportion of global scientific publications, receive an above average number of citations per article, and are published at above average rates in high Scopus CiteScore journals. In addition, diaspora researchers helped China advance to the forefront of science through collaboration on papers with China-based researchers and through the citation network linking China-based research to research outside the country.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w27169},
	author = {Qingnan Xie and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {646716,
	title = {Within Occupation Changes Dominate Changes in What Workers Do:A Shift-Share Decomposition, 2005-2015},
	journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings },
	volume = {110},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-7},
	abstract = {
	Recent analyses of the potential effects of advanced technology on jobs has tended to focus on possible reductions in routine cognitive white-collar jobs due to computer algorithms and in blue-collar jobs due to robots and factory automation. This paper provides a different perspective on the possible future of work by: (1) measuring changes in job attributes/tasks from 2005 to 2015, straddling the boundary between the pre-AI and AI eras; and (2) decomposing those changes via a shift-share analysis into the changes that occurred within occupations and changes in the shares of employment between occupations with different characteristics.\&nbsp; Our primary source of information on job characteristics over time is the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database developed by U.S. Department of Labor{\textquoteright}s Employment and Training Administration.\&nbsp; While prior research has used O*NET data cross-sectionally, we create a new panel dataset that allows us to analyze changes over time for 170 job characteristics from four O*NET questionnaires completed consistently by workers (job incumbents) since 2003. Per our title, we find that within-occupation changes dominate, raising doubts about the ability of projections based on expected changes in the occupational composition of employment to capture the likely future of work. Indeed, our data show only weak relationships between automatability, repetitiveness, and other job attributes and changes in occupational employment. The results suggest that analysts give greater attention to within-occupation impacts of technology in assessing the future of work.

},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20201005},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Ina Ganguli and Michael J. Handel}
}
@book {608704,
	title = {Handbook of Research on Employee Voice},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar },
	organization = {Edward Elgar },
	edition = {2nd},
	address = {Glouchestershire, UK},
	editor = {Adrian Wilkinson and Jimmy Donaghey and Tony Dundon and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {716711,
	title = {Do Financial Constraints Curb Firm{\textquoteright}s Efforts to Control Pollution? Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Firms.},
	journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
	volume = {215},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1052-1058},
	abstract = {
	Financial constraints have long existed in China{\textquoteright}s manufacturing sectors. The growth of themanufacturing sector has been slowing in recent years due to increasingly strict environmental regulations\&nbsp;that force factories to cut production. In this study, we discussed whether financial constraints\&nbsp;were essential in firms{\textquoteright} decision to control pollution, and matched the Annual Surveys of Industrial Firms\&nbsp;dataset with the Ministry of Environmental Protection survey data on firms{\textquoteright} expenditures in industrial\&nbsp;waste gas emission control. The relationship between calculated investment-cash flow sensitivity (ICFS)\&nbsp;and the environmental investment ratio (the ratio of firms{\textquoteright} expenditures on pollution control to totalassets) was analyzed. We found that, overall, financial constraints had a significantly negative effect on\&nbsp;firms{\textquoteright} efforts to reduce waste gas emission. State-owned enterprises (SOE) relieved financial pressure\&nbsp;mainly by seeking external financing sources to reduce emission. On the other hand, private-owned\&nbsp;(POE) and foreign-owned enterprises (FOE), if efficiently financed internally, can reduce waste gas\&nbsp;emission by increasing investment in waste gas treatment. This study provided a quantitative analysis on\&nbsp;firms{\textquoteright} financial constraints in environmental protection investment, contributing to the development ofeffective government policies on related issues in China.



	\&nbsp;

},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.112},
	author = {Dongyang Zhang and Wencui Du and Liqun Zhuge and Zheming Tong and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {637057,
	title = {"Temporary Colocation and Collaborative Discovery: Who Confers at Conferences,"},
	journal = {Strategic Management Journal},
	volume = {40},
	number = {13},
	year = {2019},
	month = {December },
	pages = {2138-2164},
	abstract = {The flow of knowledge is closely linked to proximity. While extensive works show that long-term geographic proximity affects work behavior, little is known about the effect of short-term colocation, such as conferences. Using participant data at Gordon Research Conferences, we estimate difference-in-differences and instrumental variable models, which show that attendees who have no prior within-conference collaborations are more likely to collaborate with other attendees, and that the researchers who have worked previously with other attendees are more likely to continue their collaborations. We also find that researchers who are junior, are located closer to the conference venue, and have established prior ties to the conference draw more collaborative benefits from temporary colocation across organizations. Thus, going to a conference alters the creation of collaborations.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/smj.3062},
	author = {Chai, Sen and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {632734,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}The Twin Track Model of Employee Voice: An Anglo-American Perspective on Union Decline and the Rise of Alternative Forms of Voice,{\textquotedblright}  },
	booktitle = {Employee Voice at Work, Chapter 2 in Peter Holland, Julian Teicher, and Jimmy Donaghey (eds)},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {23-50},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	abstract = {Abstract This chapter will review the major studies undertaken in the twenty-firstcentury to assess the changing nature of employee voice in the Anglo-Americancontext. These studies are predominantly based on employee perceptions but alsoinclude employer surveys and multilevel analysis.},
	url = {https://www.springer.com/us/book/9789811328190},
	author = {Alex Bryson and Richard Freeman and Rafael Gomez and Paul Willman}
}
@article {630929,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Willingness to Pay for Clean Air in China,{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Economics and Management},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {188-216},
	abstract = {We use a residential sorting model incorporating migration disutility to recover the implicit value of clean air in China. The model is estimated using China Population Census Data along with PM2.5 satellite data. Our study provides new evidence on the willingness to pay for air quality improvements in developing countries and is the first application of an equilibrium sorting model to the valuation of non-market amenities in China. We employ two instrumental variables based on coal-fired electricity generation and wind direction to address the endogeneity of local air pollution. Results suggest important differences between the residential sorting model and a conventional hedonic model, highlighting the role of moving costs and the discreteness of the choice set. Our sorting results indicate that the economic value of air quality improvement associated with a one-unit decline in PM2.5 concentration is up to $8.83 billion for all Chinese households in 2005.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.01.005},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Wenquan Liang and Ran Song and Christopher Timmins}
}
@workingpaper {630601,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Non-linear Incentives and Worker Productivity and Earnings: Evidence from a Quasi-experiment,{\textquotedblright} Richard B. Freeman, Wei Huang, and Teng Li, NBER Working Paper $\#$ 25507, January 2019. },
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Firms often use non-linear incentive systems to motivate workers to achieve specified goals, such as paying bonuses to reach targets in sales, production, or cost reduction. Using administrative data from a major Chinese insurance firm that raised its sales targets and rewards for insurance agents greatly in 2015, we find that increased incentives induced agents to increase sales of the increasingly incentivized life insurance products, bunched around the new targets, albeit in part with some low quality sales that led to canceled contracts, while reducing sales of products outside the new incentive system. The greater non-linear incentives raised agent incomes and lowered turnover and substantially increased firm revenues net of the increase in payments to agents. The stock market reacted to the new system with a jump in the firms{\textquoteright} share price relative to its main competitor by 15-20\% in the days surrounding introduction of the new system.},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Wei Huang and Teng Li}
}
@article {629870,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}From Immigrants to Robots: The Changing Locus of Substitutes for Workers,{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = { RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Issue on​ Improving Employment and Earnings in Twenty-First Century Labor Markets, edited by Erica L. Groshen and Harry J. Holzer (eds) },
	number = {Fall/Winter},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {
	Increased use of robots has roused concern about how robots and other new technologies change the world of work. Using numbers of robots shipped to primarily manufacturing industries as a supply shock to an industry labor market, we estimate that an additional robot reduces employment and wages in an industry by roughly as much as an additional 2 to 3 workers and by 3 to 4 workers in particular groups, which far exceed estimated effects of an additional immigrant on employment and wages. While the growth of robots in the 1996-2016 period of our data was too modest to be a major determinant of wages and employment, the estimated coefficients suggest that continued exponential growth of robots could disrupt job markets in the foreseeable future and thus merit attention from labor analysts.

},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/rsf.2019.5.5.02},
	author = {George J. Borjas and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {629451,
	title = {Bigger than You Thought: China{\textquoteright}s Contribution to Scientific Publications and Its Impact on the Global Economy},
	journal = {China \& World Economy},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1-27},
	abstract = {China{\textquoteright}s advance to the forefront of scientific research is one of the 21st century{\textquoteright}s most surprising developments, with implications for a world where knowledge is arguably {\textquotedblleft}the one ring that rules them all.{\textquotedblright} This paper provides new estimates of China{\textquoteright}s contribution to global science that far exceed estimates based on the proportion of papers with Chinese addresses in the Scopus database of international scientific journals. The standard address-based measure ignores two contributions from Chinese researchers: articles written by Chinese researchers with non-Chinese addresses and articles in Chinese language scientific journals not indexed in Scopus. Taking account of these contributions, we attribute 36 percent of the 2016 global scientific publications to China. In addition, we find that citations to Chinese-addressed articles have increased from far below the global average, which helped bring China{\textquoteright}s share of global citations to approximately 37 percent of global citations to papers published in 2013. With a share of scientific publications and citations more than twice its share of global population or GDP, China has achieved a comparative advantage in knowledge that has implications for the division of labor and trade among countries and for the direction of research and of technological and economic development worldwide.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/1749124x},
	author = {Qingnan Xie and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {629879,
	title = { {\textquotedblleft}Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership (JPEO) in the Changing World of Participative Work Practices and Pay},
	journal = { Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2-3},
	url = {https://www.emeraldinsight.com/toc/jpeo/1/1},
	author = {Joseph Blasi and Douglas Kruse and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {629878,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Broad-based Employee Stock Ownership and Profit Sharing: History, Evidence, and Policy Implications,{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {38-60},
	url = {https://www.emeraldinsight.com/toc/jpeo/1/1},
	author = {Joseph Blasi and Douglas Kruse and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {629877,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Ownership When AI/Robots Do More of the Work and Earn More of the Income{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {74-95},
	url = {https://www.emeraldinsight.com/toc/jpeo/1/1},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {629876,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Employee and Citizen Ownership of Business Capital in the Age of AI Robots"},
	journal = {CSR und Mitarbeiterbeteiligung},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {This paper seeks to convince you that the best response to the coming dominance of AI robots in the world of work is to expand both employee ownership of firms and citizen ownership of business capital more broadly. Section 1 analyzes the likely effects of advances in AI robot technologies on the comparative advantage of machines versus humans in high-value-added work and the consequences for wages and salaries and income inequality. Section 2 argues that the best way to assure that living standards increase for all in the age of AI robots is through enhanced employee ownership and greater citizens{\textquoteright} stake in business capital, distributing capital income far more widely than today.},
	url = {https://www.springerprofessional.de/employee-and-citizen-ownership-of-business-capital-in-the-age-of/16126002},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {629874,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}(Some) Inequality Is Good for You,{\textquotedblright} Chapter 12 in Inequality in the 21st Century, edited by D. Grusky and Jasmine Hill (eds) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2018, ISBN 978-0-8133-5064-6): 73-76. Full length version of chapter published as: {\textquotedblleft}(Some) In},
	booktitle = { Inequality in the 21st Century},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Westview Press },
	organization = {Westview Press },
	address = {Boulder, CO },
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@report {629873,
	title = {Understanding the Educational and Career Pathways of Engineers, as a member of the NAS Committee on Understanding the Engineering Education-Workforce Continuum, convened 2015-2018. National Academies of Engineering. 2018. Washington, DC: The National Acad},
	year = {2018},
	url = {https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25284/understanding-the-educational-and-career-pathways-of-engineers}
}
@workingpaper {621160,
	title = {Bigger Than You Thought: China{\textquoteright}s Contribution to Scientific Publications},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {From 2000 to 2016 China increased its scientific publications in the international journals indexed by Scopus to become the largest contributor to global science, accounting for about 23\% of journal articles adjusted for the Chinese share of addresses or names on publications. Publications with all-China addresses contributed the most to the increase, followed by cross-country collaborations and papers by Chinese-named researchers outside the country. The same period also saw a huge increase in scientific publications in Chinese language journals not indexed in Scopus. We estimate that while Chinese language papers gain about 1/5th as many citations as non-Chinese (largely English) papers in Scopus they are so numerous that even valued as making 1/5th the contribution of a Scopus paper, China accounts for 36\% of global scientific papers defined as Scopus papers and China language equivalent papers and for 37\% of citations to those papers. China{\textquoteright}s move to the forefront of scientific inquiry makes it a key driver of the direction of scientific and technological progress and of the knowledge-based economies of the foreseeable future.},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w24829},
	author = {Qingnan Xie and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@webarticle {621151,
	title = {China{\textquoteright}s Overwhelming Contribution to Scientific Publications},
	journal = {http://www.voxchina.org/},
	year = {2018},
	author = {Qingnan Xie and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {604896,
	title = {"Augmenting the Human Capital Earnings Equation with Measures of Where People Work"},
	booktitle = {Firms and the Distribution of Income: The Roles of Productivity and Luck},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER },
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER },
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Erling Barth and James Davis}
}
@article {604416,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}How Credible is Trade Union Research? Forty Years of Evidence on the Monopoly-Voice Trade-Off{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = { Industrial and Labor Relations Review},
	volume = {71},
	number = {2},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {287-305},
	abstract = {In this article, the authors assess the credibility of research that hastested the theoretical contests between the monopoly and the collectivevoice model of unions developed by Freeman and Medoff inWhat Do Unions Do? The authors go beyond prior analyses by examiningmore than 2,000 estimates that consider the effects of unionson a broad range of organizational and individual outcomes, includingproductivity, productivity growth, capital investment, profits, andjob satisfaction. They advance our understanding of the currentempirical findings and credibility of this research by using metastatisticalanalysis to evaluate research quality, publication selectionbias, statistical power, and heterogeneity. The authors conclude thatcompared to other areas of economics, research on union effectshas lower bias but larger problems of statistical power. They arguethat Freeman and Medoff{\textquoteright}s monopoly{\textendash}collective voice model helpedproduce more credible results, and they suggest ways to reduce thepower and heterogeneity problems in existing research.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793917751144},
	author = {Hristos Doucouliagos and Richard B. Freeman and Patrice Laroche and T.D. Stanley}
}
@book {543971,
	title = {U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {297},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER },
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER },
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	abstract = {The labor market for specialists in STEM jobs is a complex and controversial topic for economists, labor market researchers, and policy makers. U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy continues a long tradition of research by the NBER into both the supply and demand sides of the engineering job market, while also expanding the scope beyond the United States to consider the practice of engineering and innovation in a global economy. Contributors draw on the most up-to-date data on engineering education and practice to explore the challenges of developing an engineering workforce that can contribute substantially to the innovation driving modern economic growth. These authors highlight what economists and labor market researchers have learned and identify issues that might be addressed in future research, including a labor market that is not optimally employing STEM qualified workers in their field of training, and the ways in which US students, firms, and educational institutions are responding to increased competition in the global economy.\&nbsp;This book examines both the demand and supply side of the engineering job market in the United States and the practice of engineering and innovation in a global economy. The authors provide assessments of engineering education, engineering practice, and careers which can inform science and engineering educational institutions, funding agencies, and policy makers about the challenges facing the U.S. in developing its engineering workforce in the global economy.},
	url = {http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/U/bo26322251.html},
	author = {Hal Salzman},
	editor = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {537801,
	title = {"The Effects of Scientists and Engineers on Productivity and Earnings at the Establishment Where They Work,{\textquotedblright}},
	booktitle = {U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press },
	organization = {University of Chicago Press },
	address = {Chicago },
	abstract = {
	This paper uses linked establishment-firm-employee data to examine the relationship between the scientists and engineers proportion (SEP) of employment, and productivity and labor earnings. We show that: (1) most scientists and engineers in industry are employed in establishments producing goods or services, and do not perform research and development (R\&amp;D); (2) productivity is higher in manufacturing establishments with higher SEP, and increases with increases in SEP; (3) employee earnings are higher in manufacturing establishments with higher SEP, and increase substantially for employees who move to establishments with higher SEP, but only modestly for employees within an establishment when SEP increases in the establishment. The results suggest that the work of scientists and engineers in goods and services producing establishments is an important pathway for increasing productivity and earnings, separate and distinct from the work of scientists and engineers who perform R\&amp;D. 

},
	url = {DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226468471.001.0001},
	author = {Erling Barth and James C. Davis and Richard B. Freeman and Andrew Wang}
}
@journal {427826,
	title = {"Augmenting the Human Capital Earnings Equation with Measures of Where People Work," JOLE 36:S1 (2018), Special Issue on Firm Heterogeneity and Income Inequality.},
	volume = {36},
	number = {S1},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {We augment standard log earnings eq1uations for workers in US manufacturing with variables reflecting measured and unmeasured attributes of their employer. Using panel employee-establishment data, we find that establishment-level employment, education of co-workers, capital equipment per worker, and firm-level R\&amp;D intensity affects earnings substantially. Unobserved characteristics of employers captured by employer fixed effects also contribute to the variance of log earnings, although less than unobserved characteristics of individuals captured by individual fixed effects. The observed and unobserved measures of employers mediate the effects of individual characteristics on earnings and increase earnings inequality through sorting of workers among establishments.},
	author = {Erling Barth and James Davis and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {361626,
	title = {The Role of Employee Stock Purchase Plans - Gift and Incentive? Evidence from a Multinational Corporation},
	journal = {BJIR},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {1-21},
	abstract = {Employee share purchase plans (ESPPs) give free or discounted shares of stock to workers who buy shares in the hope that the greater share ownership will retain workers, build loyalty and raise productivity, as in gift exchange models.\&nbsp; Using measures of workers{\textquoteright} organisational loyalty and sense of ownership in a multinational firm that puts ESPP at the heart of its compensation policy, we find that workers who join the ESPP have lower turnover intentions and do less on-the-job search than others, motivated in part by gift exchange reciprocity, and also respond to the group incentive of ownership with greater work effort, longer hours, and lower absence rates.\&nbsp; Workers in workplaces with high perceived rates of ESPP participation are more likely to intervene against shirkers. The results appear robust to the selectivity of who joins the ESPP.\&nbsp; The mix of gifting shares to workers who buy shares and the group incentive of ownership makes ESPPs a unique dual form of compensation.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bjir.12420},
	author = {Alex Bryson and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {632961,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}The Twin Track Model of Employee Voice: An Anglo-American Perspective on Union Decline and the Rise of Alternative Forms of Voice,{\textquotedblright} IZA DP 11223, December 2017.},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {We present a simple framework for analyzing decline in union voice in the Anglo-American world and its replacement by non-union, often direct, forms of worker voice. We argue that it is a decline in the in-flow to unionisation among employers and workers, rather than an increase in the outflow rate, that accounts for this decline.\&nbsp; We show how union decline is predicted by experience good and cost-disease models of trade unionism and is linked to specific institutional and policy constraints on union organizing in the Anglo-American world. We show how the co-existence of union and non-union forms of worker voice is predicted by transaction cost economics, while the growth in non-union forms of worker voice is aided by declining costs of employers {\textquotedblleft}making{\textquotedblright} voice mechanisms. We draw on {\textquotedblleft}spurt{\textquotedblright} theories of unionisation to help understand factors underpinning union decline, including falling costs of employer opposition to unionisation as density falls, as discuss possibilities for {\textquotedblleft}bottom-up{\textquotedblright} growth in union-like forms of worker voice implied by {\textquotedblleft}spurt{\textquotedblright} theories.},
	url = {https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/11223/the-twin-track-model-of-employee-voice-an-anglo-american-perspective-on-union-decline-and-the-rise-of-alternative-forms-of-voice},
	author = {Alex Bryson and Richard Freeman and Rafael Gomez and Paul Willman}
}
@workingpaper {604408,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Willingness to Pay for Clean Air in China,{\textquotedblright} NBER Working Paper NO. 24157},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {We develop a residential sorting model incorporating migration disutility to recover the implicit value of clean air in China. The model is estimated using China Population Census Data along with PM2.5 satellite data. Our study provides new evidence on the willingness to pay for air quality improvement in developing countries and is the first application of an equilibrium sorting model to the valuation of non-market amenities in China. We employ two novel instrumental variables based on coal-fired electricity generation and wind direction to address the endogeneity of local air pollution. Results suggest important differences between the residential sorting model and a conventional hedonic model, highlighting the role of moving costs and the discreteness of the choice set. Our sorting results indicate that the economic value of air quality improvement associated with a one-unit decline in PM2.5 concentration is up to $8.83 billion for all Chinese households in 2005.},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w24157},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Wenquan Liang and Ran Song and Christopher Timmins}
}
@workingpaper {604167,
	title = {The Effects of Scientists and Engineers on Productivity and Earnings at the Establishment Where They Work},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This paper uses linked establishment-firm-employee data to examine the relationship between the scientists and engineers proportion (SEP) of employment, and productivity and labor earnings. We show that: (1) most scientists and engineers in industry are employed in establishments producing goods or services, and do not perform research and development (R\&amp;D); (2) productivity is higher in manufacturing establishments with higher SEP, and increases with increases in SEP; (3) employee earnings are higher in manufacturing establishments with higher SEP, and increase substantially for employees who move to establishments with higher SEP, but only modestly for employees within an establishment when SEP increases in the establishment. The results suggest that the work of scientists and engineers in goods and services producing establishments is an important pathway for increasing productivity and earnings, separate and distinct from the work of scientists and engineers who perform R\&amp;D.},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23484},
	author = {Erling Barth and James C. Davis and Richard B. Freeman and Andrew J. Wang}
}
@book {585856,
	title = {The Economics of Trade Unions: A Study of a Research Field and Its Findings.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {190},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {
	Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff{\textquoteright}s now classic 1984 book What Do Unions Do? stimulated an enormous theoretical and empirical literature on the economicimpact of trade unions. Trade unions continue to be a significant feature of many labormarkets, particularly in developing countries, and issues of labor market regulationsand labor institutions remain critically important to researchers and policy makers.



	The relations between unions and management can range between cooperation and conflict; unions have powerful offsetting wage and non-wage effects that economists and other social scientists have long debated. Do the benefits of unionism exceed the costs to the economy and society writ large, or do the costs exceed the benefits? The Economics of Trade Unions offers the first comprehensive review, analysis and evaluation of the empirical literature on the microeconomic effects of trade unions using the tools of meta-regression analysis to identify and quantify the economic impact of trade unions, as well as to correct research design faults, the effects of selection bias and model misspecification.



	This volume makes use of a unique dataset of hundreds of empirical studies and their reported estimates of the microeconomic impact of trade unions. Written by three authors who have been at the forefront of this research field (including the co-author of the original volume, What Do Unions Do?), this book offers an overview of a subject that is of huge importance to scholars of labor economics, industrial and employee relations, and human resource management, as well as those with an interest in meta-analysis.

},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/The-Economics-of-Trade-Unions-A-Study-of-a-Research-Field-and-Its-Findings/Doucouliagos-Freeman-Laroche/p/book/9781138888302},
	author = {Hristos Doucouliagos and Richard B. Freeman and Patrice Laroche}
}
@webarticle {535176,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Having a Stake: Evidence and Implications for Broad-based Employee Stock Ownership and Profit Sharing,{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Third Way | Economy},
	number = {February },
	year = {2017},
	url = {http://www.thirdway.org/report/having-a-stake-evidence-and-implications-for-broad-based-employee-stock-ownership-and-profit-sharing},
	author = {Joseph Blasi and Douglas Kruse and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {423946,
	title = {Weathering the Great Recession: Variation in Employment Responses by Establishments and Countries},
	journal = {The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {50-69},
	abstract = {
	This paper finds that U.S. employment changed differently relative to output in the Great Recession and recovery than in most other advanced countries or in the United States in earlier recessions. Instead of hoarding labor, U.S. firms reduced employment proportionately more than output in the Great Recession, with establishments that survived the downturn contracting jobs massively. Diverging from the aggregate pattern, U.S. manufacturers reduced employment less than output while the elasticity of employment to gross output varied widely among establishments. In the recovery, growth of employment was dominated by job creation in new establishments. The variegated responses of employment to output challenges extant models of how enterprises adjust employment over the business cycle.



	\&nbsp;



	\&nbsp;

},
	url = {http://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/abs/10.7758/RSF.2017.3.3.03},
	author = {Erling Barth and James Davis and Richard B. Freeman and Sari Pekkala Kerr}
}
@article {581486,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Shared Capitalism and Worker Wellbeing{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Labour Economics},
	volume = {42},
	number = {October},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {151-58},
	abstract = {
	We show that worker wellbeing is determined not only by the amount of compensation workers receive but also by how compensation is determined. While previous theoretical and empirical work has often been preoccupied with individual performance-related pay, we find that the receipt of a range of group-performance schemes (profit shares, group bonuses and share ownership) is associated with higher job satisfaction. This holds conditional on wage levels, so that pay methods are associated with greater job satisfaction in addition to that coming from higher wages. We use a variety of methods to control for unobserved individual and job-specific characteristics. We suggest that half of the share-capitalism effect is accounted for by employees reciprocating for the {\textquotedblleft}gift{\textquotedblright}; we also show that share capitalism helps dampen the negative wellbeing effects of what we typically think of as {\textquotedblleft}bad{\textquotedblright} aspects of job quality.

},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537116301051},
	author = {Alex Bryson and Andrew E. Clark and Richard B. Freeman and Colin P. Green}
}
@webarticle {478441,
	title = {Profit Sharing Boosts Employee Productivity and Satisfaction},
	year = {2016},
	url = {Profit Sharing Boosts Employee Productivity and Satisfaction},
	author = {Alex Bryson and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {420806,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Energy Saving Potential of Natural Ventilation in China: The Impact of Ambient Air Pollution,{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Applied Energy 179},
	volume = {179},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {660-668},
	abstract = {Natural ventilation (NV) is a key sustainable solution for reducing the energy use in buildings, improving thermal comfort, and maintaining a healthy indoor environment. However, the energy savings and environmental benefits are affected greatly by ambient air pollution in China.\&nbsp; Here we estimate the NV potential of all major Chinese cities based on weather, ambient air quality, building configuration, and newly constructed square footage of office buildings in the year of 2015. In general, little NV potential is observed in northern China during the winter and southern China during the summer. Kunming located in the Southwest China is the most weather-favorable city for natural ventilation, and reveals almost zero loss due to air pollution. Building Energy Simulation (BES) is conducted to estimate the energy savings of natural ventilation in which ambient air pollution and total square footage must be taken into account. Beijing, the capital city, displays limited per-square-meter saving potential due to the unfavorable weather and air quality for natural ventilation, but its largest total square footage of office buildings makes it become the city with the greatest energy saving opportunity in China. Our analysis shows that the aggregated energy savings potential of office buildings at 35 major Chinese cities is 112 GWh in 2015, even after allowing for a 43 GWh loss due to China{\textquoteright}s serious air pollution issue especially in North China. 8{\textendash}78\% of the cooling energy consumption can be potentially reduced by natural ventilation depending on local weather and air quality. The findings here provide guidelines for improving current energy and environmental policies in China, and a direction for reforming building codes.},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261916309606},
	author = {Zheming Tong and Yujiao Chen and Malkawi, Ali and Zhu Liu and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {421346,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Evidence: What the U.S. Research Shows about Worker Ownership,{\textquotedblright}},
	booktitle = {Oxford Handbook of Mutual, Co-operative and Co-Owned Business},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {London: UK},
	author = {Joseph R. Blasi and Richard B. Freeman and Douglas L. Kruse}
}
@article {387961,
	title = {Who Owns the Robots Rules the World: The deeper threat of robotization},
	journal = {Harvard Magazine},
	year = {2016},
	month = {May-June},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {363846,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}How Does Declining Unionism Affect the American Middle Class and Inter-generational Mobility?{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Federal Reserve Bank, 2015 Community Development Research Conference Publication.},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Eunice Han and Brendan Duke and David Madland}
}
@article {267981,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Do Broad-based Employee Ownership, Profit Sharing, and Stock Options Help the Best Firms Do Even Better?{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {British Journal of Industrial Relations },
	volume = {54},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {55-82},
	abstract = {This paper analyzes the linkages among group incentive methods of compensation(broad-based employee ownership, profit sharing, and stock options), labor practices, workerassessments of workplace culture, turnover, and firm performance in firms that applied to the{\textquotedblleft}100 Best Companies to Work For in America{\textquotedblright} competition from 2005 to 2007. Althoughemployers with good labor practices self-select into the 100 Best Companies firms sample,which should bias the analysis against finding strong associations among modes ofcompensation, labor policies, and outcomes, we find that employees in the firms that use groupincentive pay more extensively participate more in decisions, have greater information sharing,trust supervisors more, and report a more positive workplace culture than in other companies.The combination of group incentive pay with policies that empower employees and create apositive workplace culture reduces voluntary turnover and increases employee intent to stay andraises return on equity.Word count:},
	url = {http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:bla:brjirl:v:54:y:2016:i:1:p:55-82},
	author = {Joseph Blasi and Richard Freeman and Douglas Kruse}
}
@article {231531,
	title = {It{\textquoteright}s Where You Work: Increases in the Dispersion of Earnings across Establishments and Individuals in the United States.},
	journal = {Journal of Labor Economics, Special Issue dedicated to Edward Lazear},
	volume = {34},
	number = {S2},
	year = {2016},
	month = {April 2016},
	pages = {S67-S97},
	abstract = {This paper analyzes the role of establishments in the upward trend in dispersion of earnings that has become a central topic in economic analysis and policy debate. It decomposes changes in the variance of log earnings among individuals into the part due to changes in earnings among establishments and the part due to changes in earnings within establishments. The main finding is that much of the 1970s{\textendash}2010s increase in earnings inequality results from increased dispersion of the earnings among the establishments where individuals work. Our results direct attention to the role of establishment-level pay setting and economic adjustments in earnings inequality.},
	url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/684045},
	author = {Erling Barth and Alex Bryson and James C. Davis and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {682383,
	title = {Collaborating with People Like Me: Ethnic co-authorship with the United States},
	journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
	volume = {33},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {S289-S318},
	abstract = {By examining the ethnic identity of authors in over 2.5 million scientific papers written by US-based authors from 1985 to 2008, we find that persons of similar ethnicity coauthor together more frequently than predicted by their proportion among authors. The greater homophily is associated with publication in lower-impact journals and with fewer citations. Meanwhile, papers with authors in more locations and with longer reference lists get published in higher-impact journals and receive more citations. These findings suggest that diversity in inputs by author ethnicity, location, and references leads to greater contributions to science as measured by impact factors and citations.},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/678973},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Wei Huang}
}
@report {630571,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Standards for Evaluating the Impact of {\textquoteleft}Right to Work{\textquoteright} Laws,{\textquotedblright} Policy Brief provided to the West Virginia Legislature. Paula B. Voos and Richard B. Freeman, April 2015.},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Paula B. Voos and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {604899,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}How Does Declining Unionism Affect the American Middle Class and Intergenerational Mobility?{\textquotedblright}  NBER Working Paper No. 21638 (October 2015)},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {This paper examines unionism{\textquoteright}s relationship to the size of the middle class and its relationship to intergenerational mobility. We use the PSID 1985 and 2011 files to examine the change in the share of workers in a middle-income group (defined by persons having incomes within 50\% of the median) and use a shift-share decomposition to explore how the decline of unionism contributes to the shrinking middle class. We also use the files to investigate the correlation between parents{\textquoteright} union status and the incomes of their children. Additionally, we use federal income tax data to examine the geographical correlation between union density and intergenerational mobility. We find: 1) union workers are disproportionately in the middle-income group or above, and some reach middle-income status due to the union wage premium; 2) the offspring of union parents have higher incomes than the offspring of otherwise comparable non-union parents, especially when the parents are low-skilled; 3) offspring from communities with higher union density have higher average incomes relative to their parents compared to offspring from communities with lower union density. These findings show a strong, though not necessarily causal, link between unions, the middle class, and intergenerational mobility.},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w21638},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Eunice Han and David Madland and Brendan V. Duke}
}
@inbook {363781,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}China{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteleft}Great Leap Forward{\textquoteright} in Science and Engineering,{\textquotedblright} with Wei Huang. In Aldo Geuna (editor), Global Mobility of Research Scientists: The Economics of Who Goes Where and Why (Elsevier, 2015). NBER Working Paper $\#$21081 (April 2015)},
	booktitle = {Global Mobility of Research Scientists: The Economics of Who Goes Where and Why },
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780128013960},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Wei Huang}
}
@article {363786,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}How Does China{\textquoteright}s New Labor Contract Law Affect Floating Workers?{\textquotedblright} with Xiaoying Li, British Journal of Industrial Relations 53:4 (December 2015) pp 711-735.},
	journal = {BJIR },
	volume = {53},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {711-735},
	abstract = {China{\textquoteright}s new Labor Contract Law took effect on January 2008 and required firms to give migrant workers written contracts, strengthened labor protections for workers and contained penalties for firms that did not follow the labor code. This paper uses survey data of migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta before and after the law and a retrospective question on when workers received their first labor contract to assess the effects of the law on labor outcomes. The evidence shows that the new law increased the percentage of migrant workers with written contracts, which in turn raised social insurance coverage, reduced the likelihood of wage arrears, and raised the likelihood that the worker had a union at their workplace.},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjir.12056/abstract},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Xiaoying Li}
}
@newspaperarticle {283196,
	title = {"Capitalism for the Rest of Us,"New York Times Op-Ed, July 17, 2015.  Kruse, New York Times Op-Ed, July 17, 2015.  "Capitalism for the Rest of Us," Joseph R. Blasi, Richard B. Freeman, and Douglas L. Kruse, New York Times Op-Ed, July 17, 2015.  },
	journal = {New York Times },
	year = {2015},
	month = {17 July, 2015},
	url = {http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/18/opinion/capitalism-for-the-rest-of-us.html?_r=0},
	author = {Joseph R. Blasi and Richard B. Freeman and Douglas L. Kruse}
}
@report {267566,
	title = {Workers Ownership and Profit-Sharing in a New Capitalist Model?},
	year = {2015},
	institution = {Swedish Trade Union Confederation},
	url = {http://www.lo.se/home/lo/res.nsf/vRes/lo_fakta_1366027478784_a_new_capitalist_model_pdf/$File/A_New_Capitalist_Model.pdf},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {247951,
	title = {Knowledge, Knowledge... Knowledge for My Economy},
	journal = { KDI Journal of Economic Policy},
	volume = {37},
	number = {2},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1-21},
	url = {http://www.kdi.re.kr/kdi_eng/database/report_art.jsp?period_type=1 },
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {240476,
	title = {Immigration, International Collaboration, and Innovation: Science and Technology Policy in the Global Economy},
	booktitle = {Innovation Policy and the Economy},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {153-175},
	publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research },
	organization = {National Bureau of Economic Research },
	abstract = {Globalization of scientific and technological knowledge has reduced the US share of world scientific activity; increased the foreign-born proportion of scientists and engineers in US universities and in the US labor market; and led to greater US scientific collaborations with other countries.\&nbsp; China{\textquoteright}s massive investments in university education and R\&amp;D has in particular made it a special partner for the US in scientific work.\&nbsp; These developments have substantial implications for US science and technology policy. This paper suggests that aligning immigration policies more closely to the influx of international students; granting fellowships to students working on turning scientific and technological into commercial innovations; and requiring firms with R\&amp;D tax credits or other government R\&amp;D funding develop {\textquotedblleft}impact plans{\textquotedblright} to use their new knowledge to produce innovative products or processes in the US could help the country adjust to the changing global world of science and technology.},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {236011,
	title = {Introduction},
	booktitle = {The Source of Innovation in China: Highly Innovative Systems (Palgrave Studies in Chinese Management)},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Palgrave MacMillan},
	organization = {Palgrave MacMillan},
	address = {Hampshire, UK},
	url = {http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/the-source-of-innovation-in-china-ying-ying-zhang/?K=9781137335050},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {231481,
	title = {Collaborating with People Like Me: Ethnic Co-Authorship within the U.S},
	journal = {Journal of Labor Economics, Special Issue on High Skill Immigration},
	volume = {33},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {S289-S318},
	url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/678973},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Wei Huang}
}
@inbook {217546,
	title = {Why and Wherefore of Increased Scientific Collaboration},
	booktitle = {The Changing Frontier: Rethinking Science and Innovation Policy},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER },
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER },
	abstract = {This paper examines international and domestic collaborations using data from an original survey of corresponding authors and Web of Science data of articles that had at least one US coauthor in the fields of Particle and Field Physics, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology. The data allow us to investigate the connections among coauthors and the views of corresponding authors about the collaboration.\&nbsp; We have four main findings. First, we find that US collaborations have increased across US cities as well as across international borders, with the nature of collaborations across cities resembling that across countries.\&nbsp; Second, face-to-face meetings are important in collaborations: most collaborators first met working in the same institution and communicate often through meetings with coauthors from distant locations. Third, the main reason for most collaborations is to combine the specialized knowledge and skills of coauthors, but there are substantial differences in the mode of collaborations between small lab-based science and big science, where international collaborations are more prevalent. Fourth, for biotech, we find that citations to international papers are higher compared to papers with domestic collaborators only, but not for the other two fields. Moreover, in all three fields, papers with the same number of coauthors had lower citations if they were international collaborations. Overall, our findings suggest that all collaborations are best viewed from a framework of collaborations across space broadly, rather than in terms of international as opposed to domestic collaborative activity.\&nbsp;\&nbsp;},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Ina Ganguli and Raviv Murciano-Goroff}
}
@inbook {161306,
	title = {A Labor Market with Chinese Characteristics},
	booktitle = {The Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Economy},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Routledge },
	organization = {Routledge },
	address = {Princeton },
	abstract = {Prior to its economic reforms, China did not have an operating labor market. The government assigned workers to firms rather than allowing them to choose their own place of work and used hukou residency policies to keep rural people from migrating to cities. Firms hired workers that government labor bureaus assigned to them regardless of economic need and paid the workers according to a national wage grid from a payroll budget set by the government. As China reformed its urban economy from the 1980s through the 2000s, the government relaxed its control of workers and firms and gave greater leeway to supply and demand to set employment, wages, and working conditions. This essay tells how China moved from state determination of labor outcomes to a genuine labor market and how the new labor market with Chinese characteristics has operated. It examines three big labor problems that face China on its path of continued economic growth: labor-management conflict; absorbing millions of university graduates into fruitful jobs; and bringing rural persons and informal sector workers fully into the modern economy.},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/products/9780415643443},
	editor = {Gregory C. Chow}
}
@inbook {520091,
	title = {Practitioner of the dismal science? Who, me? Couldn{\textquoteright}t be!},
	booktitle = {Eminent Economists II: Their Life and Work Philosophies},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {166-186},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge, UK},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {381961,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}What Can Labor Organizations Do for US Workers When Unions Can{\textquoteright}t Do What Unions Used to Do?},
	booktitle = {What Works for Workers: Public Policies and Innovative Strategies for Low-Wage Workers},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {50-78},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Press},
	organization = {Russell Sage Press},
	address = {New York, NY},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {381956,
	title = {What Can Latin America Learn from China{\textquoteright}s Labour Market Reforms},
	booktitle = {Falling Inequality in Latin America: Policy Changes and Lessons},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {274-94},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press },
	organization = {Oxford University Press },
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {276616,
	title = {Collaborating with People Like Me: Ethnic Coauthorship within the United States},
	year = {2014},
	url = {http://ftp.iza.org/dp8432.pdf},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Wei Huang}
}
@article {231526,
	title = {The Subcontracted Labor Market: Review of David Weil{\textquoteright}s The Fissured Workplace},
	journal = {LERA: Perspectives on Work},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {38-41},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {230096,
	title = {Collaboration: Strength in Diversity},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {513},
	number = {7518},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {305},
	url = {doi:10.1038/513305a},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Wei Huang}
}
@article {230091,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Melding Economic and Social to Understand Evolution and Impact of High Technology,{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Annals of Economics and Statistics},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {115-16},
	author = {Lynne G. Zucker and Michael D. Darby and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {170076,
	title = {School and Family Effects on Educational Outcomes Across Countries},
	journal = {Economic Policy},
	volume = {29},
	number = {79},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {This study analyzes the link between student test scores and the school students attend, the policies and practices of the schools, students{\textquoteright} family background and their parents{\textquoteright} involvement in their education using data from the 2009 wave of the Program for International Student Assessment. We find that 1) a substantial proportion of the variation of test scores within countries is associated with the school students attend; 2) a sizable proportion of the school fixed effects is associated with school policies and teaching practices beyond national policies or other mechanisms that sort students of differing abilities among schools; 3) school fixed effects are a major pathway for the link between family background and test scores. The implication is that what schools do is important in the level and dispersion of test scores, suggesting the value of further analysis of what goes in schools to pin down causal links between policies and practices and test score outcomes.},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Martina Viarengo}
}
@article {167986,
	title = {Who Owns the Robots Rules the World},
	journal = {IZA World of Labor},
	volume = {May},
	year = {2014},
	url = {http://www.sole-jole.org/Freeman.pdf}
}
@inbook {666940,
	title = {(Some) Inequality Is Good for You,{\textquotedblright} Part II in The New Gilded Age: The Critical Inequality Debates of Our Time, D. B. Grusky and T. Kricheli-Katz (eds) (Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ Press, 2012. ISBN: 9780804759366): 63-87},
	booktitle = {The New Gilded Age: The Critical Inequality Debates of Our Time},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {63-87},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press },
	organization = {Stanford University Press },
	editor = {D.B. Grusky and T. Kricheli-Katz}
}
@inbook {446386,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Adjusting to Really Big Changes: The Labor Market in China 1989-2009,{\textquotedblright} },
	booktitle = {The Chinese Economy: A New Transition},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {93-113},
	publisher = {Palgrave-Macmillan for IEA},
	organization = {Palgrave-Macmillan for IEA},
	abstract = {China{\textquoteright}s emerging labor market was buffeted by changes in demand and supply and institutional changes in the last two decades. Using the Chinese Urban Household Survey data from 1989 to 2009, our study shows that the market responded with substantial changes in the structure of wages and in employment and types of jobs that workers obtained that mirrors the adjustments found in labor markets in advanced economies. However, the one place where the Chinese labor market appears to diverge from the labor markets in advanced countries is the rapid convergence in earnings and occupational positions of cohorts who entered the job market under more or less favorable conditions. On this dimension, China{\textquoteright}s labor market seems more flexible than those in other countries. Three related factors may explain this pattern: (1) the rapid growth of China{\textquoteright}s economy; (2) the high rate of employee turnover; (3) the relative weakness of internal labor markets in China. Bottom line, the Chinese labor market has responded about as well as one could expect to the changes in the demand and supply factors and institutional shocks in this critical period in Chinese economic history.},
	author = {Wei Chi and Richard Freeman and Hongbin Li}
}
@inbook {168036,
	title = {What Happened to Shared Prosperity and Full Employment and How to Get Them Back: A Seussian Perspective},
	booktitle = {Reconnecting to Work -- Policies to Mitigate Long-Term Unemployment and Its Consequences },
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {WE Upjohn},
	organization = {WE Upjohn}
}
@article {625321,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}What Can We Learn from NLRA to Create Labor Law for the 21st Century?{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {ABA Journal of Labor \& Employment Law},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2 (Winter)},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {327-343},
	url = {http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/ aba_journal_labor_employment_law/abajlel_26-2_2011.pdf},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {11949,
	title = {New Roles for Unions and Collective Bargaining Post the Implosion of Wall Street Capitalism},
	booktitle = {Negotiating for Social Justice},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {54-276},
	publisher = {ILO},
	organization = {ILO},
	address = {Geneva},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Role-Collective-Bargaining-Global-Economy/dp/9221240991/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305769731\&sr=8-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {520086,
	title = {How Many Highly Skilled Foreign-Born Are Waiting in Line for U.S. Legal Permanent Residence?},
	journal = {International Migration Review},
	volume = {44},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {477-98},
	url = {doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00812.x},
	author = {Guillermina Jasso and Vivek Wadhwa and Gary Gereffi and Ben Rissing and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {168041,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Prize Structure and Information in Tournaments: Experimental Evidence,{\textquotedblright} },
	journal = { American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {149-164},
	abstract = {This paper examines behavior in a tournament in which we vary the tournament prizestructure and the information available about participants{\textquoteright} skill at the task of solving mazes. The number of solved mazes is lowest when payments are independent of performance; higher when a single, large prize is given; and highest when multiple, differentiated prizes are given. This result is strongest when we inform participants about the number of mazes they and others solved in a pre-tournament round. Some participants reported that they solved more mazes than they actually solved, and this misreporting also peaked with multiple differentiated prizes.},
	url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.2.1.149},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Alexander Gelber}
}
@inbook {12261,
	title = {What Does Global Expansion of Higher Education Mean for the United States?},
	booktitle = {American Universities in a Global Market},
	year = {2010},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$14962, May 2009},
	pages = {373-404},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	url = {http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo8549079.html},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {11960,
	title = {Creating a Bigger Pie? The Effects of Employee Ownership, Profit Sharing, and Stock Options on Workplace Performance. },
	booktitle = {Shared Capitalism at Work: Employee Ownership, Profit and Gain Sharing, and Broad-based Stock Options},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Also published n Joseph Blasi, Douglas Kruse, and Richard B. Freeman (eds), Shared Capitalism: The Economic Issues, (Russell Sage Foundation for NBER, 2007).},
	month = {7 Jan},
	publisher = {University of chicago Press},
	organization = {University of chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Joseph Blasi and Christopher Mackin and Douglas Kruse}
}
@inbook {12661,
	title = {Complementarity of Shared Compensation and Decision-Making Systems: Evidence from the American Labor Market},
	booktitle = {Shared Capitalism: The Economic Issues},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	author = {Arindrajit Dube and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12418,
	title = {Supporting {\textquoteleft}The Best and Brightest{\textquoteright} in Science and Engineering: NSF Graduate Research Fellowships},
	booktitle = {Science and Engineering Careers in the United States: An Analysis of Markets and Employment},
	year = {2009},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$ 11,623 September 2005},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Tanwin Chang and Hanley Chiang and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {12390,
	title = {What If Congress Doubled R\&D Spending on the Physical Sciences?},
	booktitle = {Innovation Policy and the Economy Volume 9},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press, Journals Division},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press, Journals Division},
	author = {John Van Reenan and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {11952,
	title = {Labor Regulations, Unions, and Social Protection in Developing Countries: Market Distortion or Efficient Institutions},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Development Economics},
	year = {2009},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$14,789},
	publisher = {Ellsevier, BV},
	organization = {Ellsevier, BV},
	address = {North Holland},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {11950,
	title = {Helping Workers Online and Offline: Innovations in Union and Worker Organization Using the Internet},
	booktitle = {Studies in Labor Market Intermediation},
	year = {2009},
	note = {For NBER

First published as {\textquotedblleft}Helping
Workers Online and Offline: Union and Nonunion Organizations as Labor Market Intermediaries,{\textquotedblright}
with Marit Rehavi. NBER WP $\#$ 13850, March 2008.},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Intermediation-National-Economic-Research-Conference/dp/0226032884/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305770149\&sr=1-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11918,
	title = {Shared Capitalism: at Work: Employee Ownership, Profit and Gain Sharing, and Broad-based Stock Options},
	year = {2009},
	note = {For NBER

},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	abstract = {The historical relationship between capital and labor has evolved in the past few decades. One particularly noteworthy development is the rise of shared capitalism, a system in which workers have become partial owners of their firms and thus, in effect, both employees and stockholders. Profit sharing arrangements and gain-sharing bonuses, which tie compensation directly to a firm{\textquoteright}s performance, also reflect this new attitude toward labor.  Shared Capitalism at Work analyzes the effects of this trend on workers and firms. The contributors focus on four main areas: the fraction of firms that participate in shared capitalism programs in the United States and abroad, the factors that enable these firms to overcome classic free rider and risk problems, the effect of shared capitalism on firm performance, and the impact of shared capitalism on worker well-being. This volume provides essential studies for understanding the increasingly important role of shared capitalism in the modern workplace.},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Shared-Capitalism-Work-Broad-Based-Conference/dp/0226456676/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305760669\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and Joseph Blasi and Douglas Kruse}
}
@book {11917,
	title = {Science and Engineering Careers in the United States},
	year = {2009},
	note = {SEWP Conference Volume Proceedings, for NBER

},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	abstract = {Beginning in the early 2000s, there was an upsurge of national concern over the state of the science and engineering job market that sparked a plethora of studies, commission reports, and a presidential initiative, all stressing the importance of maintaining American competitiveness in these fields. Science and Engineering Careers in the United States is the first major academic study to probe the issues that underlie these concerns.              This volume provides new information on the economics of the postgraduate science and engineering job market, addressing such topics as the factors that determine the supply of PhDs, the career paths they follow after graduation, and the creation and use of knowledge as it is reflected by the amount of papers and patents produced. A distinguished team of contributors also explores the tensions between industry and academe in recruiting graduates, the influx of foreign-born doctorates, and the success of female doctorates. Science and Engineering Careers in the United States will raise new questions about stimulating innovation and growth in the American economy.  },
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Science-Engineering-Careers-United-States/dp/0226261891/ref=sr_1_2?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305760532\&sr=1-2},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and Daniel L. Goroff}
}
@book {11906,
	title = {Reforming the Welfare State:Recovery and Beyond in Sweden},
	year = {2009},
	note = {For NBER-SNF

},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press },
	organization = {University of Chicago Press },
	abstract = {Over the course of the twentieth century, Sweden carried out one of the most ambitious experiments by a capitalist market economy in developing a large and active welfare state. Sweden{\textquoteright}s generous social programs and the economic equality they fostered became an example for other countries to emulate. Of late, Sweden has also been much discussed as a model of how to deal with financial and economic crisis, due to the country{\textquoteright}s recovery from a banking crisis in the mid-1990s. At that time economists heatedly debated whether the welfare state caused Sweden{\textquoteright}s crisis and should be reformed{\textemdash}a debate with clear parallels to current concerns over capitalism.  Bringing together leading economists, Reforming the Welfare State examines Sweden{\textquoteright}s policies in response to the mid-1990s crisis and the implications for the subsequent recovery. Among the issues investigated are the way changes in the labor market, tax and benefit policies, local government policy, industrial structure, and international trade affected Sweden{\textquoteright}s recovery. The way that Sweden addressed its economic challenges provides valuable insight into the viability of large welfare states, and more broadly, into the way modern economies deal with crisis.},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Reforming-Welfare-State-Recovery-Conference/dp/0226261921/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305758134\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {Birgitta Swedenborg and Richard Freeman and Robert H. Topel}
}
@unpublished {11901,
	title = {International Comparison of the Structure of Wages},
	year = {2009},
	note = {For NBER},
	type = {Edited Volume}
}
@unpublished {11879,
	title = {Globalization, Democratization, and Labor Market and Education System Changes in Korea during 1987-2007},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Korea Development Institute},
	type = {Book in progress},
	author = {Sunwoong Kim and Richard Freeman and Kyungsoo Choi}
}
@unpublished {11875,
	title = {Making Europe Work: IZA Labor Economics Series 2008},
	year = {2009},
	type = {Book in progress},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {381936,
	title = {Practitioner of the Dismal Science? Who, Me? Couldn{\textquoteright}t Be!},
	journal = {The American Economist},
	volume = {52},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {14-25},
	abstract = {\&nbsp;},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {316936,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Why Do We Work More than Keynes Expected?"},
	booktitle = {Revisiting Keynes: Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren. },
	year = {2008},
	pages = {135-42},
	publisher = {MIT Press },
	organization = {MIT Press },
	address = {Cambridge MA },
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@conference {13181,
	title = {How Much do Immigrants Benefit from Immigration},
	booktitle = {Session on Innovations and Insights from the New Immigrant Survey},
	year = {2008},
	month = {5 Jan},
	publisher = {AEA},
	organization = {AEA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12749,
	title = {Wanted: A New German Wirtschaftswunder},
	booktitle = {Towards a Better Economic Policy for Germany and Europe},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Published in German as {\textquotedblleft}Gesucht: Ein neues Wirtschaftswunder, {\textquotedblright} in Aufschwung für
Deutschland: Pl{\"a}doyer international renommierter {\"O}konomen für eine bessere
Witschaftspolitik (Bonn: Dietz 2007).},
	publisher = {Freidrich Ebert Stiftung},
	organization = {Freidrich Ebert Stiftung},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12738,
	title = {Hard Work and Human Capital: Korea in the New Global Economy, 1987-2007},
	booktitle = {Beyond Flexibility: Roadmaps for Korean Labor Policy},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Alternate title: 
Rising to the Challenge: Democratization and Globalization in Korea 

KLI Monograph (forthcoming 2008)},
	author = {Kyungsoo Choi and Sunwoong Kim and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12736,
	title = {Fulfilling the Ballyhoo of a Peak Economy? The US Economic Model},
	booktitle = {European And American Social Models},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {12689,
	title = {New Ways to Help Low Skilled Inner City Minority Men},
	year = {2008},
	institution = {Gates Foundation},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {12660,
	title = {Searching for Optimal Inequality/Incentives},
	year = {2008},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$14014
First as {\textquotedblleft}Searching for Optimal Inequality/Incentives: Sweden{\textquoteright}s Efforts to Reach
Economic Valhalla,{\textquotedblright} presented at the SNS conference on the Swedish Economy, Grand Hotel
Saltsjobaden, Sweden, September 9-10, 2006. },
	author = {Richard Freeman and Anders Bjorklund}
}
@inbook {12601,
	title = {Why Do We Work More than Keynes Expected?},
	booktitle = {Revisiting Keynes: Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {Chapter 9},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12410,
	title = {The Economics of International Trade and the Global Labor Market},
	booktitle = {Labor and Employment Law and Economics},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Also published in 2nd edition of the Encyclopedia of Law and Economics.},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	organization = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12396,
	title = {Universities as Pace-Setters in Labor Relations},
	journal = {Resources},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Harvard University},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12393,
	title = {Globalization and Inequality},
	booktitle = {Oxford Handbook on Economic Inequality},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {Chapter 13},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12389,
	title = {A Reverse Brain Drain: Estimating the Magnitude of the U.S. Skilled Immigrant Backlog},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation},
	organization = {Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation},
	author = {Gary Gereffi and Guillermina Jasso and Ben Rissing and Vivek Wadhwa and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12386,
	title = {ARISE: Advancing Research in Science and Engineering: Investing in Early-Career Scientists and High-Risk, High-Reward Research},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Richard Freeman as committee member contributor
White Paper},
	publisher = {American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Initiative for Science and Technology, Study of Alternative Models of Federal Funding of Science},
	organization = {American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Initiative for Science and Technology, Study of Alternative Models of Federal Funding of Science},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12377,
	title = {Investing in the Best and Brightest: Increased Fellowship Support for American Scientists and Engineers},
	booktitle = {Path to Prosperity: Hamilton Project Ideas on Income Security, Education, and Taxes},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Brookings Institution},
	organization = {Brookings Institution},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12271,
	title = {The Future U.S. Labor Supply: Shortages, Surpluses, or What?},
	booktitle = {Global Imbalances: As Giants Evolve},
	year = {2008},
	note = {First presented as {\textquotedblleft}Labor Market Imbalances: Shortages, or Surpluses, or Fish Stories? at the Boston FED Economic Conference on {\textquotedblleft}Global Imbalances {\textendash} As Giants Evolve{\textquotedblright}, Chatham, MA, June 14-16, 2006. Reprinted in Nandini C.P. (ed) Labor Market: Global Issues (ICFAI Law Books Division, forthcoming 2008).},
	publisher = {Boston FED},
	organization = {Boston FED},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12262,
	title = {Be Careful What you Wish For: A Cautionary Tale about Budget Doubling},
	journal = {Issues in Science and Technology},
	volume = {XXVI},
	number = {1, Fall},
	year = {2008},
	note = {National Academy of Sciences},
	pages = {27-31},
	author = {John Van Reenen and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {11956,
	title = {When Workers Share in Profits: Efforts and Responses to Shirking},
	booktitle = {Angela Costa Lecture},
	number = {Nov-December},
	year = {2008},
	note = {SIPA SpA - Rivista di Politica Economica (Nov-Dec) 2007},
	month = {15 Jan},
	address = {Rome, Italy},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {11955,
	title = {Understanding Trade Unions and the Labour Market},
	journal = {CentrePiece},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1, Spring},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Brief on IZA Prize},
	pages = {7},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {11954,
	title = {How Does Shared Capitalism Affect Economic Performance in the UK?},
	booktitle = {Shared Capitalism: at Work: Employee Ownership, Profit and Gain Sharing, and Broad-based Stock Options},
	year = {2008},
	note = {First
presented as {\textquotedblleft}Doing the Right Thing? Does Fair Share Capitalism Improve Firm Performance?:
Analyzing Effects in Britain,{\textquotedblright} with Alex Bryson, presented at the U.S. Census
11
Bureau, the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, and the OECD 2006 International Comparative
Analysis of Enterprise (micro) Data (CAED) Conference, September 18, 2006.},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Shared-Capitalism-Work-Broad-Based-Conference/dp/0226456676/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305771002\&sr=1-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Alex Bryson}
}
@inbook {11951,
	title = {The Same Yet Different: Worker Reports on Labor Practices and Outcomes in a Single Firm Across Countries},
	booktitle = {International Comparison of the Structure of Wages},
	volume = {15},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	note = {2009 Edition for NBER

First presented at the CAF{\'E} Conference: The Analysis of Firms and Employees, Nuremburg, September 29, 2006. NBER WP $\#$ 13,233 (July 2007).},
	pages = {334-355},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Douglas Kruse and Joseph Blasi}
}
@unpublished {11882,
	title = {The Labor Market Comes to China},
	year = {2008},
	type = {Forthcoming book},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11877,
	title = {Beyond Flexibility: Roadmaps for Korean Labor Policy},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {KLI Press Monograph},
	organization = {KLI Press Monograph},
	author = {Richard Freeman},
	editor = {Jaeho Keum and Sunwoong Kim}
}
@inbook {13182,
	title = {The Economics of Immigration},
	booktitle = {Britannica Book of the Year 2007},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Encyclopedia Britannica},
	organization = {Encyclopedia Britannica},
	address = {Chicago},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13112,
	title = {Globalization and Labour},
	booktitle = {The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13111,
	title = {Labor Market Institutions},
	booktitle = {The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Palgrave},
	organization = {Palgrave},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12754,
	title = {Searching for the EU Social Dialogue Model},
	booktitle = {Social Pacts, Employment and Growth: A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli{\textquoteright}s Thought},
	year = {2007},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$ 12,306, June 2006.},
	pages = {221-238},
	publisher = {Physica-Verlag},
	organization = {Physica-Verlag},
	address = {Heidelberg},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12743,
	title = {Labor Market Institutions Around the World},
	booktitle = {The Handbook of Industrial and Employment Relations},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Alternate chapter title:
National Economic Performance

NBER WP $\#$ 13,242},
	pages = {Chapter 34},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12741,
	title = {How Well Do the Clothes Fit? Priors and Evidence in the Debate over Flexibility and Labour Market Performance},
	booktitle = {The European Economy in an American Mirror: Volume 1: Growth, Competitiveness and Employment},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Chapter 9},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12666,
	title = {The Promise of Progressive Federalism},
	booktitle = {Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality},
	year = {2007},
	note = {First presented at the Conference on
Making the Politics of Poverty and Inequality, 21-22 April 2005, Madison WI.},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation Press},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation Press},
	author = {Joel Rogers and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12602,
	title = {Learning from Other Economies {\textendash} for Example from Somewhere Down Under},
	journal = {DECifo DICE Report : Journal for Institutional Comparisons},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3, Autumn},
	year = {2007},
	note = {CESifo Institute},
	pages = {33-37},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12532,
	title = {The Great Doubling: The Challenge of the New Global Labor Market},
	booktitle = {Ending Poverty In America: How to Restore the American Dream},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Chapter 4},
	publisher = {The New Press},
	organization = {The New Press},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12446,
	title = {Where Do New US-Trained Science-Engineering PhDs Come From?},
	booktitle = {Science and the University},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Presented at the AAAS Symposium Changing Origins of U.S. Doctoral Scientists: Facts and Impacts on the Life of Science February 17, 2003, Denver. NBER WP $\#$10,554, 2004.},
	pages = {Chapter 10},
	publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
	organization = {University of Wisconsin Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Emily Jin and Chia-Yu Shen}
}
@inbook {12417,
	title = {Is A Great Labor Shortage Coming? Replacement Demand in a Global Economy},
	booktitle = {Reshaping the American Workforce ina Changing Economy},
	year = {2007},
	note = {NBER Working Paper 12541, September 2006},
	publisher = {Urban Institute Press},
	organization = {Urban Institute Press},
	address = {DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12416,
	title = {Can Marketization of Household Production Explain the Jobs Gap Puzzle?},
	booktitle = {Services and Employment: Explaining the US-Europe Employment Gap},
	year = {2007},
	note = {DEMPATEM proceedings},
	pages = {Chapter 8},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12415,
	title = {The Challenge of the Growing Globalization of Labor Markets to Economic and Social Policy},
	booktitle = {Global Capitalism Unbound: Winners and Losers from Offshore Outsourcing},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Alternate title {\textquotedblleft}The Great Doubling: Labor in the New Global Economy" },
	publisher = {Palgrave MacMillan},
	organization = {Palgrave MacMillan},
	address = {NY}
}
@report {12413,
	title = {Labor Economics Redux},
	year = {2007},
	month = {11/01},
	pages = {1-4},
	institution = {NBER Reporter},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12402,
	title = {Intellectual Property, the Immigration Backlog, and a Reverse Brain-Drain: American{\textquoteright}s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Part III},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation},
	organization = {Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation},
	author = {Vivek Wadhwa and Guillermina Jasso and Ben Rissing and Gary Gereffi and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12381,
	title = {Non-Nano Effects of Nanotechnology on the Economy},
	booktitle = {Nanotechnology: Society Implications II: Individual Perspectives},
	year = {2007},
	note = {First presented at the NNI-NSF (Nanotechnology Initiative),
December 4-5, 2003, at NSF, revised June 8, 2004.},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {11967,
	title = {Conclusion: What Workers Say in the Anglo-American World},
	booktitle = {What Workers Say: Employee Voice in the Anglo-American World,},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Cornell University Press},
	organization = {Cornell University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Peter Boxall and Peter Haynes}
}
@inbook {11966,
	title = {What Voice Do British Workers Want?},
	booktitle = {What Workers Say: Employee Voice in the Anglo-American World,},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Cornell University Press},
	organization = {Cornell University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Alex Bryson}
}
@inbook {11965,
	title = {Can the US Clear the Market for Representation and Participation?},
	booktitle = {What Workers Say: Employee Voice in the Anglo-American World,},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {(Cornell University Press},
	organization = {(Cornell University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {11964,
	title = {The Anglo-American Economies and Employee Voice},
	booktitle = {What Workers Say: Employee Voice in the Anglo-American World,},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {(Cornell University Press},
	organization = {(Cornell University Press},
	author = {Peter Boxall and Peter Haynes and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {11962,
	title = {Do Workers Gain by Sharing? Employee Outcomes Under Employee Ownership, Profit Sharing, and Broad-based Stock Options},
	booktitle = {Shared Capitalism: The Economic Issues,},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	author = {Douglas Kruse and Joseph Blasi and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {11961,
	title = {Worker Responses to Shirking},
	booktitle = {Shared Capitalism: The Economic Issues},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Douglas Kruse and Joseph Blasi}
}
@article {11959,
	title = {Adoption and Termination of Employee Involvement Programs},
	year = {2007},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$ 12878},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Wei Chi and Morris Kleiner}
}
@conference {11958,
	title = {Do Workers Still Want Unions? Yes More than Ever!},
	booktitle = {Economics Policy Institute Policy Forum on Broadly Shared Prosperity, Work that Works.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {EPI BP182},
	month = {Feb},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {11957,
	title = {Jobs Online},
	booktitle = {NBER Conference on Labor Market Intermediation},
	year = {2007},
	month = {17-18, May},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Alice Nakamura and Richard Freeman and Kathryn Shaw}
}
@book {11919,
	title = {What Workers Say: Employee Voice in the Anglo-American Workplace},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Imprint of Cornell University Press

This book brings together research in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand to answer a series of key questions:

o What opportunities do employees in Anglo-American workplaces have to voice their concerns and what do they seek?

o To what extent, and in what contexts, do workers want greater union representation?

o How do workers feel about employer-initiated channels of influence? What styles of engagement do they want with employers?

o What institutional models are more successful in giving workers the voice they seek at workplaces?

o What can unions, employers, and public policy makers learn from these studies of representation and influence?

The research is based largely on surveys that were conducted as a follow-up to the influential Worker Representation and Participation Survey (WRPS) reported in What Workers Want, coauthored by Richard B. Freeman and Joel Rogers in 1999 and updated in 2006. Taken together, these studies authoritatively outline workers{\textquoteright} attitudes toward, and opportunities for, representation and influence in the Anglo-American workplace. They also enhance industrial relations theory and suggest strategies for unions, employers, and public policy. },
	publisher = {ILR Press},
	organization = {ILR Press},
	address = {Ithaca, NY},
	abstract = {This book brings together research in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand to answer a series of key questions:  o What opportunities do employees in Anglo-American workplaces have to voice their concerns and what do they seek?  o To what extent, and in what contexts, do workers want greater union representation?  o How do workers feel about employer-initiated channels of influence? What styles of engagement do they want with employers?  o What institutional models are more successful in giving workers the voice they seek at workplaces?  o What can unions, employers, and public policy makers learn from these studies of representation and influence?  The research is based largely on surveys that were conducted as a follow-up to the influential Worker Representation and Participation Survey (WRPS) reported in What Workers Want, coauthored by Richard B. Freeman and Joel Rogers in 1999 and updated in 2006. Taken together, these studies authoritatively outline workers{\textquoteright} attitudes toward, and opportunities for, representation and influence in the Anglo-American workplace. They also enhance industrial relations theory and suggest strategies for unions, employers, and public policy. },
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/What-Workers-Say-Anglo-American-Workplace/dp/0801444454/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305761252\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and Peter Boxall and Peter Haynes}
}
@book {11883,
	title = {America Works: The Exceptional Labor Market},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	address = {2007},
	abstract = {The U.S. labor market is the most laissez faire of any developed nation, with a weak social safety net and little government regulation compared to Europe or Japan. Some economists point to this hands-off approach as the source of America{\textquoteright}s low unemployment and high per-capita income. But the stagnant living standards and rising economic insecurity many Americans now face take some of the luster off the U.S. model. In America Works, noted economist Richard Freeman reveals how U.S. policies have created a labor market remarkable both for its dynamism and its disparities.  America Works takes readers on a grand tour of America{\textquoteright}s exceptional labor market, comparing the economic institutions and performance of the United States to the economies of Europe and other wealthy countries. The U.S. economy has an impressive track record when it comes to job creation and productivity growth, but it isn{\textquoteright}t so good at reducing poverty or raising the wages of the average worker. Despite huge gains in productivity, most Americans are hardly better off than they were a generation ago. The median wage is actually lower now than in the early 1970s, and the poverty rate in 2005 was higher than in 1969. So why have the benefits of productivity growth been distributed so unevenly? One reason is that unions have been steadily declining in membership. In Europe, labor laws extend collective bargaining settlements to non-unionized firms. Because wage agreements in America only apply to firms where workers are unionized, American managers have discouraged unionization drives more aggressively. In addition, globalization and immigration have placed growing competitive pressure on American workers. And boards of directors appointed by CEOs have raised executive pay to astronomical levels. Freeman addresses these problems with a variety of proposals designed to maintain the vigor of the U.S. economy while spreading more of its benefits to working Americans. To maintain America{\textquoteright}s global competitive edge, Freeman calls for increased R\&D spending and financial incentives for students pursuing graduate studies in science and engineering. To improve corporate governance, he advocates licensing individuals who serve on corporate boards. Freeman also makes the case for fostering worker associations outside of the confines of traditional unions and for establishing a federal agency to promote profit-sharing and employee ownership.  Assessing the performance of the U.S. job market in light of other developed countries{\textquoteright} recent history highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the free market model. Written with authoritative knowledge and incisive wit, America Works provides a compelling plan for how we can make markets work better for all Americans.},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/America-Works-Exceptional-Foundation-Centennial/dp/0871543265/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305752234\&sr=8-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13183,
	title = {John Thomas Dunlop},
	booktitle = {New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@booklet {13174,
	title = {Future Unionism Today: How Union Reps Use the Web},
	year = {2006},
	note = {mimeo},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Marit Rehavi}
}
@conference {12746,
	title = {What the EU Needs: A New German Wirtschaftswunder},
	booktitle = {Berlin Dialogues},
	year = {2006},
	month = {11 Dec},
	publisher = {Harvard CES},
	organization = {Harvard CES},
	address = {Hertie School of Governance and Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Berlin},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12665,
	title = {Creating a Bigger Pie? The Effects of Employee Ownership, Profit Sharing, and Stock Options on Workplace Performance},
	booktitle = {Shared Capitalism Research Conference},
	year = {2006},
	month = {6-7 Oct},
	publisher = {NBER-Sage Foundation},
	organization = {NBER-Sage Foundation},
	author = {Joseph Blasi and Chris Mackin and Douglas Kruse and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12664,
	title = {Do Workers Gain by Sharing? Employee Outcomes Under Employee Ownership, Profit Sharing, and Broad-based Stock Options},
	booktitle = {Shared Capitalism Research Conference},
	year = {2006},
	month = {6-7 Oct},
	publisher = {NBER-Sage Foundation},
	organization = {NBER-Sage Foundation},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Douglas Kruse and Joseph Blasi}
}
@article {12662,
	title = {The Battle Over Labor Standards in the Global Economy},
	journal = {Integration and Trade Journal},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Published in Spanish as {\textquotedblleft}La Batalla Sobre Los
Estandares Laborales en la Economia Mundial,{\textquotedblright} Integracion \& Comercio Journale no.25
*July-December, 2006). Presented at the IADB Expert Meeting on Labor Standards, September
20, 2002, Argentina.},
	pages = {11-51},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12603,
	title = {Learning from Other Economics: The unique institutional and policy experiments down under},
	journal = {The Economic Record (Journal of the Economic Society of Australia)},
	volume = {82},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$12116},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Robert Gregory Festschrift}
}
@conference {12540,
	title = {How Have Hispanics Fared in the {\textquoteright}Jobless Recovery{\textquoteright}},
	booktitle = {Economic and Policy Issues Facing the US Hispanic Community},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Center for American Progress Report, Jan 2006},
	month = {6 Jan},
	publisher = {AEA},
	organization = {AEA},
	author = {Richard Freeman and William M. Rodgers III}
}
@article {12539,
	title = {Katrina{\textquoteright}s Lessons: Moving Forward in the Fight Against Poverty: An Overview of Panel Five},
	journal = {Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Participant proceedings of Summit on Poverty: New Frontiers in Poverty Research and
Policy},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12538,
	title = {Moving Out of Low Wage Jobs: Opportunities and Barriers: An Overview of Panel 3},
	journal = {Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Participant proceedings of Summit on Poverty: New Frontiers in Poverty Research and Policy},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12427,
	title = {What Does the Growth of Higher Education Overseas Mean for the U.S.},
	booktitle = {ASGE / ASSA Meetings Session, U.S. Higher Education in Global Perspective},
	year = {2006},
	month = {7 Jan},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12425,
	title = {Love Your Job or Hate It: The Economics of Job Satisfaction},
	year = {2006},
	month = {8 May},
	publisher = {London School of Economics},
	organization = {London School of Economics},
	address = {The Old Theater, London, England},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12421,
	title = {People Flows in Globalization},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2, Spring},
	year = {2006},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$12,315, June 2006. Reprinted in Gospodarka Narodowa (The National
Economy, Cracow Univ) Spring 2007 issue. Reprinted in Internatnional Business and Globalization,
editors John D. Daniels and Jeffrey A. Krug (3 volume series in Contemporary Issues
in Business \& globalization, September 2007) (Sage Publications)},
	pages = {145-170},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12420,
	title = {Why Don{\textquoteright}t More Puerto Rican Men Work? The Rich Uncle (Sam) Hypothesis},
	booktitle = {The Economy of Puerto Rico: Restoring Growth},
	year = {2006},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$ 11751, November 2005.},
	pages = {152-188},
	publisher = {Brookings},
	organization = {Brookings},
	author = {Mar{\'\i}a E. Enchautegui and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12127,
	title = {The Diffusion and Decline of Employee Involvement Policies in U.S. Manufacturing Plants},
	booktitle = {LERA Symposium on Labor Markets and Economics and Work and Employment Relations,},
	year = {2006},
	month = {6 Jan},
	author = {Wei Chi and Morris Kleiner and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12126,
	title = {Shared Capitalism at Work: Impacts and Policy Options},
	booktitle = {America at Work: Choices and Challenges,(},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {275-296},
	publisher = {Palgrave MacMillan},
	organization = {Palgrave MacMillan},
	author = {Joseph Blasi and Richard Freeman and Douglas Kruse}
}
@article {12125,
	title = {Worker Needs and Voice in the US and UK},
	year = {2006},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$ 12,310},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Alex Bryson}
}
@conference {11963,
	title = {Will Labor Fare Better Under State Labor Relations Law?},
	booktitle = {LERA Symposium, The NLRA After Seventy Years (An Assessment),"},
	year = {2006},
	month = {7 Jan}
}
@book {11907,
	title = {Att Reformera V{\"a}lf{\"a}rdsstaten - Amerikanskt perspektiv p{\r a} den svenska modellen},
	year = {2006},
	note = {SNS Conference Volume},
	address = {Stockholm},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and Birgitta Swedenborg and Robert H. Topel}
}
@book {11885,
	title = {What Workers Want},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Selected as one of the Noteworthy Books in Industrial Relations and Labor Economics, 1999, Princeton University Industrial Relations Section.},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	address = {New York},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/What-Workers-Copublished-Russell-Foundation/dp/080147325X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305752361\&sr=1-1},
	author = {Joel Rogers and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13184,
	title = {Labor Economics},
	booktitle = {Palgrave Encyclopedia of Economics},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13175,
	title = {From the Webbs to the Web: The contribution of the Internet to Reviving Union Fortunes},
	booktitle = {Trade Unions: Resurgence or Demise?: Leverhulme Series Volume 3 on The Future of Trade Unions},
	year = {2005},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$ 11298 (April 2005).},
	pages = {162-184},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13116,
	title = {Labour Market Institutions Without Blinders: The Debate Over Flexibility and Labour Market Performance},
	journal = {International Economic Journal RIEJ},
	volume = {19},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$11,286 (April 2005). First presented as the Keynote speech at the Korean Labor Conference,
Seoul, July 18, 2004.},
	pages = {129-145},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {13115,
	title = {The 2004 Global Labor Survey: Workplace Institutions and Practices Around the World},
	year = {2005},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$ 11598},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Davin Chor}
}
@conference {13114,
	title = {When China Wakes},
	booktitle = {Slide Presentation},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Slide Presentation at U.Mass Lowell},
	month = {28 Nov},
	address = {U.Mass Lowell},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@newspaperarticle {12758,
	title = {Who Will Win the Prize?},
	journal = {Newsweek},
	year = {2005},
	month = {02/21/2005},
	pages = {42},
	chapter = {Opinion},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12691,
	title = {The Cyclical Sensitivity of African Americans},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {The Center for American Progress},
	organization = {The Center for American Progress},
	author = {William M. Rodgers III and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12690,
	title = {The Fragility of the 1990s Economic Gains},
	booktitle = {National Economic Association Session: Does a Low Tide Lower All Boats?},
	year = {2005},
	note = {The Center for American Progress, July 2005.

Also presented at the IRRA Session, Working in the Margins: Racial/Ethnic Labor Market Inequality{\textquotedblright}.},
	month = {Jan},
	publisher = {AEA-NEA},
	organization = {AEA-NEA},
	address = {Philadelphia},
	author = {William M. Rodgers III and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12675,
	title = {White Hats or Don Quixotes? Human Rights Vigilantes in the Global Economy},
	booktitle = {Emerging Labor Market Institutions for the 21st Century},
	year = {2005},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$8102, Jan 2001, CEP-DP Paper $\#$0638},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	address = {Chicago},
	author = {Kimberly Ann Elliott and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12633,
	title = {External and Internal Models of Crime: Economic Incentives vs. {\textquoteleft}Unhealthy Brains{\textquoteright} in Explaining Crime},
	booktitle = {Conversations Across Social Disciplines CASD, Keynote Speech},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Presentation; not a paper},
	month = {26 Sept},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12543,
	title = {Fighting for Other Folks{\textquoteright} Wages: The Logic and Illogic of Living Wage Campaigns},
	journal = {Industrial Relations: Special Issue, "The Impacts of Living Wage Policies"},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {14-31},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12542,
	title = {La Gran Duplicacion del Mercado Laboral Mundial},
	journal = {Punto de Equilibrio},
	volume = {14},
	number = {87},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {10-11},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12440,
	title = {Marketization of Production and the EU-US Gap in Work (Jobs and Home Work: Time Use Evidence)},
	journal = {Economic Policy},
	volume = {20},
	number = {41},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {5-50},
	author = {Ronald Schettkat and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12439,
	title = {The Weak Jobs Recovery: Whatever Happened to the {\textquoteleft}Great American Jobs Machine},
	journal = {FRBNY Economic Policy Review},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Condensed version published as {\textquotedblleft}Jobless Recovery: Whatever Happened to the Great American Jobs Machine?{\textquotedblright} in Centre-Piece Vol 9:3 (Autumn 2004) pp 22-27.},
	author = {William Rodgers and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12437,
	title = {Opening Doors: The Rising Proportion of Women and Minority Scientists and Engineers in the United States},
	booktitle = {NBER Confer23 ence on Diversifying the Science and Engineering Workforce: Women, Underrepresented Minorities and their S\&E Careers},
	year = {2005},
	month = {14-15 Jan},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Tanwin Chang and Hanley Chiang and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12436,
	title = {Workforce Policy: Foreign Scientists and Engineers},
	booktitle = {Brookings Conference Offshoring White-Collar Work: The Issues and the Implications},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Trade Forum 8th issue, 2005},
	month = {12-13, May},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12435,
	title = {Fellowship Stipend Support and the Supply of Science and Engineering Students: NSF Graduate Research Fellowships},
	journal = {American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings},
	volume = {95},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {61-66},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12434,
	title = {Labor Goes Global: The Effects of Globalization on Workers Around the World},
	booktitle = {2004 Eighth Annual Rocco C. and Marion S. Siciliano Forum: Considerations on the Status of the American Society},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Monograph},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12433,
	title = {The Great Doubling: Labor in the New Global Economy},
	booktitle = {2005 Usery Lecture in Labor Policy,},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Monograph, 2005},
	month = {8 Apr},
	address = {University of Atlanata, GA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12432,
	title = {What Really Ails Europe (and America): The Doubling of the Global Labor Force: who pays the price of globalization},
	journal = {The Globalist},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Also published on Znet as {\textquotedblleft}China,
India and the Doubling of the Global Labor Force: Who Pays the Price of Globalization?{\textquotedblright}.
},
	url = {http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=8617}
}
@conference {12430,
	title = {The Human Resource Leapfrog Model and US Economic Leadership},
	booktitle = {CFR Roundtable - Technology, Innovation, and American Primacy},
	year = {2005},
	month = {31 October},
	publisher = {Council on Foreign Relations},
	organization = {Council on Foreign Relations},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12429,
	title = {En Busco del Nicho del Per{\'u} en la Econom{\'\i}a Global},
	booktitle = {Cambios Globales y el Mercado Laboral Peruano: Comercio, Legislaci{\'o}n, Capital Humano y Empleo.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Conference Proceedings of the Primera Conferencia de Econom{\'\i}a Laboral del Per{\'u}. Lima, Universidad
del Pac{\'\i}fico, November 2005.},
	pages = {Chapter 2},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12428,
	title = {A Labor Shortage When the Baby Boomers Retire?},
	booktitle = {Urban Institute Conference on Workforce Policies for the Next Decade and Beyond},
	year = {2005},
	note = {La Gran Duplicaci{\'o}n: los efectos de la globalizaci{\'o}n sobre los trabajadores en el mundo,{\textquotedblright} in
chapter 1 in Cambios Globales y el Mercado Laboral Peruano: Comercio, Legislaci{\'o}n, Capital
Humano y Empleo. Conference Proceedings of the Primera Conferencia de Econom{\'\i}a Laboral
del Per{\'u}. Lima, Universidad del Pac{\'\i}fico, November 2005},
	month = {11 Nov},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12424,
	title = {La R{\'e}volution Globale},
	journal = {Courrier de la Plan{\'e}te: Promesses et incertitudes},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {52-53},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@newspaperarticle {12423,
	title = {Vorsprung durch Masse},
	journal = {Financial Times Deutschland},
	year = {2005},
	month = {12/30.2005},
	chapter = {Kommentar},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12422,
	title = {Does Globalization of the Scientific/Engineering Workforce Threaten US Economic Leadership?},
	booktitle = {Innovation Policy and the Economy},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$ 11457, (July 2005)},
	pages = {123-157},
	publisher = {MIT Press for NBER},
	organization = {MIT Press for NBER},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/ipe.6.25056182},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12133,
	title = {The Advent of Open Source Unionism?},
	journal = {Critical Perspectives on International Business CPOIB, Double Special Issue},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2/3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {79-92},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12132,
	title = {Similar Problems, Different Solutions? How U.S. and U.K. Workers Confront Workplace Problems},
	booktitle = {SOLE / EALE Tenth Annual meetings},
	year = {2005},
	month = {3 Jun},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Alex Bryson and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12131,
	title = {Does Changing Employers Improve Job Satisfaction?},
	booktitle = {SOLE / EALE Tenth Annual Meetings},
	year = {2005},
	month = {3 Jun},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Wei Chi and Morris Kleiner and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12129,
	title = {What Do Unions Do? The 2004 M-Brane Stringtwister Edition},
	booktitle = {What Do Unions Do? The Evidence Twenty Years Later. Journal of Labor Research XXVI(4)},
	year = {2005},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$ 11410 (June 2005)},
	pages = {641-668},
	editor = {Bruce E. Kaufman and Richard Freeman and James T. Bennett}
}
@manuascript {12128,
	title = {The Role of Worker Needs in Generating Desire for Voice: The case of Workers in the US and the UK},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Unpublished},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Alex Bryson}
}
@book {11921,
	title = {Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Richard Freeman as member of the authoring Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy (COSEPUP), Board on Higher Education and Workforce, National Research Council

},
	publisher = {National Academies Press},
	organization = {National Academies Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	abstract = {Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States explores the role and impact of students and scholars on US educational institutions and the US economy. The nation has drawn increasingly on human resources abroad for its science and engineering workforce. However, competition for talent has grown as other countries have expanded their research infrastructure and created more opportunities for international students. The report discusses trends in international student enrollments, stay rates, and examines the impact of visa policies on international mobility of the highly skilled. },
	url = {http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11289.html},
	author = {Committee on Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States and Board on Higher Education and Workforce and National Research Council}
}
@book {11910,
	title = {Emerging Labor Market Institutions for the 21st Century},
	year = {2005},
	note = {For NBER, CEP, and IFS

Selected as one of the Noteworthy Books in Industrial Relations and Labor Economics of 2005, Princeton University Industrial Relations Section.},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press },
	organization = {University of Chicago Press },
	address = {Chicago},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and Joni Hersch and Lawrence Mishel}
}
@inbook {13179,
	title = {The Road to Union Renascence in the U.S.},
	booktitle = {Changing Role of Unions: New Forms of Representation},
	year = {2004},
	note = {First presented as {\textquotedblleft}Redefining Unionization in the US: How the Internet Makes Minority Unionism Viable,{\textquotedblright}at the
23rd Annual Economics conference - The Changing Role of Unions, Middlebury College, April 13-14, 2002.},
	pages = {3-21},
	publisher = {ME Sharpe},
	organization = {ME Sharpe},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13117,
	title = {Trade Wars: The Exaggerated Impact of Trade in Economic Debate},
	journal = {The World Economy},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	note = {The World Economy Annual Public Lecture, presented at the Conference on Trade
and Labour Perspectives on Worker Turnover, University of Nottingham, June 27, 2003.
University of Nottingham - Internationalization of Economic Policy Program Research Paper
2003/42. NBER WP $\#$ 10,000 (September 2003).},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12775,
	title = {What Have Two Decades of British Economic Reform Delivered?},
	booktitle = {Seeking a Premiere League Economy},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Also in International Productivity Monitor 5: pp 541-52 (Fall 2002), and in French in the Observateur International de la Productivite 5: pp 44-57 (Fall 2002). NBER WP $\#$8801, February 2002.},
	pages = {9-61},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER, CEP, and IFS},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER, CEP, and IFS},
	author = {David Card and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12761,
	title = {Are European Labor Markets as Awful as All That?},
	journal = {CESifo Forum},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	note = {CEP-DP Paper $\#$0644},
	pages = {34},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12728,
	title = {What, Me Vote? },
	booktitle = {Social Inequality, Vol 1},
	year = {2004},
	note = {NBER WP9896 (August 2003)},
	pages = {Chapter 18},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12724,
	title = {Fighting Turnout Burnout: Why Europeans turn out at higher rates and how to improve American participation},
	journal = {American Prospect Online, Special Report: Political Inequality},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jun 2004},
	url = {http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Election_Reform/Turnout_Burnout.html},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12668,
	title = {Labor Standards Then and Now},
	booktitle = {Conference on International Labor Standards: The Global Need for Understanding Tools and Methods of Measuring Compliance},
	year = {2004},
	month = {26-27 May},
	publisher = {DOL and NAS Committee on Monitoring International Labor Standards},
	organization = {DOL and NAS Committee on Monitoring International Labor Standards},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Kimberly Ann Elliott}
}
@article {12667,
	title = {Yes, Labor Standards and Globalization Go Together!},
	journal = {Labor History CLAH},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {529-535},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Kimberly Ann Elliott}
}
@inbook {12604,
	title = {Labor Market Analysis},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Social Measurement},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Academic Press, Elsevier Science},
	organization = {Academic Press, Elsevier Science},
	address = {CA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12445,
	title = {Stimulating Careers in Science and Engineering},
	journal = {Science{\textquoteright}s Next Wave},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {12444,
	title = {The Rising Proportion of Immigrants: A Necessary Supply that Depresses Future US Citizen Supplies?},
	year = {2004},
	note = {SEWP Policy Briefing $\#$1, May 27, 2004},
	type = {Report},
	author = {Tanwin Chang and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12443,
	title = {How Do Stipends Affect the Supply of PhD Scientists and Engineers?},
	booktitle = {NSF/NIH/CGS Graduate Support Workshop},
	year = {2004},
	note = {NBER SEWP Report},
	month = {17-18 Jun},
	publisher = {AAAS},
	organization = {AAAS},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Tanwin Chang and Hanley Chiang and Jason Abaluck and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12442,
	title = {Briefing Notes on Global Competitiveness and the Scientific Workforce: Claims, Counterclaims, Data and Policy Options},
	booktitle = {Association of American University Meeting,},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Draft not for circulation or citation.},
	month = {18 Oct},
	address = {Yale University, New Haven},
	author = {Daniel L. Goroff}
}
@inbook {12441,
	title = {Forward},
	booktitle = {Fighting Unemployment: The Limits of Free Market Orthodoxy},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {5-7},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12438,
	title = {Doubling the Global Workforce: The Challenges of Integrating China, India, and the former Soviet Block into the World Economy},
	booktitle = {Doubling the Global Work Force{\textquotedblright}},
	year = {2004},
	month = {8 Nov},
	publisher = {Institute of International Economics},
	organization = {Institute of International Economics},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12155,
	title = {Shared Modes of Compensation and Firm Performance: UK Evidence},
	booktitle = {Seeking a Premiere League Economy},
	year = {2004},
	note = {For NBER, CEP and IFS, 2004
NBER WP $\#$8448, August 2001},
	pages = {109-146},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Martin J. Conyon}
}
@inbook {12149,
	title = {What Unions Do: Conclusion and Balanced Scorecard (IV)},
	booktitle = {What Do Unions Do?: A Reassessment and Balanced Scorecar},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Chapter 20},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12139,
	title = {Searching Outside the Box: The Road to Union Renascence and Worker Well-being in the U.S.},
	booktitle = {The Future of Labor Unions: Organized Labor in the 21st Century},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Ray Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resources, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin},
	pages = {75-110},
	address = {Austin, TX},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12138,
	title = {Monitoring Colleagues at Work: Employee Ownership, Profit Sharing, Peer Pressure, and Workplace Performance in the United States},
	booktitle = {ASSA Meetings },
	year = {2004},
	note = {Also presented at the Conference on ESOPs and Worker Ownership, Seoul, Korea, July 22, 2004.},
	address = {San Diego, CA},
	author = {Joseph Blasi and Douglas Kruse and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12137,
	title = {Chapter 8},
	booktitle = {Employee Participation, Firm Performance and Survival: Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory and Labor- Managed Firms},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Elsevier BV},
	organization = {Elsevier BV},
	address = {Netherlands},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12135,
	title = {The Rise and Fall of Employee Involvement Practices in Manufacturing Establishments},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting, IRRA Poster Session},
	year = {2004},
	month = {3-5 Jan},
	author = {Morris M. Kleiner and Richard Freeman and Wei Chi}
}
@manuascript {12134,
	title = {Establishment Impacts on Satisfaction: Estimates from NLSY Job Stayers and Changers},
	year = {2004},
	note = {In progress},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Morris M. Kleiner}
}
@book {11908,
	title = {Seeking a Premiere League Economy},
	year = {2004},
	note = {For NBER, CEP, and IFS},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and Richard Blundell and David Card}
}
@article {13176,
	title = {Can the Internet Help Unions Rebound},
	journal = {IRRA Perspectives on Work },
	volume = {7},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13118,
	title = {Responding to Economic Crisis in a Post-Washington Consensus World: The Role of Labor},
	booktitle = {ILO Meeting on Cooperation for Argentina},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Published in Spanish in Asociaci{\'o}n Argentina de Especialistas en Estudios del Trabajo (ASET) Revista
Estudios del Trabajo (2004).},
	month = {13-17 Jan},
	publisher = {ILO},
	organization = {ILO},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12768,
	title = {Varieties of Labor Market Institutions and Economic Performance},
	booktitle = {IRRA Session on Labor Market Institutions and Economic Outcomes},
	year = {2003},
	month = {4 Jan},
	publisher = {IRRA},
	organization = {IRRA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12765,
	title = {The Surprising Persistence of Inflexible Labor Market Institutions},
	booktitle = {European Science Days},
	year = {2003},
	month = {13-16 Jul},
	address = {Vienna},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12763,
	title = {Is European Wage-Setting Different? Evidence from the Occupational Wages Around the World Data File},
	booktitle = {Institutions and Wage Formation in the New Europe},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Conference Volume of the Third ECB Labour Market Workshop},
	pages = {9-31},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing for the European Central Bank},
	organization = {Edward Elgar Publishing for the European Central Bank},
	address = {Germany},
	author = {Remco Oostendorp and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12732,
	title = {Can Unions Raise Turnout and Reduce Inequality in Voting Among Socio-Economic Groups},
	booktitle = {Political Inequality - Participation, Influence, Polarization},
	year = {2003},
	month = {21 March},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12674,
	title = {Firm Benefits from Share-Owning Workers},
	booktitle = {People Management, Volume 5},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Martin J. Conyon}
}
@inbook {12669,
	title = {The Role Global Labor Standards Could Play in Addressing Basic Needs},
	booktitle = {Global Inequalities at Work: Work{\textquoteright}s Impact on the Health of Individuals, Families, and Societies},
	year = {2003},
	note = {First presented as {\textquotedblleft}Global Labor Standards and Free Trade? The Siamese Twins of the Global
Economy.{\textquotedblright}},
	pages = {299-327},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Kimberly Elliott}
}
@conference {12635,
	title = {Can We Close the Revolving Door?: Recidivism vs Employment of Ex-Offenders in the U.S.},
	booktitle = {Urban Institute Roundtable: Employment Dimension sof Prisoner Reentry and Work: Understanding the Nexus Between Prisoner Reentry and Work},
	year = {2003},
	month = {19 May},
	address = {New York University Law School},
	url = {http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/410857_freeman.pdf},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {12634,
	title = {Prospects for Prisoner Reentry},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Economic Policy Institute Working Paper $\#$125},
	author = {Anne M. Piehl and Stefan LoBuglio and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12455,
	title = {Internationally Educated Practical Nurse Survey},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Alternate title "{\textquotedblleft}Foreign-Educated Practical Nurses in the United States Survey"

Some analysis of the dataset published by CGFNS as "International Practical Nurses in the U.S. Workforce". Survey directed by Dr. Richard Freeman, CGFNS, The Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools, and OA, Ownership Associates.},
	url = {http//www.cgfns.org/sections/research/gradsurvey.shtml},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12450,
	title = {Rising Inequality in Science Careers},
	booktitle = {AAAS Symposium: Is Science a Deteriorating Wage of Life: Workforce Trends},
	year = {2003},
	month = {15 Feb},
	address = {Denver, CO},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12449,
	title = {Economy and Immigration: Ethnic Economies and National Economies},
	booktitle = {The New Americans: A Handbook to Immigration since 1965},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	organization = {Harvard University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12448,
	title = {Working at the Endless Frontier: The Job Market for Scientists and Engineers},
	booktitle = {Okun Lectures},
	year = {2003},
	month = {13-15 Oct},
	address = {Yale University},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12447,
	title = {Data! Data! My Kingdom for Data!: Data Needs for Analyzing the S\&E Job Market},
	booktitle = {RAND Workshop Improving Labor Market Data on the Scientific and Technical Workforce},
	year = {2003},
	month = {11 Dec},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12143,
	title = {The Effects of Employee Attitudes about Their Workplaces on Turnover and Productivity: An Analysis of Retail Commercial Banking},
	booktitle = {NBER Personnel Economics Meeting},
	year = {2003},
	month = {6-7 Mar},
	author = {Morris Kleiner and Ann Bartel and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12142,
	title = {Can a Work Organization Have an Attitude Problem? The Impact of Workplaces on Employee Attitutdes and Economic Outcomes},
	year = {2003},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$9987, September 2003. LSE-CEP DP $\#$0636, May 2004},
	author = {Anne Bartel and Casey Ichniowski and Morris M. Kleiner and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12141,
	title = {Young Workers and Trade Unions},
	booktitle = {Representing Workers: Union Recognition and Membership in Britain: Leverhulme Series Volume 1 on The Future of Trade Unions},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {29-50},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	author = {Wayne Diamond, and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12140,
	title = {Motivating Employee-Owners in ESOP Firms: Human Resource Policies and Company Performance},
	journal = {Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory and Self-managed Firms},
	year = {2003},
	note = {NBER Paper 10177
CEP-DP Paper $\#$0658
Reprinted in Employee Motivation (ICBR Bangalore Center for Business Research 2007)},
	author = {Doug Kruse and Joseph Blasi and Robert Buchele and Adria Scharf and Loren Rogers and Chris Mackin and Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11888,
	title = {Can Labor Standards Improve Under Globalization?},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Global Trade Negotiations GTN book of the month, July 2003,
http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidtrade. Featured in Labor History Special Symposium Issue 45:4 (November) 2004. Nominated for the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order, University of Louisville. Selected as one of the Noteworthy Books in Industrial
Relations and Labor Economics, 2003, Princeton University Industrial Relations Section.
Pages 49-72 and 143-50 reprinted in volume The WTO and Labor and Employement (eds
Drusilla Brown and Robert Stern) in the series Critical perspectives on the Global Trading
System and the WTO (series editors Kym Anderson and Bernard Hoekman) (Edward Elgar,
2007)},
	publisher = {Peterson Institute},
	organization = {Peterson Institute},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	abstract = {Protestors now routinely fill the streets when any large, formal meeting dealing with international economic issues takes place. They express concern about the potential social and environmental costs of globalization and want negotiators to address these issues in trade agreements and international organizations. In addition, to the debate over whether and how to link labor standards to trade has led to an impasse in American trade policy for much of the past decade and the hands of US trade negotiators. Proposals to "let the market do it" or "let the International Labor Organization (ILO) do it" abound but it is less common to find any serious analysis of just how activists can galvanize consumers to demand that corporations raise labor standards in their global operations or how the ILO can become more effective. In this study, Elliott and Freeman move beyond the debate on the relative merits and risks of a social clause in trade agreements and focus on practical approaches for improving labor standards in a more integrated global economy. The authors examine both what is being done in these areas, and what more needs to be done to ensure that steady and tangible progress toward universal respect for core labor standards is made. While concluding that the ILO should have primary responsibility for labor standards, the book also suggests that the WTO should consider how to address egregious and willful violations of core labor standards if they are trade-related. },
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Labor-Standards-Improve-Under-Globalization/dp/0881323322/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305752533\&sr=1-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Kimberly Ann Elliott}
}
@article {13178,
	title = {The Labour Market in the New Information Economy},
	journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	note = {NBER WP 9254 (October, 2002).},
	pages = {288-305},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13121,
	title = {China{\textquoteright}s Labor Problems},
	booktitle = {Labor and Inequality Session of the 5th Annual NBER-CCER Conference on China and the World Economy},
	year = {2002},
	month = {30 Jun - 7 Jul},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13120,
	title = {China{\textquoteright}s Labor Market Issues: A computational economics analysis: the disconnect between China{\textquoteright}s labor market and labor institutions},
	booktitle = {MIT IWER Research Seminar in Industrial Relations,},
	year = {2002},
	month = {17 Sept},
	publisher = {MIT IWER},
	organization = {MIT IWER},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13119,
	title = {Labor Market Institutions and Employment Policies: the International Experience},
	booktitle = {Conference on The New Agenda for Employment Policies in the Economic Cycle},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Published in Spanish as {\textquotedblleft}Instituciones del Mercado Laboral y Pol{\'\i}ticas
de Empleo: La Experiencia Internacional{\textquotedblright}, in Joseph Ramos (ed) (forthcoming 2003) and Estudios
de Econom{\'\i}a (June 2003).},
	month = {22 Nov},
	address = {Santiago, Chile},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12780,
	title = {Wages Around the World: Pay Across Occupations and Countries},
	booktitle = {Inequality Around the World},
	year = {2002},
	note = {In association with the IEA, Conf Vol $\#$134 , 2002. 
NBER Working Paper $\#$8058, December 2000.},
	pages = {Chapter 1},
	publisher = {Palgrave},
	organization = {Palgrave},
	address = {London, UK},
	author = {Remco Oostendorp and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12773,
	title = {Can the Egalitarian EU Compete with the Market-driven US?},
	booktitle = {US-EU Conference},
	year = {2002},
	month = {11 Apr 2002},
	publisher = {John F. Kennedy School of Government},
	organization = {John F. Kennedy School of Government},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12733,
	title = {The Non-Representative Electorate: Rising Inequality in Voting in the U.S.},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2 Dec},
	publisher = {New Inequality Working Group},
	organization = {New Inequality Working Group},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12730,
	title = {What Do Unions Do ... to Voting?},
	booktitle = {Cornell Labor Seminar: Welfare and Inequality in Advanced Industrial Societies},
	year = {2002},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$ 9992
(September, 2003). Revised as {\textquotedblleft}What Do Unions Do to Voting Turnout?{\textquotedblright} February 2004.},
	month = {4 Apr},
	publisher = {Cornell},
	organization = {Cornell},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12562,
	title = {Does Inequality in Skills Explain Inequality of Earnings Across Advanced Countries?},
	year = {2002},
	note = {NBER WP 8140 (February 2001), 
Centre for Economic Performance Discussion Paper $\#$ 552 (November 2002).},
	publisher = {Centre for Economic Performance},
	organization = {Centre for Economic Performance},
	author = {Daniel Devroye and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12561,
	title = {The Rising Tide Lifts ...?},
	booktitle = {Understanding Poverty},
	year = {2002},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$8155
(March 2001)},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	organization = {Harvard University Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12453,
	title = {The World of Work in the New Millennium},
	booktitle = {What the Future Holds},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Published in Spanish as {\textquotedblleft}El Mundo del Trabajo en el Nuevo Milenio,{\textquotedblright} en Qu{\'e} Nos Depara El
Futuro: persepctivas desde Las Ciencias Sociales (spanish version by Francisco Mu{\~n}oz de
Bustillo) (Alianza Editorial 2003).},
	pages = {157-178},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12452,
	title = {Where Is the Road to Full Employment?},
	booktitle = {4th St. Gobain Conference Work and Work Skills in a Changing Economy},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Forthcoming in Edward Elgar Publishing volume, Series editor Robert M. Solow.},
	month = {20-21 Jun},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12451,
	title = {Thanks for the Great Postdoc Bargain},
	journal = {Science{\textquoteright}s Next Wave},
	year = {2002},
	url = {http://nextwave.sciencemag.org.},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12148,
	title = {Unions in the Information Economy},
	booktitle = {Human Resources Management Encyclopedia},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Published in French as "les syndicats et l{\textquoteright}{\'e}conomie de l{\textquoteright}information", in Allouche J.
(ed.), Encyclop{\'e}die des ressources Humaines (Paris, Economica, 2005 2nd edition, 2002 1st
edition).},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12147,
	title = {Modelling Parental Union Status Transition Rates},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Mimeo, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12146,
	title = {Wiedergeburt der Gewerkschaften aus dem Internet},
	journal = {Transit Europaische Revue},
	volume = {24},
	number = {Winter},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {27-49},
	author = {Joel Rogers and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12145,
	title = {Open Source Unionism: Beyond Exclusive Collective Bargaining},
	journal = {WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society },
	volume = {7},
	number = {2, Spring},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3-4},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers}
}
@article {12144,
	title = {A Proposal to American Labor},
	journal = {The Nation},
	volume = {274},
	number = {24},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {18-24},
	author = {Joel Rogers and Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11922,
	title = {Inequality Around the World},
	year = {2002},
	note = {IEA Conference Volume $\#$134},
	publisher = {Palgrave},
	organization = {Palgrave},
	address = {London, UK},
	editor = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13180,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}The Impact of the Internet on the Economy: Revolutionary Force or Overblown Hype},
	booktitle = {J.P. Morgan Lecture},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13177,
	title = {Will Unionism Prosper in Cyberspace? The Promise of the Internet for Employee Organization},
	journal = {British Journal of Industrial Relations},
	volume = {40},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$8483 , September 2001.},
	pages = {569-596},
	author = {Wayne J. Diamond and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13015,
	title = {Differentials in Service Industry Employment Growth: Germany and the U.S. in the Comparable German American Structural Database},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Published in English, German and French},
	publisher = {European Commmission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs},
	organization = {European Commmission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs},
	address = {Brussels},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Ronald Schettkat}
}
@article {13013,
	title = {Skill Compression, Wage Differentials and Employment: Germany vs the US},
	journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
	volume = {53},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {NBER paper $\#$7610},
	pages = {582-603},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Ronald Schettkat}
}
@newspaperarticle {12784,
	title = {Trains and Brains Would Put Britain on Right Track},
	journal = {Guardian Unlimited Observer},
	year = {2001},
	month = {03/11/2001},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12782,
	title = {The Occupational Wages Around the World Data File},
	journal = {International Labor Review},
	volume = {120},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Published in the Spanish and French issues of the foreign version of the journals as: {\textquotedblleft}Nuevo Banco de datos sobre los salarios por ocupaci{\'o}n en todo el mundo{\textquotedblright}Revista Internacional del Trabajo 120:4 (2001) and {\textquotedblleft}Les Salaires par profession dans le monde: un nouveau fichier,{\textquotedblright} Revue Internationale du Travail 140:4 (2001).},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/oww/},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Remco Oostendorp}
}
@conference {12777,
	title = {Institutional Differences and Economic Performance among OECD Countries},
	booktitle = {Conference on Labor Market Institutions},
	year = {2001},
	month = {3-4 Jun},
	publisher = {University of Portugal},
	organization = {University of Portugal},
	address = {Lisbon},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@newspaperarticle {12692,
	title = {A Financial Push for Peace in Ireland},
	journal = {New York Times},
	year = {2001},
	month = {07/28/2011},
	chapter = {Op-Ed},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12670,
	title = {Upping the Stakes: Employee Share Ownership},
	journal = {People Management},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Reprinted in Dutch as {\textquotedblleft}De Inzet Verhogen,{\textquotedblright} in Human Resources Management
Select 3 (2001)},
	pages = {24-29},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12639,
	title = {Evaluating a Correctional Treatment Program},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {EPI},
	organization = {EPI},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Stefan LoBuglio}
}
@inbook {12638,
	title = {Does the Booming Economy Help Explain the Fall in Crime?},
	booktitle = {Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1999-2000 Lecture Series: Volume IV},
	year = {2001},
	note = {NCJ $\#$184245, March (Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 2001)},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12637,
	title = {Area Economic Conditions and the Crime of Young Men in the 1990s Expansion},
	booktitle = {Association for Public Policy and Management Meetings},
	year = {2001},
	month = {31 Oct - 2 Nov},
	author = {William M. Rodgers and Richard Freeman}
}
@manuascript {12636,
	title = {Prisoner Rehabilitation: The Role of Education and Faith-Based Institutions},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {Economic Policy Institute},
	type = {In progress},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12606,
	title = {The Incentive for Working Hard: Explaining Hours Worked Differences in the US and Germany},
	journal = {Labour Economics},
	volume = {Special Conference Volume 8},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$ 8051, Dec 2000},
	pages = {181-202},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Linda A. Bell}
}
@inbook {12605,
	title = {Working Hard},
	booktitle = {Working Time in Comparative Perspective: Vol 1: Patterns, Trends, and the Policy Implications of Earnings Inequality and Unemployment},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {71-105},
	publisher = {W.E. Upjohn Institute},
	organization = {W.E. Upjohn Institute},
	address = {Kalamazoo, MI},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Linda A. Bell}
}
@newspaperarticle {12563,
	title = {Instead of a Tax Cut, Send Out the Dividends},
	journal = {New York Times},
	year = {2001},
	month = {02/01/2001},
	chapter = {Op-Ed},
	author = {Eileen Appelbaum and Richard Freeman}
}
@newspaperarticle {12544,
	title = {A Fairer Sort of Harvard},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	year = {2001},
	month = {12/22/01},
	chapter = {Op-Ed},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12464,
	title = {Extremophiles in the High-Level Job Market: Bio Sciences/Cell Biology},
	booktitle = {Macalester Forum on Higher Education},
	year = {2001},
	month = {13 Jun},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {12463,
	title = {Careers and Rewards in Bio Sciences: The Disconnect Between Scientific Progress and Career Progression},
	year = {2001},
	month = {08},
	institution = {The American Society of Cell Biology},
	author = {Eric Weinstein and Elizabeth Marincola and Janet Rosenbaum and Frank Solomon and Richard Freeman}
}
@magazinearticle {12462,
	title = {Ways and Means: Harvard{\textquoteright}s Wage Debate},
	journal = {Harvard Magazine},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {69-70},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12461,
	title = {Die L{\"o}hne sind nicht zu hoch},
	journal = {Die Zeit},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Ronald Schettkat and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12460,
	title = {Erwerbsarbeit versus Hausarbeit},
	journal = {Tagesspiegel},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Ronald Schettkat}
}
@article {12459,
	title = {Verschenkte Zeit},
	journal = {Der Tagesspiegel Online},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Translation, "Lost Time"},
	url = {www.tagesspiegel.de},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Ronald Schettkat}
}
@unpublished {12458,
	title = {Differences in the Demand for Labor by Educational Attainment Level. Evidence across Eight European Countries},
	year = {2001},
	type = {Manuscript},
	author = {I{\~n}aki Iriondo and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12457,
	title = {Marketization of Production and the US-Europe Unemployment Gap},
	booktitle = {Leverhullme Programme Final Conference: The Labour Market Consequences of Technical and Structural Change,},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Oxford Bulletin of Economics and
Statistics, special edition titled {\textquotedblleft}The Labour Market Consequences of Technological and
Structural Change{\textquotedblright} Special Issue 63, pp 647-670 (Stephen Nickell, ed.) (2001).. NBER
Working Paper $\#$8797, February 2002.
},
	month = {21 Sept},
	publisher = {LSE},
	organization = {LSE},
	author = {Ronald Schettkat and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12454,
	title = {Competition and Careers in Biosciences},
	journal = {Science Policy Forum: Careers},
	volume = {294},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Reposted on Science{\textquoteright}s Next Wave (December 21, 2001)},
	pages = {2293-2294},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/294/5550/2293.full?ijkey=lXXAsp9nKIC1I\&keytype=ref\&siteid=sci},
	author = {Eric Weinstein and Elizabeth Marincola and Janet Rosenbaum and Frank Solomon and Richard Freeman}
}
@newspaperarticle {12154,
	title = {The Trouble with Airlines},
	journal = {New York Times},
	year = {2001},
	month = {04/16/2001},
	chapter = {Op-Ed},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12153,
	title = {Introduction: Worker Representation...Again!},
	booktitle = {What Do Workers Want: Reflections on the Implications of the Freeman \& Rogers Study},
	year = {2001},
	note = {University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law Vol 3:3},
	pages = {375-384},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12152,
	title = {Liking the Workplace You Have: The Incumbency Effect in Preferences toward Unions},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Working Paper 115, Centre for Economic Performance, London
School of Economics, Spring},
	author = {Wayne J. Diamond and Richard Freeman}
}
@book {12151,
	title = {What Workers Want from Workplace Organisations: A Report to the TUC{\textquoteright}s Promoting Trade Unionism Task Group},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {TUC},
	organization = {TUC},
	address = {London},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Wayne J. Diamond}
}
@article {12150,
	title = {The Economic Effects of Employee Stake-Holding},
	journal = {Financial Times},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Martin Conyon and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12130,
	title = {The Last American Shoe Manufacturers: Decreasing Productivity and Increasing Profits in the Shift from Piece Rates to Continuous Flow Production},
	booktitle = {NYU Working Papers on Labor and Employment Law: 1998-1999},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Industrial Relations Vol 44:2 (April 2005). Published under the title {\textquotedblleft}The Last American
Shoe Manufacturers: Changing the Method of Pay to Survive Foreign Competition{\textquotedblright} as NBER
WP $\#$6750 (October 1998)},
	publisher = {Kluwer Law Intl},
	organization = {Kluwer Law Intl},
	address = {Boston},
	author = {Morris M. Kleiner and Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11890,
	title = {What Do Unions Do to the European Welfare States?},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Part 2 of the volume The Role of Unions in the Twenty-first Century, a Report for the Fondazione
Rodolofo Debendetti, Tito Boeri, Agar Brugiavini, and Lars Calmfors (eds) (Oxford University
Press, 2001). Published in Italian as Un Nuovo Ruolo per il Sindacato?."},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Bernhard Ebbinghaus and Pietro Garibaldi and Bertil Holmund and Martin Schludi and Thierry Verdier}
}
@workingpaper {190661,
	title = {       Wages Around the World: Pay Across Occupations and Countries},
	year = {2000},
	abstract = {This study transforms the "October Inquiry" Survey of wages conducted by the International Labour Organization into a consistent data file on pay in 161 occupations in over 150 countries from 1983 to 1998 to examine the pattern of pay across occupations and countries. The new file tells us that:  1. Skill differentials vary inversely with gross domestic product per capita. During the 1980s-1990s, they fell modestly in advanced countries; fell more sharply in upper middle income countries while rising markedly in countries moving from communism to free markets and in lower middle income countries.  2. Wages in the same occupation vary greatly across countries measured by common currency exchange rates and measured by purchasing power parity. Cross-country differences in pay for comparable work increased, despite increased world trade.  3. The principal forces that affect the occupational wage structure around the world are the level of gross domestic product per capita and unionisation/wage-setting institutions.\&nbsp;
DATA BASE\&nbsp;and\&nbsp;DATA BASE\&nbsp;update\&nbsp;
},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and Remco H. Oostendorp}
}
@article {13185,
	title = {Dunning Delinquent Dads: The Effects of Child Support Enforcement Policy on Child Support Receipt by Never Married Women},
	journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
	year = {2000},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$6664 (July 1998)},
	author = {Jane Waldfogel and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13141,
	title = {Declining Economic Status of Young Workers in OECD Countries},
	booktitle = {Youth Employment and Joblessness in Advanced Countries},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {19-56},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman and David G. Blanchflower}
}
@inbook {13140,
	title = {Introduction},
	booktitle = {Youth Employment and Joblessness in Advanced Countries},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1-18},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman and David G. Blanchflower}
}
@inbook {13022,
	title = {The Divergence in Employment and Income Distribution in the EU and the U.S.},
	booktitle = {Innovative Employment Initiatives},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Vol 24 of the series Public Policy and Social Welfare, edted by Bernd Marin},
	pages = {115-142},
	publisher = {Ashgate},
	organization = {Ashgate},
	address = {England},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13019,
	title = {The U.S. Economic Model at Y2K: Lodestar for Advanced Capitalism},
	journal = {Canadian Public Policy: Special Supplement on Structural Aspects of Unemployment in Canada},
	volume = {XXVI},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	note = {NBER WP 7757. Reprinted in David Coates (ed) Models of Capitalism:
Debating Strengths and Weaknesses. (UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2002).},
	pages = {S187-S200},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13017,
	title = {Single Peaked vs. Diversified Capitalism: The Relation Between Economic Institutions and Outcomes},
	booktitle = {Advances in Macroeconomic Theory},
	year = {2000},
	note = {In association with the IEA, Conf. Vol $\#$133, 2002

NBER WP $\#$7556},
	pages = {139-170},
	publisher = {Palgrave},
	organization = {Palgrave},
	address = {London, UK},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12794,
	title = {Low Wage Services: Interpreting the U.S.-German Difference},
	booktitle = {Labour Market Inequalities: Problems and Policies of Low-Wage 43 Employment in International Perspective},
	year = {2000},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$7611.},
	pages = {157-176},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Ronald Schettkat},
	editor = {Gregory S. Bazen and W. Salverda}
}
@conference {12788,
	title = {Changing the Guard: The Rise of the US to Peak Capitalist Economy},
	booktitle = {NIRA/NBER Conference on Transition in Employment and Firm Benefit Policies in Japan and the US},
	year = {2000},
	month = {20-23 Jan},
	publisher = {NIRA/NBER},
	organization = {NIRA/NBER},
	address = {Hawaii},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12786,
	title = {The Changing State of Economics in the UK and US},
	journal = {Economic Journal},
	volume = {110},
	number = {464},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {355-57},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12771,
	title = {Is the U.S. Labor Market the Model for Advanced Countries},
	journal = {Canadian Public Policy},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {187-200},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12693,
	title = {Area Economic Conditions and the Labor Market Outcomes of Young Men in the 1990s Expansion},
	booktitle = {Prosperity for All? The Economic Boom and African Americans},
	year = {2000},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$7073 (May 1999)},
	pages = {50-87},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	address = {NY},
	author = {William M. Rodgers and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12676,
	title = {Shared Capitalism or Apartheid Economy?},
	journal = {CentrePiece},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {24-28},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12663,
	title = {Shared Compensation Systems and Decision-Making in the US Job Market},
	booktitle = {Incomes and Productivity in North America},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Papers from the Seminar

Also in Joseph Blasi,
Douglas Kruse, and Richard B. Freeman (eds), Shared Capitalism: The Economic Issues,
(Russell Sage Foundation for NBER, forthcoming 2008).},
	publisher = {Secretariat of the Commission for Labor Cooperation},
	organization = {Secretariat of the Commission for Labor Cooperation},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Arindrajit Dube and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12640,
	title = {Disadvantaged Young Men and Crime},
	booktitle = {Youth Employment and Joblessness in Advanced Countries},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {Chapter 5},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	address = {215-245},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12473,
	title = {The Feminization of Work in the US: A New Era for (Man)kind?},
	booktitle = {Gender and the Labor Market: Econometric Evidence on Obstacles in Achieving Gender Equality},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {3-21},
	publisher = {MacMillan},
	organization = {MacMillan},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12471,
	title = {What Academics Can Do to Help Workers},
	journal = {The Chronicle of Higher Education},
	volume = {XLVI},
	number = {21},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {B-11},
	author = {Joel Rogers and Richard Freeman}
}
@booklet {12470,
	title = {PERI Living Wage Study: Comments},
	year = {2000},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12465,
	title = {The US {\textquotedblleft}Underclass{\textquotedblright} in a Booming Economy},
	journal = {World Economics},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {89-100},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12456,
	title = {Foreign Nurse Graduate Survey},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Alternate Title, "Foreign-Educated Practical Nurses in the United States
Survey{\textquotedblright}

Analysis of the survey published by the Commission on
Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS) as a booklet called "Foreign Nurse Graduates
in the U.S. Workforce". Survey directed by Dr. Richard Freeman, CGFNS, The Commission
on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools, and OA, Ownership Associates.},
	publisher = {Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools},
	url = {http//www.cgfns.org/sections/research/inUSworkforce.shtml},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12156,
	title = {Who Benefits Most from Employee Involvement: Firms or Workers?},
	booktitle = {American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Twelve Annual Meeting, Vol 90, No 2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {219-223},
	author = {Morris Kleiner and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12136,
	title = {The Anatomy of Employee Involvement and Its Effects on Firms and Workers},
	journal = {British Journal of Industrial Relations},
	year = {2000},
	note = {NBER Paper $\#$ 8050},
	author = {Cheri Ostroff and Richard Freeman and Morris M. Kleiner}
}
@book {11923,
	title = {Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Selected by the Industrial Relations Section at Princeton University as: Noteworthy Book in Industrial Relations and Labor Economics, 1998.

},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	address = {NY},
	abstract = {Generating Jobs asks whether anything can be done to improve the lot of low-skilled workers by intervening in the labor market on their behalf. These "micro demand-side" policies seek to improve wages and employment levels - either by lowering the costs of hiring low-skilled workers through employer subsidies, or by legislating wage levels, benefit levels, or hours of employment, or by providing employment via government jobs. Although these policies are not currently popular in the United States, they have long been used in many countries. Generating Jobs asks if any of these policies might be applicable to the current problems of low-skilled workers in the United States.},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Generating-Jobs-Increase-Less-Skilled-Workers/dp/0871543613/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&qid=1305763489\&sr=8-1},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and Peter Gottschalk}
}
@book {11911,
	title = {Youth Employment and Joblessness in Advanced Countries},
	year = {2000},
	note = {For NBER

},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	abstract = {The economic status of young people has declined significantly over the past two decades, despite a variety of programs designed to aid new workers in the transition from the classroom to the job market. This ongoing problem has proved difficult to explain. Drawing on comparative data from Canada, Germany, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, these papers go beyond examining only employment and wages and explore the effects of family background, education and training, social expectations, and crime on youth employment.  This volume brings together key studies, providing detailed analyses of the difficult economic situation plaguing young workers. Why have demographic changes and additional schooling failed to resolve youth unemployment? How effective have those economic policies been which aimed to improve the labor skills and marketability of young people? And how have youths themselves responded to the deteriorating job market confronting them? These questions form the empirical and organizational bases upon which these studies are founded. },
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Employment-Joblessness-Advanced-Countries-Comparative/dp/0226056589/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305758840\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and David Blanchflower}
}
@inbook {13016,
	title = {Zwischen Fastfood und Excellence; Die Besch{\"a}ftigungslücke in Deutschland im Vergleich zu den USA},
	booktitle = {Hamburger Jahrbuch für Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftspolitik},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {95-114},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13014,
	title = {The Role of Wage and Skill Differences in U.S.-German Employment Differences},
	journal = {Qualifikationsstrukture und Arbeitmarktflexibilitaet},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Special issue of the Jahrbücher für National{\"o}konomie und Statistik (Journal of Economics and Statistics), special edition (Wolfgang Franz, ed.), (Schmidt Periodicals GmbH, Bad Feilnbach Germany)

NBER Working Paper $\#$7474, January 2000. 

Also presented at the Annual Conference of the European Association of Labour Economists (EALE) in September 1999, Regensburg, Germany .},
	pages = {49-66},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Ronald Schettkat}
}
@unpublished {12677,
	title = {Shared Capitalism: An Alternative to the Welfare State},
	year = {1999},
	type = {Manuscript},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12643,
	title = {The Economics of Crime},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol 3c},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {Chapter 52},
	publisher = {North Holland Publishers},
	organization = {North Holland Publishers},
	address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12642,
	title = {Crime and Work},
	booktitle = {Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Volume 25},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {113-178},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Jeffrey Fagan}
}
@conference {12641,
	title = {Making the Most of Prison Labor},
	booktitle = {Natinal Symposium on The Economics of Inmate Labor Force Participation,},
	year = {1999},
	month = {21 May},
	publisher = {Soros Foundation/George Washington University},
	organization = {Soros Foundation/George Washington University},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12607,
	title = {The Youth Job Market Problem at Y2K},
	booktitle = {Preparing Youth for the 21st Century: The Transition from Education to the Labour Market},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Proceedings of the OECD / US DOL and
DOE Conference, February 23-24, 1999, Washington, DC, pp 89-100.},
	pages = {89-100},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12566,
	title = {The Problem of Income},
	journal = {Boston Review},
	number = {Oct/Nov},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Reprinted in Immigration
(series: New Democracy Forum) by Joshua Cohen and Joel Rogers, eds. (Beacon Press, 1999)},
	pages = {9},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {12565,
	title = {Does Inequality Induce Us to Work More?},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Presented at the MacArthur Social Interactions and Economic Inequality Network Meeting,
January 15, 1999},
	type = {Manuscript},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Linda Bell}
}
@inbook {12564,
	title = {The New Inequality in the United States},
	booktitle = {Growing Apart: The Causes and Consequences of Global Inequality},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {21-66},
	publisher = {Council on Foreign Relations},
	organization = {Council on Foreign Relations},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12511,
	title = {Demand for Education},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol 1},
	year = {1999},
	note = {First published in Handbook of Labor Economics: Vol.I, Edited by 0. Ashenfelter and A. Layard (Netherlands: Elsevier Pubs, 1986},
	pages = {Chapter 6},
	publisher = {North Holland Publishers},
	organization = {North Holland Publishers},
	address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12494,
	title = {How Much Has LDC Trade Affected Western Job Markets},
	booktitle = {Trade and Jobs in Europe: Much Ado about Nothing?},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {London/NY},
	author = {Ana Revenga and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12472,
	title = {It{\textquoteright}s Better Being an Economist (But Don{\textquoteright}t Tell Anyone)},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Republished as {\textquotedblleft}L{\textquoteright} des {\'e}conomistes est-elle
bien r{\'e}mun{\'e}r{\'e}e? in Probl{\`e}mes {\'e}conomiques La Documentation Francaise, Secr{\'e}tariat G{\'e}n{\'e}ral,
No.2.688-2.689 (15-22 Novembre 2000).},
	pages = {139-145},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@booklet {12469,
	title = {Overview: Minimum Wage Evaluation},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Low Pay Commission: Occasional Paper 4 (December 1999) (London, UK).},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12158,
	title = {Do Unions Make Enterprises Insolvent?},
	booktitle = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52:4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {510-527},
	author = {Morris M. Kleiner and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12157,
	title = {What Do Workers Want? Voice, Representation and Power in the American Workplace},
	booktitle = {Employee Representation in the Emerging Workplace: Alternatives/Supplements to Collective Bargaining},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {3-31},
	publisher = {Kluwer Law Intl},
	organization = {Kluwer Law Intl},
	address = {Boston},
	author = {Joel Rogers and Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11892,
	title = {The New Inequality: Creating Solutions for Poor America},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Series: New Democracy Forum},
	publisher = {Beacon Press},
	organization = {Beacon Press},
	address = {Boston},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/New-Inequality-Creating-Solutions-Democracy/dp/0807044350/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305753025\&sr=1-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman},
	editor = {Joshua Cohen and Joel Rogers}
}
@inbook {669915,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Divergent Performances: Job Creation and Income Determination in the EU and the U.S.},
	booktitle = {Labor Markets in the USA and Germany},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = { GAAC Symposia},
	organization = { GAAC Symposia},
	address = {Bonn, Germany},
	editor = {German American Academic Council Foundation}
}
@unpublished {14291,
	title = {What Role for Labor Standards in the Global Economy?},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Richard B. Freeman
Harvard University and NBER
Centre for Economic Performance, LSE},
	type = {Draft},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13124,
	title = {What Role for Social Issues in the Global Economy?},
	booktitle = {Conference on Latin America and the Globalization Process},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Published as {\textquotedblleft}Repercusiones Sociales de la Globalizaci{\'o}n{\textquotedblright}, Am{\'e}rica Latin y la Globalizaci{\'o}n, (Colombia: Ediciones Unianades for the Univ de Los Andes, 1999) pp: 49-62.f},
	month = {27 Oct},
	pages = {49-62},
	address = {Bogota, Colombia},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13123,
	title = {Labor Standards in the Global Economy?},
	booktitle = {United Nations Expert Meeting on International Economic and Social Justice},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Pocantico, NY, November 13, 1998.},
	month = {4 Dec},
	publisher = {ESA/DSPD/BP},
	organization = {ESA/DSPD/BP},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@proceedings {13043,
	title = {Divergent Performances: Job Creation and Income Determination in the EU and the U.S.},
	journal = {Symposia},
	year = {1998},
	note = {In symposia publication: Labor Markets in the USA and Germany, Volume 5},
	publisher = {German American Academic Council Foundation},
	address = {Bonn, Germany},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13038,
	title = {War of the Models: Which Labour Market Institutions for the 21st Century?},
	booktitle = {The Adam Smith Lecture},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Also published in Labour Economics 5: issue 1 (March 1998) pp 1-24},
	month = {25-28 Sept},
	publisher = {European Association of Labour Economists},
	organization = {European Association of Labour Economists},
	address = {Aarhus, Denmark},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13035,
	title = {Le Mod{\`e}l {\'E}conomique Am{\'e}ricain {\`a} l{\textquoteright}{\'e}preuve de la comparaison},
	journal = {Actes: de la recherche en sciences sociales},
	volume = {124},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {36-48},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {13031,
	title = {Reformering av L{\"o}nebildningen: Mot en Ny Svensk Modell},
	year = {1998},
	note = {In "Medling och L{\"o}nebilding," final report of the Commission on the Strengthening of the Mediation Authority in Sweden 

Statens Offentliga Utredningar, Publication $\#$141},
	institution = {Utredningom ett f{\"o}rst{\"a}rkt F{\"o}rlikningsmannainstitut) },
	address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13025,
	title = {Vortrag zu wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Faktoren bei der Schaffung von Arbeitspl{\"a}tzen},
	booktitle = {Konferenz über den US-Arbeitsmarkt: Was machen die USA anders? Die amerikanische {\textquoteleft}Jobmachine{\textquoteright}},
	year = {1998},
	month = {18 Jun},
	publisher = {Berlin German State Administration for Labor, the U.S. Embassy, Amerika Haus, the German Marshall Fund},
	organization = {Berlin German State Administration for Labor, the U.S. Embassy, Amerika Haus, the German Marshall Fund},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13011,
	title = {From Macdonalds to McKinsey: Comparing German and US Employment and Wage Structures},
	booktitle = {Leverhumle II - The Labour Market: Stocks and Flows},
	year = {1998},
	month = {28-29 Sept},
	publisher = {Institute of Economics and Statistics},
	organization = {Institute of Economics and Statistics},
	address = {Oxford University},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Ronald Schettkat}
}
@article {12608,
	title = {Why Youth Unemployment Will Be Hard to Reduce},
	journal = {Policy Options (Options Politiques)},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	author = {David Blanchflower and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12582,
	title = {Will Globalization Dominate U.S. Labor Market Outcomes?},
	booktitle = {Imports, Exports and the American Worker},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {The Brookings Institution},
	organization = {The Brookings Institution},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@magazinearticle {12573,
	title = {Unequal Incomes: The Worrisome Distribution of the Fruits of American Economic Growth},
	journal = {Harvard Magazine},
	number = {January-February},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {62-64},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12572,
	title = {From Piece Rates to Time Rates: Surviving Global Competition},
	booktitle = {Inside the Firm: Implications for Labor Market Outcomes,},
	year = {1998},
	month = {3 Jan},
	publisher = {ILRR},
	organization = {ILRR},
	author = {Morris M. Kleiner and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12571,
	title = {Is the New Income Inequality the Achille{\textquoteright}s Heel of the American Economy?},
	booktitle = {The Inequality Paradox: Growth of Income Disparity},
	year = {1998},
	note = {NPA Report $\#$288},
	pages = {Chapter 12},
	publisher = {National Policy Association},
	organization = {National Policy Association},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12570,
	title = {The Facts About Rising Economic Disparity},
	booktitle = {The Inequality Paradox: Growth of Income Disparity},
	year = {1998},
	note = {NPA Report $\#$288},
	pages = {Chapter 3},
	publisher = {National Policy Association},
	organization = {National Policy Association},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12569,
	title = {Low Wage Employment: Is More or Less Better},
	booktitle = {Policies for Low Wage Employment And Social Exclusion},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Based on the LoWER
(European Low-Wage Employment Research Network) Analysis of Low Wage Employment
Conference (Milan, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 1998)},
	address = {25-46},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12495,
	title = {Are Your Wages Set in Beijing?},
	booktitle = {The World Beyond the Firm},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Journal of Economic Perspectives Vol 9:3; pp 15-32
(Summer 1995). Also reprinted in J.Frieden and D. Lake International Political Economy
(Boston: Bedford/St. Martin{\textquoteright}s, 1999); in L.Alan Winters (ed) The WTO and Poverty and
Inequality (Edward Elgar, UK, 2006); and in John T. Addison (ed) Recent Developments in
Labor Economics in the International Library of Critical Writings in Economics (series editor,
Mark Blaug) (Edward Elgar, 2007)},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12492,
	title = {Introduction and Summary},
	booktitle = {Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12491,
	title = {Work-Sharing to Full Employment: Serious Option or Populist Fallacy?},
	booktitle = {Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {Chapter 6},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12490,
	title = {What Does Labor Economics Contribute to Debates Over Immigration?},
	booktitle = {Help or Hindrance? The Economic Implications of Immigration for African-Americans},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12489,
	title = {Does Child Support Enforcement Policy Affect Male Labor Supply?},
	booktitle = {Fathers Under Fire: The Revolution in Child Support Enforcement},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Jane Waldfogel and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12488,
	title = {Let the People Decide},
	journal = {Boston Review},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Part of the series {\textquotedblleft}Carrying the Torch: eleven replies to Owen Fiss{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteleft}The Immigrant as Pariah,{\textquotedblright}},
	pages = {9-10},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12160,
	title = {Spurts in Union Growth: Defining Moments and Social Processes},
	booktitle = {The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century},
	year = {1998},
	note = {For NBER, 1998
NBER WP $\#$6012, May, 1997.},
	pages = {265-295},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {652510,
	title = {"In Honor of David Card: Winner of the John Bates Clark Medal." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11 (2): 161-178.},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {161-178},
	abstract = {This paper describes the contribution of David Card, winner of the John Bates Clark Medal, to economics and the new empiricism that has become such an important part of the profession. Card{\textquoteright}s forte is creative and careful empirical scholarship that exploits modern computerized data sets with thousands or hundreds of thousands of observations and that uses plausible sources of exogenous change in key variables to determine behavioral responses. The work has the flavor of a laboratory scientist reporting an experiment. It has illuminated virtually all areas of labor economics and has implications for the understanding of the economy writ large.},
	url = {https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.11.2.161},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {13125,
	title = {International Labor Standards and World Trade: Friends or Foes?},
	booktitle = {The World Trading System: Challenges Ahead},
	volume = {87-114},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {87-114},
	publisher = {Institute for International Economics},
	organization = {Institute for International Economics},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13122,
	title = {Why Not Africa?},
	booktitle = {Seminar on Growth and Poverty Reduction in Africa,},
	year = {1997},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$6942, January 1999.},
	month = {17 Oct},
	publisher = {World Bank},
	organization = {World Bank},
	author = {Richard Freeman and David Lindauer}
}
@inbook {13053,
	title = {Quantitative Flexibility in the U.S. Labour Market},
	booktitle = {Labour Productivity and Flexibility},
	year = {1997},
	note = {First presented at the IDRC - Conference, Guadalajara, Mexico, October 1994. Also presented at the
65th Annual Conference of the Southern Economic Association, November 18-20, 1995.},
	publisher = {McMillan},
	organization = {McMillan},
	address = {London},
	author = {Steven G. Allen and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13046,
	title = {Arbeitsplatzschaffung und Einkommensbildung in Europa und in den USA: Auf dem Weg ins 21},
	booktitle = {Zukunftsforum im Bundeskanzleramt},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {47-59},
	publisher = {Jahrhundert},
	organization = {Jahrhundert},
	address = {Wien},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13045,
	title = {Global Economy, Level National Economic Differences and Institutions},
	booktitle = {The Stevenson Lecture},
	year = {1997},
	month = {28 April },
	publisher = {University of Glasgow},
	organization = {University of Glasgow},
	address = {Department of Political Economy},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12682,
	title = {Generating Equality and Eliminating Poverty: the Swedish Way},
	booktitle = {The Welfare State in Transition},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Book:
SNS-NBER Conference Volume
SNS (Studief{\"o}rbundet
N{\"a}ringsliv och Samh{\"a}lle) Conference volume published as V{\"a}lf{\"a}rdsstat i omvandling -
Amerikanskt perspektiv p{\r a} den svenska modellen (SNS: Stockholm, 1995).

Book Chapter: 
Reprinted in Frontier Thinking on Sustainable Development,
Neva R. Goodwin (series ed.) (Covelo, CA: Island Press 1994-2001 and Cd-Rom
2004).},
	pages = {33-78},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Anders Bjorklund and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12681,
	title = {Economic Troubles in Sweden{\textquoteright}s Welfare State: Introduction, Summary and Conclusions},
	booktitle = {The Welfare State in Transition},
	year = {1997},
	note = {SNS-NBER Conference Volume
SNS (Studief{\"o}rbundet
N{\"a}ringsliv och Samh{\"a}lle) Conference volume published as V{\"a}lf{\"a}rdsstat i omvandling -
Amerikanskt perspektiv p{\r a} den svenska modellen (SNS: Stockholm, 1995).},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Birgitta Swedenborg and Robert Topel and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12679,
	title = {Working for Nothing: The Supply of Volunteer Labor},
	journal = {Journal of Labor Economics, Special Issue: Essays in Honor of Yoram Ben-Porath},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1, Part 2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Reprinted in Clem Tisdell (ed) The Economics of Leisure (UK: Edward
Elgar Publishing Ltd 2006).
Also in "Working for Nothing: The Supply of Volunteer Labor", with Edward Funkhouser.},
	pages = {5140-5166},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12678,
	title = {Are Norway{\textquoteright}s Solidaristic and Welfare State Policies Viable in the Modern Global Economy?},
	booktitle = {Making Solidarity Work?: The Norwegian Labour Market in Transition},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {Chapter 2},
	publisher = {Scandinavian University Press},
	organization = {Scandinavian University Press},
	address = {Oslo, Norway},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12644,
	title = {Escaping from the Crime of Inner Cities: churchgoing and Resilience among At-Risk Youth},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Center for Justice Research and Education},
	organization = {Center for Justice Research and Education},
	address = {Lamar University},
	author = {Byron R. Johnson and Sung Joon Jang and David B. Larson and De Li. Mimeo}
}
@conference {12609,
	title = {Working Hard: Hours of Work in the Korean Growth Miracle},
	booktitle = {Graduate Labor Economics Seminar},
	year = {1997},
	month = {3 Dec},
	publisher = {Harvard University},
	organization = {Harvard University},
	author = {Chang-Kyun Chae and Richard Freeman}
}
@booklet {12576,
	title = {After Affirmative Action What?},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Mimeo},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12574,
	title = {What Can We Do to Share Our Economic Success More Broadly (and Relieve Economic Disparity)?},
	booktitle = {The Growth of Income Disparity},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Forthcoming The Growth of Income Disparity in the United States (Washington, DC:
National Policy Association, 1998). Also published in Looking Ahead (NPA Quarterly
Journal) (summer) 1997},
	month = {10 Apr},
	publisher = {NPA},
	organization = {NPA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12568,
	title = {Can the EU Pass the Jobs Test?},
	booktitle = {DGB-OECD Conference on Wages and Employment},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Forthcoming as conference volume, 1998},
	month = {18-19 Dec},
	publisher = {Gestion Marche du Travail},
	organization = {Gestion Marche du Travail},
	address = {Brussels, Belgium},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12496,
	title = {How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes},
	journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Reprinted
in D.Greenaway and D. Nelson (eds) Globalization and Labour Markets (UK: Edward Elgar,
2000) part of the 4 vol series (K. Zimmerman and T. Bauer (eds)) The Economics of Migration.},
	pages = {1-90},
	author = {George Borjas and Richard Freeman and Lawrence Katz}
}
@article {12493,
	title = {Creating Jobs for Youth: Getting the Economy Going is Better than Cutting Wages or Boosting Training},
	journal = {New Economy},
	year = {1997},
	author = {Richard Freeman and David G. Blanchflower}
}
@inbook {12166,
	title = {Relational Investing: The Worker{\textquoteright}s Perspective},
	booktitle = {Meaningful Relationships: Institutional Investors, Relational Investing, and the Future of Corporate Governance?},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Also published as NBER Working Paper $\#$5436, January 1996},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Edward P. Lazear and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12165,
	title = {Through Public Sector Eyes: Employee Attitudes toward Public Sector Labor Relations in the U.S.},
	booktitle = {Public Sector Employment Relations in a Time of Transition},
	year = {1997},
	note = {IRRA Volume},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11913,
	title = {The Welfare State in Transition: Reforming the Swedish Model},
	year = {1997},
	note = {For SNS-NBER Conference

SNS (Studief{\"o}rbundet N{\"a}ringsliv och Samh{\"a}lle) Conference vol published as V{\"a}lf{\"a}rdsstat iomvandling - Amerikanskt perspektiv p{\r a} den svenska modellen (SNS: Stockholm, 1997).},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press },
	organization = {University of Chicago Press },
	abstract = {Once heralded in the 1950s and 1960s as a model welfare state, Sweden is now in transition and in trouble since its economic plunge in the early 1990s.  This volume presents ten essays that examine Sweden{\textquoteright}s economic problems from a U.S. perspective. Exploring such diverse topics as income equalization and efficiency, welfare and tax policy, wage determination and unemployment, and international competitiveness and growth, they consider how Sweden{\textquoteright}s welfare state succeeded in eliminating poverty and became a role model for other countries. They then reflect on Sweden{\textquoteright}s past economic problems, such as the increase in government spending and the fall in industrial productivity, warning of problems to come. Finally they review the consequences of the collapse of Sweden{\textquoteright}s economy in the early 1990s, exploring the implications of its efforts to reform its welfare state and reestablish a healthy economy.  This volume will be of interest to policymakers and analysts, social scientists, and economists interested in welfare states. },
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Welfare-State-Transition-Reforming-Conference/dp/0226261786/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305758972\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {Birgitta Swedenborg and Richard Freeman and Robert Topel}
}
@book {11893,
	title = {When Earnings Diverge: Causes, Consequences, and Cures for the New Inequality in the U.S.},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Commissioned by the Committee on New American Realities of the National Policy Association
(NPA Report $\#$284)},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@proceedings {13186,
	title = {Searching for the Effect of Immigration on the Labor Market},
	journal = {Session: Globalization and the U.S. Labor Market.},
	year = {1996},
	note = {AEA Papers and Proceedings, Vol 86:2 },
	publisher = {AEA},
	author = {George J. Borjas and Lawrence F. Katz and Richard Freeman}
}
@report {13142,
	title = {Growing Into Work},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Also presented at the Labour Market Changes and Income Dynamics Conference, March 18-19, 1996,
the London School of Economics.},
	institution = {OECD},
	author = {David G. Blanchflower and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13126,
	title = {What Can Unions Do in Transition Economies?},
	booktitle = {Employee Representation in Economies in Transition},
	year = {1996},
	note = {IRRA 48th Annual Proceedings},
	publisher = {AEA},
	organization = {AEA},
	address = {San Francisco},
	author = {Elaine Bernard and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13056,
	title = {Pulling the Plug?: An analysis of the role of mandatory extension in the Dutch system of labour relations},
	journal = {Den Haag},
	year = {1996},
	note = {OSA =wekdocument W144, Organisatie voor Strategisch Arbeidsmarktonderzoek},
	author = {Joop Hartog and Richard Freeman and Coen Teulings}
}
@inbook {13051,
	title = {Does it Fit? Drawing Lessons from Differing Labour Practices},
	booktitle = {The Social Challenge of Job Creation: Combating Unemployment in Europe},
	year = {1996},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar},
	organization = {Edward Elgar},
	address = {Cheltenham, UK},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {13049,
	title = {Job Creation and Income Determination in Western Europe and the U.S.: Preparing for the 21st Century},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Published Monograph in German.},
	month = {09/30},
	institution = {Austrian Chancellor},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12680,
	title = {On the Viability of a Large Welfare State in a Modern Open Economy: The Case of Norway},
	booktitle = {Session: Social Spending and the Growth of Government: Comparative and Historical Perspectives.},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	publisher = {AEA},
	organization = {AEA},
	address = {San Francisco},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12652,
	title = {Why Do So Many Young American Men Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About It?},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Also published as
NBER Working Paper $\#$5451, February 1996. Reprinted in Theodore F. Cohen (ed) Because
They{\textquoteright}re Men: Readings on Masculinity and Men{\textquoteright}s Lives (Wadsworth Publishing Co: 1999); in
The Economics of Corruption and Illegal Markets, (eds) G. Fiorentini and S. Zamagni (part of
the series The International Library of Critical Writing in Economics) (Edward Elgar: 1999);
in Readings in Urban Economics (ed) Wassmer (Blackwell Publishers); and in The Economics
of Crime ed. Isaac Ehrlich and Zhiqiang Liu (UK: Edward Elgar, 2004).},
	pages = {25-42},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12651,
	title = {Incarcerating the Bad Guys: Solution to Crime or Short-Run Palliative?},
	journal = {Prospect},
	year = {1996},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12650,
	title = {Incarceration vs the Dole: U.S. and European Modes of Dealing with Unskilled Men},
	booktitle = {Session: Crime and the Labor Market},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	publisher = {AEA},
	organization = {AEA},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12645,
	title = {The Supply of Youths to Crime},
	booktitle = {Exploring the Underground Economy},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {Chapter 3},
	publisher = {W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research},
	organization = {W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research},
	address = {Kalamazoo, Michigan},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12610,
	title = {Creative Use of Labour Force Surveys},
	booktitle = {Labour Markets by Design?: Labour Market Policies and Creative Use of Household Surveys in Transition Economies},
	year = {1996},
	note = {IFO Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung München: 33 IFO Studies on Eastern Europe and the Economics of Transition, Volume 21},
	pages = {155-171},
	publisher = {Welftforum Verlag},
	organization = {Welftforum Verlag},
	address = {K{\"o}ln, Germany},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12579,
	title = {Labour Market Institutions and Earnings Inequality},
	journal = {New England Economic Review},
	number = {May/June},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Special Issue Proceedings of a symposium on Spatial and Labor Market
Contributions to Earnings Inequality},
	pages = {157-168},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12578,
	title = {Toward an Apartheid Economy},
	journal = {Harvard Business Review},
	number = {September-October},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {114-126},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@booklet {12577,
	title = {The New Inequality  And What We Might Do About It},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Mimeo},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12567,
	title = {Solving the New Inequality},
	journal = {Boston Review},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Reprinted in
The New Inequality: Creating Solutions for Poor America (series: New Democracy Forum
edited by Joshua Cohen and Joel Rogers) (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999).},
	pages = {3-10},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12498,
	title = {Minimum Wages {\textemdash} The Phoenix Rises from the Grave},
	booktitle = {Session: The Minimum Wage},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	publisher = {AEA},
	organization = {AEA},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12497,
	title = {The Minimum Wage as a Redistributive Tool},
	journal = {The Economic Journal: Policy Forum: Economic Aspects of Minimum Wages (The Royal Economic Society)},
	volume = {106 },
	number = {436},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {639-649},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {12161,
	title = {Public Sector Worker Attitudes toward Workplace Representation and Participation},
	year = {1996},
	institution = {Secretary of Labor{\textquoteright}s Task Force on Excellence in State and Local government Through Labor-Management Cooperation},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers}
}
@conference {12159,
	title = {Evolving Institutions for Employee Voice},
	booktitle = {Italian Economic Association Session in Honor of Albert Hirschman,},
	year = {1996},
	month = {6-7 Nov},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13063,
	title = {Getting Together and Breaking Apart: The Decline of Centralised Collective Bargaining, with Special Reference to Sweden},
	booktitle = {Differences and Changes in Wage Structures},
	year = {1995},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Robert Gibbons}
}
@article {13060,
	title = {If It{\textquoteright}s Monday, We Must Be In...: Labour Relations Around the World in Nine Papers},
	journal = {Labour},
	volume = {Special Issue, 10th IIRA World Congress},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Rapporteur{\textquoteright}s Report: Track 3. May 31-June 4, 1995: 
"The Challenge to Government Policy: Promoting Competitive Advantage with Full
Employment and High Labor Standards". Also published in the Proceedings of the 10th World
Congress of the IIRA.1995.},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {12694,
	title = {Parental Investment: New Evidence from the October Current Population Survey},
	year = {1995},
	type = {Manuscript},
	author = {Richard Freeman and William M. Rodgers III}
}
@article {12683,
	title = {The Large Welfare State as a System},
	journal = {American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting},
	volume = {85},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {16-21},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12611,
	title = {Why Do Americans and Germans Work Different Hours?},
	booktitle = {Institutional Frameworks and Labor Market Performance: Comparative Views on the U.S. and German Economies},
	year = {1995},
	note = {First presented at the WZB Workshop on Institutional Frameworks
and Labor Market Performance, Berlin, December 4-6, 1992; revised and presented at
the IAB Workshop on Institutional Frameworks and Labour Market Performance, November
18-20, 1993.},
	pages = {101-131},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Linda Bell and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12583,
	title = {Introduction and Summary},
	booktitle = {Differences and Changes in Wage Structures},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {Chapter 1},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	address = {Chicago},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@conference {12581,
	title = {The Limits and Promise of Labor Market Policy},
	booktitle = {Policy Forum: International Trade and Employment: The European Experience},
	year = {1995},
	month = {25-26 Sept},
	publisher = {ECARE CEPII},
	organization = {ECARE CEPII},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12500,
	title = {The Limits of Wage Flexibility to Curing Unemployment},
	journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1, Spring},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Reprinted in Readings in Macroeconomics Tim
Jenkinson (ed) (London: Oxford University Press, 2000)},
	pages = {214-222},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12499,
	title = {What Will a 10\% ... 50\% ... 100\% Increase in the Minimum Wage Do?},
	journal = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review},
	volume = {48},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Excerpts reprinted in M.arion Crain, Mike Selmi and
Pauline Kim (eds), Work Law: Cases and Materials (Lexis Law Publishing, Matthew Bender \&
Co., 2005).},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12169,
	title = {Will the Union Phoenix Rise Again... in the U.K. or the U.S.?},
	journal = {Scottish Journal of Political Economy},
	volume = {42},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {347-362},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12168,
	title = {An Economic Analysis of Works Councils},
	booktitle = {Works Councils: Consultation, Representation, Cooperation},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Summary reprinted in The Changing Nature of Work, Vol 4 in the series Frontier Issues in Economic Thought, Robert Reich (intro) (Covelo, CA: Island Press: 1998 and Cd-Rom 2004).), and in Chapter 10:b of Foundations of Labor and Employment Law eds Samuel Estreicher and Stewart J. Schwab (Foundation Press 2000), pg 360-364.},
	pages = {27-50},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Edward P. Lazear and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12163,
	title = {Worker Representation and Participation Survey: First Report of Findings (Summary Report)},
	booktitle = {Industrial Relations Research Association Series},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting, January 6-8, 1995},
	author = {Joel Rogers and Richard Freeman}
}
@report {12162,
	title = {Worker Representation and Participation Survey: Second Report of Findings},
	year = {1995},
	institution = {Secretary of Labor{\textquoteright}s Task Force on Excellence in State and Local government Through Labor-Management Cooperation},
	author = {Joel Rogers and Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11915,
	title = {Differences and Changes in Wage Structures},
	year = {1995},
	note = {NBER Conference Volume

Selected as one of the Noteworthy Books in Industrial Relations and Labor Economics of 1996, Princeton University Industrial Relations Section.},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press },
	organization = {University of Chicago Press },
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Differences-Structures-National-Economic-Comparative/dp/0226261603/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305759952\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@inbook {13131,
	title = {A Hard-Headed Look at Labor Standards},
	booktitle = {International Labour Standards in the Globalized Economy: Issues, Challenges and Perspectives},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Also in International Labor Standards and
Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium.
U.S. Dept of Labor, July 1994.},
	publisher = {ILO for the International Institute for Labour Studies NIO Programme,},
	organization = {ILO for the International Institute for Labour Studies NIO Programme,},
	address = {Geneva, Switzerland},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13130,
	title = {How Far Has China Reformed Its Labor Market?},
	booktitle = {Chinese Economic Association of North America Meetings},
	year = {1994},
	month = {3 Jan},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@proceedings {13129,
	title = {Industrial Relations Research Association Series},
	journal = {Repressive Labor Relations and New Unionism in East Asia},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Proceedings of the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting, January 3-5, 1994.},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13128,
	title = {What Direction for Labor Market Institutions in Eastern and Central Europe?},
	booktitle = {The Transition in Eastern Europem Vol II},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Also presented at Hofstra University Center for the Study of Work and Leisure Symposium on New Directions in Worker-Management Relations: Post Soviet and U.S. Perspectives, 3/1992, and published in (eds) Bertram Silverman, Robert Vogt and Murray Yanowitch Double Shift: Transforming Work in Post-Socialist and Post-Industrial Societies (NY: ME Sharpe, 1993). Published in French in (Ministr{\`e} du Travail, de l{\textquoteright}Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle, Paris, France) Travail et Emploi no. 61 4 (1994), pp 58-80.},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {13127,
	title = {The Legacy of Communist Labor Relations},
	year = {1994},
	note = {NBER Working Paper No. 4740

Revised version, "The Attitudinal Legacy of Communist Labor Relations"
Industrial and Labor Relations Review1997, v50(3,April) 1997: 438-459.},
	author = {David G. Blanchflower}
}
@inbook {13074,
	title = {Work in a Global Economy},
	booktitle = {Visions of the Future of Social Justice: Essays on the Occasion of the ILO{\textquoteright}s 75th Anniversary},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {101-104},
	publisher = {ILO},
	organization = {ILO},
	address = {Geneva},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@proceedings {13072,
	title = {Welcome to the Global Labor Market: for better (or worse)},
	journal = {Annual Conference on Development Economics},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {World Bank},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13070,
	title = {A Global Labor Market? Differences in Wages Among Countries in the 1980s},
	booktitle = {World Bank Labor Market Workshop: The Impact of Labor Market Policies and Institutions on Economic Performance},
	year = {1994},
	month = {6-8 Jul},
	publisher = {World Bank},
	organization = {World Bank},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13067,
	title = {Doing It Right?: The U.S. Labor Market Response to the 1980s/1990s},
	booktitle = {Symposium on Fighting Europe{\textquoteright}s Unemployment in the 1990s},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Forthcoming in Uwe Siegmund, ed., Fighting Europe{\textquoteright}s Unemployment (1997).},
	month = {27-28 Aug},
	publisher = {Egon- Sohmen-Foundation},
	organization = {Egon- Sohmen-Foundation},
	address = {Salzburg, Austria},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12685,
	title = {Evaluating the Connection Between Social Protection and Economic Flexibility},
	booktitle = {Social Protection vs Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-off?},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Rebecca M. Blank and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12684,
	title = {W(h)ither the Welfare State in an Epoch of Rising Inequality},
	booktitle = {Labor Market Polarization and Social Policy Reform},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {School of Policy Studies at Queen{\textquoteright}s University},
	organization = {School of Policy Studies at Queen{\textquoteright}s University},
	address = {Kingston, Ontario},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12653,
	title = {Crime and the Labor Market},
	booktitle = {Crime},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Reprinted as Chapter 7 in The Economic Dimensions
of Crime (eds) Nigel Fielding, Alan Clarke and Robert Witt. (NY: St Martin{\textquoteright}s Press, 2000).
First published as NBER WP $\#$4910, October 1994.},
	pages = {Chapter 8},
	publisher = {ICS Press},
	organization = {ICS Press},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12586,
	title = {Lessons for the United States},
	booktitle = {Working Under Different Rules},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {223-239},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12585,
	title = {Rising Wage Inequality: The United States Vs. Other Advanced Countries},
	booktitle = {Working Under Different Rules},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {29-62},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Lawrence F. Katz and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12584,
	title = {How Labor Fares in Advanced Economies},
	booktitle = {Working Under Different Rules},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Reprinted in Skolnick and Currie
(eds) Crisis in American Institutions 12th edition, pp 257-264},
	pages = {1-28},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12502,
	title = {Jobs in the USA},
	journal = {The New Economy},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Originally titled: "Dealing with Unemployment the US Way"},
	pages = {20-24},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12173,
	title = {American Exceptionalism in the Labor Market: Union/Nonunion Differentials in the United States and Other Countries},
	booktitle = {Labor Economics and Industrial Relations: Markets and Institutions},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	organization = {Harvard University Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {12172,
	title = {Do Unions Make Enterprises Insolvent?},
	year = {1994},
	note = {NBER Working Paper 4797},
	author = {Morris Kleiner}
}
@article {12170,
	title = {H.G. Lewis and the Study of Union Wage Effects},
	journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {143-149},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {12164,
	title = {Worker Representation and Participation Survey: First Report of Findings},
	year = {1994},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/~freeman/wrps.html},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers}
}
@book {11925,
	title = {Making Schools Work: Improving Performance and Controlling Costs},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {Brookings},
	organization = {Brookings},
	address = {DC},
	abstract = {Educational reform is a big business in the United States. Parents, educators, and policymakers generally agree that something must be done to improve schools, but the consensus ends there. The myriad of reform documents and policy discussions that have appeared over the past decade have not helped to pinpoint exactly what should be done. This book is the culmination of extensive discussions among a panel of economists led by Eric Hanushek. They conclude that economic considerations have been entirely absent from the development of educational policies and that economic reality is sorely needed in discussions of new policies. The book outlines an improvement plan that emphasises changing incentives in schools and gathering information about effective approaches. Available research and analysis demonstrates that current central decisionmaking has worked poorly. Concentrating on inputs such as pupil-teacher ratios or teacher graduate degrees appears quite inferior to systems that directly reward performance. Nonetheless, since experience with such alternatives is very limited, a program of extensive evaluation appears to be in order. Instead of choosing the "right" approach, this book advocates a more systematic approach of experimentation, evaluation, and change. In addition to Hanushek, the contributors are Charles S. Benson, University of California, Berkeley; Richard B. Freeman, Harvard University; Dean T. Jamison, UCLA: Henry M. Levin, Stanford University; Rebecca A. Maynard, University of Pennsylvania; Richard J. Murnane, Harvard University; Steven G. Rivkin, Amherst College; Richard H. Sabot, Williams College; Lewis C. Solmon, Milken Institute for Job and Capital Formation; Anita A. Summers, University of Pennsylvania; Finis Welch, Texas A\&M University; and Barbara L. Wolfe, University of Wisconsin. },
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Making-Schools-Work-Performance-Controlling/dp/0815734263/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&qid=1305764061\&sr=8-1},
	author = {Erik A. Hanushek},
	editor = {Charles S. Benson and Richard B. Freeman and Dean T. Jamison and et al}
}
@book {11924,
	title = {Working Under Different Rules},
	year = {1994},
	note = {NBER Research Volume

Selected as one of Top Ten Business Books of 1994, by Businessweek.
Selected as one of the Noteworthy Books in Industrial Relations of 1994, Princeton University
Industrial Relations Section},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Working-Under-Different-Occasional-Papers/dp/0871542773/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305763814\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13188,
	title = {Immigration from Poor to Wealthy Countries},
	journal = {European Economic Review},
	volume = {37},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {443-451},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {13187,
	title = {Palestinian-Israeli-Jordanian Labor Mobility: The Current Situation and Issues for Peaceful Future},
	year = {1993},
	month = {05/06},
	institution = {Institute for Social and Economic Policy in the Middle East, John F. Kennedy School of Government},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@proceedings {13135,
	title = {Labor Market Institutions and Policies: Help or Hindrance to Economic Development?},
	journal = {Annual Conference on Development Economics},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {117-144},
	publisher = {The World Bank},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {13133,
	title = {Does Suppression of Labor Contribute to Economic Success? Labor Relations and Markets in East Asia},
	year = {1993},
	note = {In World Bank Policy Research Department Working Paper Series on The East Asian Miracle. },
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13132,
	title = {Labor Markets and Institutions in Economic Development},
	journal = {American Economic Review },
	year = {1993},
	note = {Papers and Proceedings from the Jan 5-7, 1993 meeting in Anaheim. Vol 83:2, May 1993, pp 403-
409. Reprinted as "Id{\'e}es sur le r{\^o}le du march{\'e} du travail et des institutions" in Probl{\`e}mes
{\'E}conomiques No.2.361 (February 2, 1994), a publication of La Documentation Francaise, Paris,
France.},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13087,
	title = {Skill Differentials in Canada in an Era of Rising Labor Market Inequality},
	booktitle = {Small Differences That Matter: Labor Markets and Incomes Maintenance in Canada and the United States},
	year = {1993},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Karen Needels and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13086,
	title = {Did the Thatcher Reforms Change British Labour Market Performance?},
	booktitle = {Is the British Labour Market Different?},
	year = {1993},
	note = {"Is the British Labour Market Different" is a CUP/National Institute of Economic and Social Research Conference Volume.

Reprinted as Chapter 2 in Ray Barrel, editor, The UK Labour Market: Comparative Aspects and Institutional Developments. (Cambridge Univ Press, 1994), pp 51-92; NBER Working Paper $\#$4384, June 1993.},
	address = {London},
	author = {Danny Blanchflower and Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13085,
	title = {Will Economic Integration Eliminate Country Differences in Labor Practices},
	booktitle = {The Brookings Institution Second Review Conference on Integration the World Economy Project},
	year = {1993},
	note = {Written commentary on Ronald Ehrenberg{\textquoteright}s "Labor Markets and Economic Integration"},
	month = {5-6 Nov},
	publisher = {Brookings Institution},
	organization = {Brookings Institution},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@presentation {13081,
	title = {Labour Market Flexibility, Regulations and Institutions in an International Context (Conference presentation)},
	year = {1993},
	month = {19 Jan},
	address = {Employment and Development Branch of the International Labour Office},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13078,
	title = {Postkommunistische Schizophrenie},
	journal = {Transit},
	year = {1993},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13076,
	title = {Analyzing the Puzzle of the Japanese Labor Market},
	booktitle = {Japan: A European Perspective},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {63-67},
	publisher = {St.Martin{\textquoteright}s Press, Inc},
	organization = {St.Martin{\textquoteright}s Press, Inc},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12688,
	title = {Give to Charity -- Well, Since You Asked},
	booktitle = {Conference on the Economics and Psychology of Happiness and Fairness},
	year = {1993},
	note = {1989 for "Capitalism and Generosity" },
	month = {4-5 Nov},
	publisher = {London School of Economics},
	organization = {London School of Economics},
	address = {London},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12686,
	title = {Pricking Business{\textquoteright} Bleeding Heart: Corporate Giving in the 1980s},
	journal = {Capitalism and Generosity},
	year = {1993},
	note = {First draft 1988},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12587,
	title = {Is Globalization Impoverishing Low Skill American Workers?},
	booktitle = {Forum on Policy Responses to an International Market, The Urban Institute},
	year = {1993},
	note = {Revised and retitled "Is Globalization Harming Low Skill American Workers?", for the
Employment Policy Institute, London 1996.},
	month = {17 Nov},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12501,
	title = {Minimum Wages {\textemdash} Again!},
	booktitle = {Conference on Economic Analysis of Base Salaries and Effects of Minimum Wages},
	year = {1993},
	note = {Published in the International Journal of Manpower Special Issue: 15, 2/3 (Spring) 1994:
pp 8-25.},
	month = {30 Sept - 1 Oct},
	address = {Aix-en-Provence, France},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@newspaperarticle {12174,
	title = {A New New Deal for Labor},
	journal = {New York Times},
	year = {1993},
	month = {03/10/1993},
	chapter = {Op-Ed},
	author = {Joel Rogers and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12171,
	title = {Who Speaks for Us? Employee Representation in a Non-Union Labor Market},
	booktitle = {Employee Representation: Alternatives and Future Directions},
	year = {1993},
	note = {Volume selected as "Noteworthy Book in Industrial Relations and Labor Economics", 1993},
	publisher = {Industrial Relations Research Assocation},
	organization = {Industrial Relations Research Assocation},
	address = {Madison, WI},
	author = {Joel Rogers and Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11916,
	title = {Small Differences that Matter: Labor Markets and Income Maintenance in Canada and the United States},
	year = {1993},
	note = {NBER Conference Volume

Selected as one of the Noteworthy Books in Industrial Relations and Labor
Economics of 1993.

This volume, the first in a new series by the National Bureau of Economic Research that compares labor markets in different countries, examines social and labor market policies in Canada and the United States during the 1980s. It shows that subtle differences in unemployment compensation, unionization, immigration policies, and income maintenance programs have significantly affected economic outcomes in the two countries.

For example:

-Canada{\textquoteright}s social safety net, more generous than the American one, produced markedly lower poverty rates in the 1980s.
 
-Canada saw a smaller increase in earnings inequality than the United States did, in part because of the strength of Canadian unions, which have twice the participation that U.S. unions do.

-Canada{\textquoteright}s unemployment figures were much higher than those in the United States, not because the Canadian economy failed to create jobs but because a higher percentage of nonworking time was reported as unemployment.

These disparities have become noteworthy as policy makers cite the experiences of the other country to support or oppose particular initiatives.},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	abstract = {This volume, the first in a new series by the National Bureau of Economic Research that compares labor markets in different countries, examines social and labor market policies in Canada and the United States during the 1980s. It shows that subtle differences in unemployment compensation, unionization, immigration policies, and income maintenance programs have significantly affected economic outcomes in the two countries.  For example:  -Canada{\textquoteright}s social safety net, more generous than the American one, produced markedly lower poverty rates in the 1980s.   -Canada saw a smaller increase in earnings inequality than the United States did, in part because of the strength of Canadian unions, which have twice the participation that U.S. unions do.  -Canada{\textquoteright}s unemployment figures were much higher than those in the United States, not because the Canadian economy failed to create jobs but because a higher percentage of nonworking time was reported as unemployment.  These disparities have become noteworthy as policy makers cite the experiences of the other country to support or oppose particular initiatives.},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Small-Differences-That-Matter-Maintenance/dp/0226092836/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305760289\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {David Card and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {406621,
	title = {Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youths },
	booktitle = {Urban Labor Markets and Job Opportunity},
	year = {1992},
	publisher = {The Urban Institute},
	organization = {The Urban Institute},
	address = {Washington DC},
	abstract = {
Abstract
This paper examines the magnitude of criminal activity among disadvantaged youths in the 1980s. It shows that a large proportion of youths who dropped out of high school, particularly black school dropouts, developed criminal records in the decade; and that those who were incarcerated in 1980 or earlier were much less likely to hold jobs than other youths over the entire decade. The magnitudes of incarceration, probation, and parole among black dropouts, in particular, suggest that crime has become an intrinsic part of the youth unemployment and poverty problem, rather than deviant behavior on the margin. Limited evidence on the returns to crime suggest that with the decline in earnings and employment for less educated young men, crime offers an increasingly attractive alternative.
},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@inbook {406616,
	title = {"Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youths"},
	booktitle = {Urban Labor Markets and Job Opportunity},
	year = {1992},
	publisher = {Urban Institute Press },
	organization = {Urban Institute Press },
	address = {Washington DC},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman}
}
@conference {13134,
	title = {Wage-Setting Systems and Modes of Compensation in Market Economies},
	booktitle = {Conference on Employment Restructuring in Russian Industry},
	year = {1992},
	month = {21-28 Oct},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13096,
	title = {Lessons from Europe and American Labor Markets: An American View},
	booktitle = {European and American Labor Markets: Different Models and Different Results},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Book based on conference "European and American labor Markets: Past, Present and Future Perspectives",
Washington DC, October 1990, National Planning Association and the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.},
	publisher = {The National Planning Assocation},
	organization = {The National Planning Assocation},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13088,
	title = {Getting Here from There: Labor in the Transition to a Market Economy},
	booktitle = {Labor and Democracy in the Transition to a Market Economy: A U.S. and Post-Dialogue},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Presentation at the OECD Conference on Eastern Europe, November 1990.},
	publisher = {M.E. Sharpe},
	organization = {M.E. Sharpe},
	address = {White Plains, NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12696,
	title = {The {\textquoteright}Others{\textquoteright} Or the Culture of Poverty ("Les {\textquoteright}autres{\textquoteright} ou la culture de la pauvret{\'e})},
	booktitle = {America: The Blessed Dream (America: Le R{\^e}ve Bless{\'e})},
	year = {1992},
	publisher = {Editions Autrement},
	organization = {Editions Autrement},
	address = {Paris},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12695,
	title = {What Went Wrong? The Erosion of the Relative Earnings and Employment among Young Black Men in the 1980s},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
	volume = {CVII},
	number = {1},
	year = {1992},
	note = {NBER WP$\#$ 3778, 7/1991. Summary reprinted in Frontier Thinking on Sustainable Development, Neva R. Goodwin (series ed.) (Island Press 1994-2001 and Cd-Rom 2004).},
	pages = {201-232},
	author = {Richard Freeman and John Bound}
}
@conference {12654,
	title = {Understanding Crime, Gangs, and Neighborhoods: Ethnographic Research and Social Science Analysis},
	booktitle = {Conference on the Urban Underclass,},
	year = {1992},
	month = {8-10, Jun},
	publisher = {Social Science Research Council},
	organization = {Social Science Research Council},
	address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12505,
	title = {On the Labor Market Effects of Immigration and Trade},
	booktitle = {Immigration and the Work Force: Economic Consequences for the United States and Source Areas},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {213-244},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {George J. Borjas and Richard Freeman and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@inbook {12504,
	title = {When the Minimum Wage Really Bites: The Effect of the U.S.-Level Minimum on Puerto Rico},
	booktitle = {Immigration and the Work Force: Economic Consequences for the United States and Source Areas},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {177-211},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Alida Castillo-Freeman and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12503,
	title = {Introduction and Summary},
	booktitle = {Immigration and the Work Force: Economic Consequences for the United States and Source Areas},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1-15},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {George. Borjas and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12179,
	title = {Is Declining Unionization of the U.S. Good, Bad or Irrelevant},
	booktitle = {Unions and Economic Competitiveness},
	year = {1992},
	publisher = {M.E. Sharpe},
	organization = {M.E. Sharpe},
	address = {Armonk, NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12177,
	title = {The Fall in Private Pension Coverage in the U.S.},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {82},
	number = {2},
	year = {1992},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$3973
Reprinted as Chapter 4 in Pension Coverage Issues for the {\textquoteright}90s edited by Richard P. Hinz, John A. Turner, and Phyllis A. Fernandez. (Washington, DC: US Govt Printing Office, 1994).},
	pages = {539-545},
	author = {David E. Bloom and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12176,
	title = {Unionism in the U.S. and Other OECD Countries},
	booktitle = {Industrial Relations Vol 31:1},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Also Chapter 4 in Mario F. Bognanno and Morris M. Kleiner (eds) Labor Market Institutions and the Future Role of Unions (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub, 1992). First published as "Going Different Ways: Unionism in the US and Other OECD Countries", prize-winning essay for Minnesota Industrial Relations Conference; NBER Working Paper $\#$3342},
	pages = {56-79},
	author = {Richard Freeman and David G. Blanchflower}
}
@inbook {12175,
	title = {How Much Has De-Unionisation Contributed to the Rise in Male Earnings Inequality?},
	booktitle = {Uneven Tides},
	year = {1992},
	note = {NBER WP$\#$3826, 8/91},
	pages = {133-163},
	publisher = {Sage Press},
	organization = {Sage Press},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11928,
	title = {Immigration and the Work Force: Economic Consequences for the United States and Source Areas},
	year = {1992},
	note = {NBER Conference Volume
Selected by the Industrial Relations Section at Princeton University as: Noteworthy Book in Industrial Relations and Labor Economics, 1992.
},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	abstract = {Since the 1970s, the striking increase in immigration to the United States has been accompanied by a marked change in the composition of the immigrant community, with a much higher percentage of foreign-born workers coming from Latin America and Asia and a dramatically lower percentage from Europe.  This timely study is unique in presenting new data sets on the labor force, wage rates, and demographic conditions of both the U.S. and source-area economies through the 1980s. The contributors analyze the economic effects of immigration on the United States and selected source areas, with a focus on Puerto Rico and El Salvador. They examine the education and job performance of foreign-born workers; assimilation, fertility, and wage rates; and the impact of remittances by immigrants to family members on the overall gross domestic product of source areas.  A revealing and original examination of a topic of growing importance, this book will stand as a guide for further research on immigration and on the economies of developing countries. },
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Immigration-Work-Force-Economic-Consequences/dp/0226066339},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and George Borjas}
}
@conference {13189,
	title = {On the Economic Analysis of Labor Market Institutions and Institutional Change},
	booktitle = {Third Annual Conference of the European Association of Labor Economists},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Harvard Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper $\#$1587, April 1992.},
	month = {Sept},
	address = {El Escorial, Spain},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12700,
	title = {Labor Market Tightness and the Mismatch Between Demand and Supply of Less-Educated Young Men In the United States in the 1980s},
	booktitle = {Mismatch and Labour Mobility},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {360-385},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12698,
	title = {Employment and Earnings of Disadvantaged Young Men in a Labor Shortage Economy},
	booktitle = {The Urban Underclass},
	year = {1991},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$3444, 9/1990},
	pages = {103-121},
	publisher = {Brookings Institution},
	organization = {Brookings Institution},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12697,
	title = {The Deterioration of Employment and Earnings Opportunities for Less Educated Young Americans: A Review of Evidence},
	booktitle = {National Research Council on High Risk Youth},
	year = {1991},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Harry Holzer}
}
@article {12589,
	title = {The Causes of Rising Interindustry Wage Dispersion in the United States},
	journal = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review},
	volume = {44},
	number = {2},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {275-287},
	author = {Linda A. Bell and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12588,
	title = {Changes in Earnings Differentials in the 1980s: Concordance, Convergence, Causes and Consequences},
	booktitle = {Poverty and Propserity in the USA in the Late Twentieth Century},
	year = {1991},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$3901},
	publisher = {MacMillan},
	organization = {MacMillan},
	address = {NY},
	author = {McKinley Blackburn and David Bloom and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12509,
	title = {Minimum Wages and Employment in Puerto Rico: Textbook Case of a Wage Floor},
	booktitle = {43rd Annual Proceedings of the IRRA},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {243-253},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Alida Castillo-Freeman}
}
@inbook {12508,
	title = {Industrial Wage and Employment Determination in an Open Economy},
	booktitle = {Immigration, Trade and the Labor Market},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {235-260},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Lawrence F. Katz and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12507,
	title = {Undocumented Mexican Born Workers in the U.S.: How Many, How Permanent?},
	booktitle = {Immigration, Trade and the Labor Market},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {77-100},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Kevin Lang and George Borjas}
}
@inbook {12506,
	title = {Introduction and Summary: Internationalization of the U.S. Labor Market},
	booktitle = {Immigration, Trade and the Labor Market},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1-27},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman and John Abowd}
}
@inbook {12178,
	title = {Employee Councils, Worker Participation, and Other Squishy Stuff},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd Annual IRRA Mtgs,},
	year = {1991},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11933,
	title = {Immigration, Trade, and the Labor Market},
	year = {1991},
	note = {NBER Conference Volume
NBER Summary Report 1980},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	abstract = {Are immigrants squeezing Americans out of the work force? Or is competition wth foreign products imported by the United States an even greater danger to those employed in some industries? How do wages and unions fare in foreign-owned firms? And are the media{\textquoteright}s claims about the number of illegal immigrants misleading?  Prompted by the growing internationalization of the U.S. labor market since the 1970s, contributors to Immigration, Trade, and the Labor Market provide an innovative and comprehensive analysis of the labor market impact of the international movements of people, goods, and capital. Their provocative findings are brought into perspective by studies of two other major immigrant-recipient countries, Canada and Australia. The differing experiences of each nation stress the degree to which labor market institutions and economic policies can condition the effect of immigration and trade on economic outcomes Contributors trace the flow of immigrants by comparing the labor market and migration behavior of individual immigrants, explore the effects of immigration on wages and employment by comparing the composition of the work force in local labor markets, and analyze the impact of trade on labor markets in different industries. A unique data set was developed especially for this study{\textemdash}ranging from an effort to link exports/imports with wages and employment in manufacturing industries, to a survey of illegal Mexican immigrants in the San Diego area{\textemdash}which will prove enormously valuable for future research. },
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Immigration-National-Economic-Research-Project/dp/0226000958/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305764900\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {John Abowd and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13097,
	title = {On the Divergence in Unionism Among Developed Countries},
	booktitle = {Labour Relations and Economic Performance},
	year = {1990},
	note = {Proceedings of a conference held by the International Economic Association
in Venice, Italy, 1988. Also published in Spanish in Econom{\'\i}a y Trabajo, S. Ruesga (ed) 
(Madrid: Ediciones Pir{\'a}mide, 1992).},
	publisher = {MacMillan},
	organization = {MacMillan},
	address = {Hampshire, England},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@proceedings {13091,
	title = {EC 1992: Implications for U.S. Workers},
	year = {1990},
	note = {Proceedings of a Working Roundtable, March 20-21, 1990.

Published in Volume XII, Number 6 Significant Issues Series
(eds) J. Perez-Lopez, G. Schoepfle, and J. Yochelson (DC: CSIS, 1990).},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of Labor and the Center for Strategic and International Studies.},
	author = {Lawrence F. Katz and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12591,
	title = {The Declining Economic Position of Less Skilled American Men},
	booktitle = {A Future of Lousy Jobs? The Changing Structure of U.S. Wages},
	year = {1990},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$3186},
	publisher = {Brookings Institution},
	organization = {Brookings Institution},
	author = {Richard Freeman and David E. Bloom and McKinley L. Blackburn}
}
@article {12590,
	title = {An Era of Falling Earnings and Rising Inequality},
	journal = {The Brookings Review},
	number = {Winter},
	year = {1990},
	author = {McKinley L. Blackburn and Richard Freeman and David E. Bloom}
}
@inbook {12184,
	title = {The Changing Status of Unionism Around the World},
	booktitle = {Organized Labor at the Crossroads},
	year = {1990},
	publisher = {Upjohn Institute for Employment Research},
	organization = {Upjohn Institute for Employment Research},
	address = {Michigan},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12183,
	title = {The impact of new unionization on wages and working conditions.},
	journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	note = {NBER WP$\#$2563, April 1988},
	pages = {Part 2, S8-S25},
	abstract = {This study investigates the impact of union organization on the wages and labor practices of establishments newly organized in the 1980s. It uses a research design in which establishments are "paired" with their closest nonunion competitor. It finds that, unionism had only a modest effect on wages in the newly organized plants, which contrasts sharply with the huge union wage impact found in cross-section comparisons of union and nonunion individuals,but unionism substantially alters several personnel practices, creating grievance systems, greater seniority protection, and job bidding and posting. That newly organized establishments adopt union working conditions but grant only modest wage increases suggests that "collective voice" rather than monopoly wage gains is the key to understanding new unionism.},
	url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/298243},
	author = {Morris Kleiner and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12182,
	title = {Employer Behavior in the Face of Union Organizing Drives},
	journal = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review },
	volume = {43},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {351-365},
	author = {Morris Kleiner and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12181,
	title = {Crumbling Pillar? Declining Union Density in Japan},
	journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,},
	year = {1990},
	note = {Printed in Japanese in Nihon Rodo Kyokai Zassi.1989. Also reprinted in Peter Dryer and Luke Gowers (eds) Labour Markets (Part 2:Vol 2 of the Series The Japanese Economy (or Vol:6 of the entire series). London: Routledge, 1999 },
	pages = {578-605},
	author = {Marcus Rebick and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12180,
	title = {The Impact of Industrial Labor Legislation on Union Density in the U.K., 1945-1986},
	journal = {British Journal of Industrial Relations},
	volume = {28},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	author = {Jeffrey Pelletier and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13106,
	title = {Understanding industrial relations in modern Japan},
	journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {326-328},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13098,
	title = {Jobfinding and Wages When Longrun Unemployment is Really Long: The Case of Spain},
	booktitle = {EALE Conference},
	year = {1989},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$3409},
	address = {Turin},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Alfonso Alba}
}
@inbook {12701,
	title = {Black Economic Progress: Erosion of the Post-1965 Gains in the 1980s?},
	booktitle = {The Question of Discrimination and Racial Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market},
	year = {1989},
	publisher = {Wesley University Press},
	organization = {Wesley University Press},
	author = {John Bound and Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {12699,
	title = {Help Wanted: Disadvantaged Youths in a Labor Shortage Economy},
	year = {1989},
	type = {Manuscript},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@booklet {12656,
	title = {The Boston Youth Labor Survey},
	year = {1989},
	note = {NBER},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/byms/},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {12185,
	title = {What Does the Future Hold for U.S. Unionism},
	journal = {Relations Industrielles},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1},
	year = {1989},
	note = {Revised and published in The Challenge of Restructuring: North American Labor Movements Respond, Jane Jenson and Rianne Mahon (eds) (Philadelphia: Temple Univ Press 1992).},
	pages = {25-43},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11894,
	title = {Labor Markets in Action: Essays in Empirical Economics},
	year = {1989},
	note = {England and Harvard University Press},
	publisher = {Woodhead Faulkner Publishers},
	organization = {Woodhead Faulkner Publishers},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Labor-Markets-Action-Empirical-Economics/dp/0674506758/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305753510\&sr=8-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {13192,
	title = {Immigration, Trade and Labor: NBER Summary Report},
	year = {1988},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13191,
	title = {Immigration, Trade and Capital Flows in the American Economy},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on the Economics of Immigration},
	year = {1988},
	publisher = {(Australian Government Publishing Service},
	organization = {(Australian Government Publishing Service},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13190,
	title = {Does The New Generation of Labor Economists Know More than the Old Generation?},
	booktitle = {How Labor Markets Work},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {205-223},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13163,
	title = {The Magnitude and Duration of Homelessness},
	booktitle = {AAAS Meetings},
	year = {1988},
	month = {13 Feb},
	publisher = {Boston},
	organization = {Boston},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13160,
	title = {Economic Development and the Timing and Components of Population Growth},
	journal = {Journal of Policy Modelling},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	author = {David E. Bloom and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13102,
	title = {The Dutch Choice: A Plea for Social Policy Complementary to Work},
	journal = {HRWB Series},
	year = {1988},
	note = {The Netherlands},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Martin Rein}
}
@article {13101,
	title = {Evaluating the European View that the U.S. has No Unemployment Problem},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {78},
	number = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {294-299},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13100,
	title = {Labour Market Institutions and Economic Performance},
	journal = {Economic Policy },
	volume = {6},
	year = {1988},
	note = {Reprinted in The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics: The Economics of
Unemployment Vol III, chapter 7, ed. P.N. Junankar (Edward Elgar, 2000).},
	pages = {64-80}
}
@report {13099,
	title = {Canada in the World Labour Market},
	year = {1988},
	institution = {Economic Council of Canada},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12192,
	title = {Appendix B: The NBER Public Sector Collective Bargaining Law Data Set},
	booktitle = {When Public Sector Workers Unionize},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {299-420},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/publaw/},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Robert Valletta}
}
@inbook {12191,
	title = {Appendix A: Collective Organization of Labor in the Public Sector},
	booktitle = {When Public Sector Workers Unionize},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {365-398},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Casey Ichniowski and Jeffrey Zax}
}
@inbook {12190,
	title = {The Effects of Public Sector Labor Laws on Labor Market Institutions and Outcomes},
	booktitle = {When Public Sector Workers Unionize},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {81-106},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Robert Valletta}
}
@inbook {12189,
	title = {The Public Sector Look of American Unionism},
	booktitle = {When Public Sector Workers Unionize},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1-18},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Casey Ichniowski and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12188,
	title = {Contraction and Expansion: The Divergence of Private and Public Sector Unionism in the United States},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	year = {1988},
	note = {Reprinted in 17 Samuel Estreicher and Stewart Schwab (eds) Foundations of Labor and Employment Law (NY: Oxford University Press, 2000).},
	pages = {63-68},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12187,
	title = {Union Density and Economic Performance, An Analysis of U.S. States},
	journal = {European Economic Review},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {707-716},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11936,
	title = {When Public Sector Workers Unionize},
	year = {1988},
	note = {NBER Conference Volume},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {1988},
	abstract = {In the 1980s, public sector unionism has become the most vibrant component of the American labor movement. What does this new "look" of organized labor mean for the economy? Do labor-management relations in the public sector mirror patterns in the private, or do they introduce a novel paradigm onto the labor scene? What can the private sector learn from the success of collective bargaining in the public?  Contributors to When Public Sector Workers Unionize{\textemdash}which was developed from the NBER{\textquoteright}s program on labor studies{\textemdash}examine these and other questions using newly collected data on public sector labor laws, labor relations practices of state and local governments, and labor market outcomes. Topics considered include the role, effect, and evolution of public sector labor law and the effects that public sector bargaining has on both wage and nonwage issues.  Several themes emerge from the studies in this volume. Most important, public sector labor law has a strong and pervasive effect on bargaining and on wage and employment outcomes in public sector labor markets. Also, public sector unionism affects the economy in ways that are different from, and in many cases opposite to, the ways private sector unionism does, appearing to stimulate rather than reduce employment, reducing rather than increasing layoff rates, and developing innovate ways to settle labor disputes such as compulsory interest arbitration instead of strikes and lockouts found in the private sector.},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Workers-Unionize-National-Economic-Research/dp/0226261662/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305765171\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and Casey Ichniowski}
}
@article {13164,
	title = {Permanent Homelessness in America},
	journal = {Population Research and Policy Review},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {3-27},
	author = {Brian Hall and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13155,
	title = {The Labour-Market Consequences of Generational Crowding},
	journal = {European Journal of Population},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {131-176},
	author = {D. Bloom and S. Korenman and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13105,
	title = {Bonuses and Employment in Japan},
	journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Reprinted in Peter Dryer and Luke Gowers (eds)
Labour Markets (Part 2:Vol 2 of the Series The Japanese Economy (Or Vol 6 of the entire series).
London: Routledge, 1999.},
	pages = {168-194},
	author = {Martin L. Weitzman and Richard Freeman}
}
@report {13104,
	title = {If it Doesn{\textquoteright}t Work, Fix it ... If You Can: Reforming the Labor Market in Socialist Poland},
	year = {1987},
	institution = {World Bank},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@booklet {13103,
	title = {Are British Wages Unresponsive to Market Forces?},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Seminar presentation, London School of Economics},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12658,
	title = {The Relation of Criminal Activity to Black Youth Unemployment},
	journal = {Review of Black Political Economy},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {99-107},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12612,
	title = {Supply Elasticity for Educated Labor},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Education},
	year = {1987},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12510,
	title = {Demand Elasticity for Educated Labor},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Education},
	year = {1987},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12194,
	title = {Union Organizing Drive Outcomes from NLRB Elections During a Period of Economic Concessions},
	booktitle = {IRRA 39th Annual Proceedings},
	year = {1987},
	author = {Morris Kleiner and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12193,
	title = {Union Maids: Unions and the Female Workforce},
	booktitle = {Gender in the Workplace},
	year = {1987},
	note = {NBER WP$\#$1652, June 1985},
	publisher = {Brookings Institution},
	organization = {Brookings Institution},
	author = {Jonathan Leonard and Richard Freeman}
}
@proceedings {13208,
	title = {Unionism and Protective Labor Legislation},
	journal = {IRRA 39th Annual Proceedings},
	year = {1986},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13194,
	title = {Labor Economics},
	booktitle = {Palgrave Encyclopedia of Economics},
	year = {1986},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13162,
	title = {Population Growth, Labor Supply, and Employment in Developing Countries},
	booktitle = {Population Growth and Economic Development},
	year = {1986},
	publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
	organization = {University of Wisconsin Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and D. Bloom}
}
@article {13161,
	title = {The Effects of Rapid Population Growth on Labor Supply and Employment in Developing Countries},
	journal = {Population and Development Review},
	volume = {12},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {381-414},
	author = {D. Bloom and Richard Freeman}
}
@report {13144,
	title = {Youth Employment and Joblessness in a Changing Labor Market},
	year = {1986},
	month = {11/04},
	institution = {Frederick Douglass Institute, University of Rochester},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13143,
	title = {The Youth Labour Market Problem: Age or Generational Crowding?},
	booktitle = {OECD Employment Outlook: 1986},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {Chapter 5},
	publisher = {OECD Publications},
	organization = {OECD Publications},
	address = {Paris},
	author = {David Bloom and Richard Freeman}
}
@report {13108,
	title = {The U.S. Labor Force in the World Economy},
	year = {1986},
	institution = {Research Board},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {13107,
	title = {Labor Market Institutions and Performances in the U.S. and Japan},
	year = {1986},
	month = {09/17},
	institution = {Japan-U.S. Educational Commission Conference},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Tsuneo Ishikawa and Toshiaki Tachibanaki and Martin Weitzman}
}
@inbook {12704,
	title = {Who Escapes?: The Relation of Churchgoing and Other Background Factors to the Socioeconomic Performance of Black Male Youths from Inner-City Tracts},
	booktitle = {The Black Youth Employment Crisis},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {353-376},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12703,
	title = {Transitions between Employment and Nonemployment},
	booktitle = {The Black Youth Employment Crisis},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {75-114},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman and John Ballen}
}
@inbook {12702,
	title = {The Black Youth Employment Crisis: Summary of Findings},
	booktitle = {The Black Youth Employment Crisis},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {3-20},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Harry Holzer}
}
@booklet {12613,
	title = {Structural Change in the U.S. Labor Market: Post-World War II Developments Compared to Past Trends},
	year = {1986},
	note = {mimeo},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {12595,
	title = {Factor Prices, Employment and Inequality in a Decentralized Labor Market},
	year = {1986},
	note = {Corporation for
Enterprise Development},
	type = {Paper},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12592,
	title = {The Facts About Rising Industrial Wage Dispersion in the U.S.: Alternative Views},
	journal = {IRRA 39th Annual Proceedings},
	year = {1986},
	author = {Linda Bell and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12512,
	title = {How Do Public Sector Wages and Employment Respond to Economic Conditions},
	booktitle = {Public Sector Payrolls},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {183-213},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12200,
	title = {Unionism Comes to the Public Sector},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1986},
	note = {NBER Reprint $\#$717. Reprinted in The Economics of Labor Unions (Alison Booth, ed),
part of the series The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics (series editor:
Mark Blaug) (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2001)},
	pages = {41-86},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12199,
	title = {Unionization in Troubled Times},
	journal = {New Management},
	number = {Winter},
	year = {1986},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12198,
	title = {Unionism and Protective Labor Legislation},
	journal = {IRRA 39th Annual Proceedings},
	year = {1986},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12197,
	title = {In Search of Union Wage Concession in Standard Data Sets},
	journal = {Industrial Relations},
	year = {1986},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12196,
	title = {The Effect of the Union Wage Differential on Management Opposition and Union Organizing Success},
	journal = {American Economic Review: AEA Papers and Proceedings},
	volume = {76},
	number = {2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {92-96},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12195,
	title = {Effects of Unions on the Economy},
	booktitle = {Unions in Transition: Entering the Second Century.},
	year = {1986},
	publisher = {ICS Press},
	organization = {ICS Press},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11938,
	title = {The Black Youth Employment Crisis},
	year = {1986},
	note = {NBER Conference Volume},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	abstract = {In recent years, the earnings of young blacks have risen substantially relative to those of young whites, but their rates of joblessness have also risen to crisis levels. The papers in this volume, drawing on the results of a groundbreaking survey conducted by the National Bureau of Economic Research, analyze the history, causes, and features of this crisis. The findings they report and conclusions they reach revise accepted explanations of black youth unemployment.  The contributors identify primary determinants on both the demand and supply sides of the market and provide new information on important aspects of the problem, such as drug use, crime, economic incentives, and attitudes among the unemployed. Their studies reveal that, contrary to popular assumptions, no single factor is the predominant cause of black youth employment problems. They show, among other significant factors, that where female employment is high, black youth employment is low; that even in areas where there are many jobs, black youths get relatively few of them; that the perceived risks and rewards of crime affect decisions to work or to engage in illegal activity; and that churchgoing and aspirations affect the success of black youths in finding employment.  Altogether, these papers illuminate a broad range of economic and social factors which must be understood by policymakers before the black youth employment crisis can be successfully addressed. },
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Employment-National-Economic-Research-Project/dp/0226261646/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305765486\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and Harry Holzer}
}
@article {13145,
	title = {Young Blacks and Jobs - What We Now Know},
	journal = {The Public Interest},
	year = {1985},
	author = {Richard Freeman and H.J. Holzer}
}
@workingpaper {12593,
	title = {Does a Flexible Industry Wage Structure Increase Employment?: The U.S. Experience},
	year = {1985},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$1604},
	author = {Linda Bell and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12225,
	title = {Unions, Pensions, and Union Pension Funds},
	booktitle = {Pensions, Labor, and Individual Choice},
	year = {1985},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12202,
	title = {Looking at Labor Unions: A Current Portrait},
	journal = {Dialogue},
	volume = {68},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {25-31},
	author = {J. Medoff and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12201,
	title = {Why Are Unions Faring Poorly in NLRB Representation Elections?},
	booktitle = {Challenges And Choices Facing American Labor},
	year = {1985},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12186,
	title = {Collective Bargaining Laws \& Threat Effects of Unionism in Determination of Police Compensation},
	journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
	volume = {72},
	year = {1985},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$1578},
	pages = {191-209},
	author = {B. Ichniowski and H. Lauer and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13193,
	title = {The Structure of Labor Markets: A Book Review Three Decades Later},
	booktitle = {Comparative Development Perspectives},
	year = {1984},
	publisher = {Westview Press},
	organization = {Westview Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13109,
	title = {De-mystifying the Japanese Labor Market},
	booktitle = {The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {125-129},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science Pubs},
	organization = {Elsevier Science Pubs},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12708,
	title = {Public Policy and Employment Discrimination in the U.S.},
	booktitle = {Ethnic Pluralism and Public Policy},
	year = {1984},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$928},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12707,
	title = {Affirmative Action: Good, Bad or Irrelevant},
	journal = {New Perspectives},
	volume = {Fall},
	year = {1984},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12230,
	title = {The Impact of Collective Bargaining: Can the New Facts Be Explained by Monopoly Unionism?},
	booktitle = {Research in Labor Economics},
	year = {1984},
	note = {HIER Discussion Paper $\#$886, February 1982},
	publisher = {(JAI Press},
	organization = {(JAI Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and J. Medoff}
}
@article {12229,
	title = {Longitudinal Analysis of the Effect of Trade Unions},
	journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Reprinted in Piero Tedeschi (ed) Economic Models of Trade Unions (London:
Chapman and Hall, 1992). Also reprinted in The Economics of Labor Unions (ed Alison
Booth) in the series The International Library of Critical Writing in Economics (Mark Blaug,
series editor) (UK: Edward Elgar 2001); and in Jacqueline Scott and Yu Xie (eds) Quantitative
Social Science, part of the SAGE Benchmarks in Social Research Methods series (Sage,
2005).},
	pages = {1-26},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12228,
	title = {A New Portrait of U.S. Unionism},
	journal = {Entrepreneurial Economy},
	volume = {2},
	number = {12},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {2-4},
	author = {J. Medoff and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12226,
	title = {Trade Unions and Productivity: Some New Evidence on an Old Issue},
	booktitle = {Annals of the American Academy},
	year = {1984},
	author = {J. Medoff and Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11895,
	title = {What Do Unions Do},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Current publisher: currently Perseus Book Group
Japanese translation (1986), French translation (1987), Management Association
Prize Book, 1985. Reissued in Mandarin and English, by Beijing University Press, first in
series, Classics in Economics (Bejing: 2006). Excerpts reprinted in Summers, Dau-Schmidt
and Hyde (eds) Legal Rights and Interests in the Workplace (Indiana University, 2006)},
	publisher = {Basic Books},
	organization = {Basic Books},
	address = {N.Y.},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/What-Do-Unions-Richard-Freeman/dp/0465091334/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305753795\&sr=1-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman and James Medoff}
}
@inbook {12657,
	title = {Crime and Unemployment},
	booktitle = {Crime and Public Policy},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {Chapter 6},
	publisher = {ICS Press},
	organization = {ICS Press},
	address = {San Francisco},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12513,
	title = {How Elastic is the Demand for Labor?: A Reply},
	journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
	volume = {65},
	number = {4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {694},
	author = {Kim B. Clark and Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {12203,
	title = {Unionism, Price-Cost Margins, and the Return to Capital},
	year = {1983},
	note = {NBER Working Paper No. 1164},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {13136,
	title = {El Sector Turistica en Republica Dominicana},
	year = {1982},
	author = {Richard Freeman and C. Calpe}
}
@article {12515,
	title = {What! Another Minimum Wage Study?},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	year = {1982},
	author = {M. Eccles and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12514,
	title = {Substitution Between Production Labor and Other Inputs in Unionized and Non-unionized Manufacturing},
	journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
	year = {1982},
	author = {Richard Freeman and J. Medoff}
}
@inbook {12234,
	title = {The Impact of Collective Bargaining: Illusion or Reality?},
	booktitle = {U.S. Industrial Relations 1950-1980: A Critical Assessment},
	year = {1982},
	publisher = {Industrial Relations Research Association},
	organization = {Industrial Relations Research Association},
	address = {Madison, WI},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7202/029340ar},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff}
}
@workingpaper {684812,
	title = {"The Impact of Collective Bargaining: Illusion or Reality?" NBER Working Paper $\#$0735 (August 1981).},
	year = {1981},
	abstract = {This paper reviews a significant body of evidence regarding the impact of trade unionism on economic performance and seeks to evaluate antithetical views regarding whether estimated differences between union and nonunion workers and firms represent: illusions created by poor experiments, real effects explicable solely in price-theoretic terms, or real effects which reflect the non wage-related dimensions of trade unions. The review yields conclusions on both the substantive questions at hand and the methodologies which have been used to address their validity. With respect to the illusion/reality debate, the preponderance of extant evidence indicates that union effects on a wide variety of economic variables estimated with cross-sectional data are real. Moreover, since the effects of unions on nonwage outcomes generally come from models which hold fixed the level of wages and variables affected by wages, the evidence supports the view that unions do much more than simply raise wages as an economic monopolist. While, in this study, we do not examine interpretations of these nonwage effects, the effects represent an empirical foundation for the "institutional" view of unionism, which is described in Section I. With respect to methods for evaluating the quality of standard cross-sectional experiments, some techniques appear more useful than others. In particular, we find that sensitivity analyses of single-equation results and longitudinal experiments provide valuable checks on cross-sectional findings while multiple-equations approaches produce results which are much too unstable to help resolve the questions of concern.},
	url = {10.3386/w0735},
	author = {Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff}
}
@workingpaper {684788,
	title = {"The Impact of Collective Bargaining: Illusion or Reality?" NBER Working Paper $\#$0735 (August 1981).   },
	year = {1981},
	abstract = {This paper reviews a significant body of evidence regarding the impact of trade unionism on economic performance and seeks to evaluate antithetical views regarding whether estimated differences between union and nonunion workers and firms represent: illusions created by poor experiments, real effects explicable solely in price-theoretic terms, or real effects which reflect the non wage-related dimensions of trade unions. The review yields conclusions on both the substantive questions at hand and the methodologies which have been used to address their validity. With respect to the illusion/reality debate, the preponderance of extant evidence indicates that union effects on a wide variety of economic variables estimated with cross-sectional data are real. Moreover, since the effects of unions on nonwage outcomes generally come from models which hold fixed the level of wages and variables affected by wages, the evidence supports the view that unions do much more than simply raise wages.},
	url = {DOI: 10.3386/w0735},
	author = {James L. Medoff}
}
@workingpaper {684787,
	title = {Freeman RB, Medoff JL. The Impact of Collective Bargaining: Illusion or Reality?. NBER Working Paper $\#$0735 (August 1981). https://www.nber.org/papers/w0735},
	year = {1981},
	abstract = {This paper reviews a significant body of evidence regarding the impact of trade unionism on economic performance and seeks to evaluate antithetical views regarding whether estimated differences between union and nonunion workers and firms represent: illusions created by poor experiments, real effects explicable solely in price-theoretic terms, or real effects which reflect the non wage-related dimensions of trade unions. The review yields conclusions on both the substantive questions at hand and the methodologies which have been used to address their validity. With respect to the illusion/reality debate, the preponderance of extant evidence indicates that union effects on a wide variety of economic variables estimated with cross-sectional data are real. Moreover, since the effects of unions on nonwage outcomes generally come from models which hold fixed the level of wages and variables affected by wages, the evidence supports the view that unions do much more than simply raise wages.},
	url = {www.nber.org/papers/w0735},
	author = {James L. Medoff}
}
@workingpaper {13165,
	title = {Have Black Labor Market Gains Post-1964 Been Permanent or Transitory?},
	year = {1981},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$751},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {13150,
	title = {Low Cost Student Labor: The Use and Effects of the Subminimum Wage Provisions for Fulltime Students},
	year = {1981},
	note = {NBER Working paper $\#$765, 1981, published as a working paper of the Minimum Wage Study Commission.},
	author = {Richard Freeman and B. Ichniowski and W. Gray}
}
@inbook {13149,
	title = {Economic Determinants of Geographic and Individual Variation in the Labor Market Position of Young Persons},
	booktitle = {The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {115-154},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13148,
	title = {Why Does the Rate of Youth Force Activity Differ Across Surveys?},
	booktitle = {The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {75-114},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and James Medoff}
}
@inbook {13147,
	title = {The Youth Labor Market Problem in the United States: An Overview},
	booktitle = {The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {35-74},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and James Medoff}
}
@inbook {13146,
	title = {The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences},
	booktitle = {The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1-16},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman and David Wise}
}
@report {13137,
	title = {The Food Stamp Program After One Year: An Economic Appraisal},
	year = {1981},
	institution = {Sri Lankan Government, HIID},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12710,
	title = {Black Economic Progress After 1964: Who Has Gained and Why},
	booktitle = {Studies in Labor Markets},
	year = {1981},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12709,
	title = {Troubled Workers in the Labor Market},
	journal = {Seventh Annual Report},
	year = {1981},
	note = {National Commission on Employment Policy

NBER Working Paper $\#$816; Harvard Institute for Economic Research Discussion Paper $\#$881, 2/82.},
	publisher = {National Commission on Employment P},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {12614,
	title = {Career Patterns of College Graduates in a Declining Job Market},
	year = {1981},
	note = {NBER WP $\#$750},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {12598,
	title = {Economic Reform of the Quota System of Higher Education in the Republic of Korea},
	year = {1981},
	institution = {World Bank},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12597,
	title = {Response to Change in the U.S. Labor Market for Higher Education},
	booktitle = {Higher Education and the Labour Market},
	year = {1981},
	note = {Society for Research into Higher Education},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {12596,
	title = {The Changing Economic Value of Higher Education in Developed Economies: A Report to the OECD},
	year = {1981},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$820},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12237,
	title = {The Effect of Trade Unionism on Fringe Benefits},
	journal = {Industrial Labor Relations Review},
	volume = {34},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {489-509},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12236,
	title = {The Impact of the Percentage Organized on Union and Nonunion Wages},
	journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
	volume = {LXIII},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {561-572},
	author = {Richard Freeman and J. Medoff}
}
@article {12232,
	title = {Union Wage Practices and Wage Dispersion Within Establishments},
	journal = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	note = {HIER Paper $\#$847, Sept. 1981},
	pages = {3-21},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11939,
	title = {The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences},
	year = {1981},
	note = {NBER Conference Volume},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {1981},
	abstract = {This volume brings together a massive body of much-needed research information on a problem of crucial importance to labor economists, policy makers, and society in general: unemployment among the young. The thirteen studies detail the ambiguity and inadequacy of our present standard statistics as applied to youth employment, point out the error in many commonly accepted views, and show that many critically important aspects of this problem are not adequately understood. These studies also supply a significant amount of raw data, furnish a platform for further research and theoretical work in labor economics, and direct attention to promising avenues for future programs.},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Youth-Labor-Market-Problem-Consequences/dp/0226261611/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305765559\&sr=1-1},
	editor = {Richard Freeman and David Wise}
}
@inbook {13195,
	title = {The Evolution of the U.S. Labor Market, 1948-1980},
	booktitle = {Problems in the American Economy},
	year = {1980},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13151,
	title = {Why is There a Youth Labor Market Problem?},
	booktitle = {Youth Employment and Public Policy},
	year = {1980},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$365.},
	publisher = {Prentice Hall},
	organization = {Prentice Hall},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12711,
	title = {Occupational Licensure and Black Occupational Attainments},
	booktitle = {Occupational Licensure and Regulation},
	year = {1980},
	publisher = {American Enterprise Institute},
	organization = {American Enterprise Institute},
	address = {Washington},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12616,
	title = {Employment Opportunities in the Doctorate Manpower Market},
	journal = {Industrial Labor Relations Review},
	volume = {33},
	number = {2},
	year = {1980},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@booklet {12599,
	title = {Test Scores and Labor Productivity},
	year = {1980},
	note = {Harvard University mimeo},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12594,
	title = {The Facts About the Declining Economic Value of College},
	journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
	number = {Winter},
	year = {1980},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12520,
	title = {The Evolution of the American Labor Market, 1948-80},
	booktitle = {The American Economy in Transition},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {Chapter 5: Part 1},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press for NBER},
	address = {Chicago},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/american-economy-transition/evolution-american-labor-market-1948-80},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12519,
	title = {The Newcomers},
	journal = {Woodrow Wilson Quarterly},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	note = {Reprinted in Economic Impact 35(1981).},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12518,
	title = {An Empirical Analysis of the Fixed Coefficient Manpower Requirements Model, 1960-1970},
	journal = {The Journal of Human Resources},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {176-199},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12517,
	title = {Employment and Wage Adjustment Models in U.S. Manufacturing},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1-27},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12516,
	title = {How Elastic is the Demand for Labor?},
	journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
	volume = {62},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {509-520},
	author = {Kim B. Blark and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12242,
	title = {The Effect of Unionism of Worker Attachment to Firms},
	journal = {Journal of Labor Research},
	number = {Spring},
	year = {1980},
	note = {Winner, Trade Union Essay Prize Contest
NBER Reprint $\#$73},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12241,
	title = {The Exit-Voice Tradeoff in the Labor Market: Unionism, Job Tenure, Quits, and Separations},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
	year = {1980},
	note = {Summary reprinted in The Changing Nature of Work, Vol 4 in the series Frontier Issues in Economic Thought, Robert Reich (intro) (Island Press: 1998)},
	pages = {643-673},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12240,
	title = {Unionism and the Dispersion of Wages},
	journal = {Industrial Labor Relations Review},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	note = {Reprinted in Income Distribution Vol II, Part IV, Michael Sattinger (ed) (Edward
Elgar 2000)},
	pages = {3-23},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13197,
	title = {Indicators of the Impact of R\&D on the Economy},
	journal = {Scientometrics},
	year = {1979},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {13196,
	title = {The Work Force in America: An Overview},
	booktitle = {Work in America: The Decade Ahead},
	year = {1979},
	publisher = {Van Nostrand},
	organization = {Van Nostrand},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13157,
	title = {The Effect of Demographic Factors on Age-Earnings Profiles},
	journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {289-318},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@proceedings {13156,
	title = {The Effect of Generational Crowding on the Labor Market for Young Male Workers},
	year = {1979},
	publisher = {American Statistical Association},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {13152,
	title = {Youth Unemployment: NBER Summary Report},
	year = {1979},
	note = {Summary of NBER Conference on Youth Joblessness and Employment, Airlie House, Virginia.},
	author = {Richard Freeman and David A. Wise}
}
@booklet {12659,
	title = {The Boston Youth Labor Survey},
	year = {1979},
	note = {NBER},
	author = {Lawrence F. Katz and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12615,
	title = {The Job Market for College Faculty},
	booktitle = {Academic Reward Structures in Higher Education},
	year = {1979},
	note = {Reprinted in The Demand for New Faculty in Science and Engineering. National Research Council, Commission on Human Resources, M.S. McPherson (ed), Natl Academy of Sciences, 1980.},
	publisher = {Ballinger Publishing Co.},
	organization = {Ballinger Publishing Co.},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12524,
	title = {New Estimates of the Industrial Locus of Unionism in the United States},
	journal = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review},
	volume = {32},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$ 273},
	pages = {143-174},
	author = {James L. Medoff and Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12523,
	title = {The Work Force of the Future: An Overview},
	booktitle = {Work in America, The Decade Ahead},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {Chapter 4},
	publisher = {Litton Education Publishing, Inc},
	organization = {Litton Education Publishing, Inc},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12521,
	title = {The Effect of Demographic Factors on the Age-Earnings Profile in the U.S},
	journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3, Summer},
	year = {1979},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {12251,
	title = {Productivity and Industrial Relations: The Case of U.S. Bituminous Coal},
	year = {1979},
	author = {Richard Freeman and M. Connerton and J.L. Medoff}
}
@article {12249,
	title = {New Estimates of Private Sector Unionism in the U.S.},
	journal = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review},
	volume = {32},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {143-147},
	author = {Richard Freeman and J. Medoff}
}
@article {12246,
	title = {Why Do Unions Increase Job Tenure?},
	number = {October},
	year = {1979},
	note = {H.I.E.R. Discussion Paper $\#$723},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12245,
	title = {The Two Faces of Unionism},
	journal = {Public Interest},
	number = {Fall},
	year = {1979},
	note = {Reprinted in Revue Economique May 1980 as "Le Syndicalisme a deux Visages." Reprinted in Spanish in Teoria Economica y Analysis Empirico de los Sindicatos A. Alba (ed) (Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, Spain); in Japanese in Trends 1980/8; portions reprinted in Labor Relations: Law, Practice \& Policy, second edition, G. Getman and J.D. Blackburn (eds.) (Foundation Press), and in Chapter 2:c of Foundations of Labor and Employment Law eds Samuel Estreicher and Stewart J. Schwab (Foundation Press 2000), pgs 69-74.
Also reprinted in Henderson (ed) Labor Law, Cases and Comment (Foundation Press, 2000).},
	author = {Richard Freeman and J. Medoff}
}
@book {11896,
	title = {Labor Economics},
	year = {1979},
	note = {Japanese translation of first edition, 1976; Spanish translation of second edition, 1981; Chinese Translation, 1983.},
	publisher = {Prentice Hall},
	organization = {Prentice Hall},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {13198,
	title = {Job Satisfaction as an Economic Variable},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {68},
	number = {2},
	year = {1978},
	note = {Reprinted in Race and Public Policy: The Irony of Equity, Charles Sampson (ed.), (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendal/Hunt Publishing Co., June 1981). NBER WP $\#$225 (January 1978).},
	pages = {135-141},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12713,
	title = {Black Economic Progress Since 1964},
	journal = {Public Interest},
	year = {1978},
	note = {Reprinted in Macroeconomics,
(D.M. McClelland, 1979). Also in Current Issues in the American Economy 1980-
1981 (D.C. Heath).},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12712,
	title = {Time Series Evidence on Black Economic Progress: Shifts in Demand or Supply},
	year = {1978},
	publisher = {H.I.E.R.},
	organization = {H.I.E.R.},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {12620,
	title = {The Declining Economic Value of Higher Education and the American Social System},
	year = {1978},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12619,
	title = {The Effect of the Increased Relative Supply of College Graduates on Skill Differences},
	booktitle = {Income Distribution and Economic Equality},
	year = {1978},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12618,
	title = {The Declining Economic Value of Higher Education in the Western World},
	booktitle = {Bernard Shine Lecture},
	year = {1978},
	address = {Queen Mary College, London},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12617,
	title = {Autoregressive Degree Patterns: Evidence of Endogenous Cycles in the Market},
	journal = {Industrial Labor Relations Association Proceedings},
	year = {1978},
	author = {Jonathan Leonard and Richard Freeman}
}
@booklet {12525,
	title = {Determinants of Job Tenure in the U.S.},
	year = {1978},
	note = {Harvard University mimeo},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12522,
	title = {High School Graduates in the Labor Market},
	booktitle = {Experiences of Recent High School Graduates},
	year = {1978},
	publisher = {Lexington Books},
	organization = {Lexington Books},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12255,
	title = {A Fixed Effect Logit Model of the Impact of Unionism on Quits},
	year = {1978},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$280, September 1978.}
}
@article {12253,
	title = {Should We Organize? Effects of Faculty Unionism on Academic Compensation},
	year = {1978},
	note = {NBER Working Paper $\#$301},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12722,
	title = {Changes in the Labor Market for Black Americans},
	booktitle = {Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination Law},
	year = {1977},
	note = {Brookings Papers, Summer 1973},
	publisher = {Bobbs-Merill},
	organization = {Bobbs-Merill},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12716,
	title = {Political Power, Desegregation, and Employment of Black School Teachers},
	journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
	volume = {85},
	number = {2},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {229-322},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12715,
	title = {The New Market for Black Academicians},
	journal = {Industrial Labor Relations Review},
	year = {1977},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12714,
	title = {Availability, Goals, and Achievement in Affirmative Action},
	journal = {Perspectives on Availability},
	year = {1977},
	note = {Equal Employment Advisory Council},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12622,
	title = {The Decline in the Economic Rewards to College Education},
	journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
	year = {1977},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12621,
	title = {Investment in Human Capital and Knowledge},
	booktitle = {Capital for Productivity and Jobs},
	year = {1977},
	note = {In American Assembly},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12526,
	title = {Manpower Requirements and Substitution Analysis of Labor Skills: A Synthesis},
	booktitle = {Research in Labor Economics},
	year = {1977},
	publisher = {JAE Press},
	organization = {JAE Press},
	address = {Greenwich, CT},
	author = {R. Ehrenberg and Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12623,
	title = {A Cobweb Model of the Supply and Starting Salary of New Engineers},
	journal = {Industrial Labor Relations Review},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {236-248},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {12528,
	title = {The Role of Supply and Demand Forces in the Changing Market for College Graduates},
	booktitle = {ASA Meetings},
	year = {1976},
	month = {30 Aug},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12260,
	title = {Non-Wage Effects of Trade Unions on the Labor Market: an {\textquotedblleft}exit-voice{\textquotedblright} analysis},
	journal = {US DOL, ASPER},
	year = {1976},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12259,
	title = {Where Have All the Members Gone: The Dwindling of Private Sector Unionism},
	year = {1976},
	author = {Richard Freeman and J. Medoff}
}
@article {12256,
	title = {Individual Mobility and Union Voice in the Labor Market},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {66},
	number = {2},
	year = {1976},
	note = {Reprinted in Readings in Labor Economics and Labor Relations, L.
Reynolds, S. Masters, and C. Moser (eds.),(Prentice Hall, Inc. 1978); reprinted in Congressional
Research Service, College Debate Reader 1981. "Resolved that the Federal Government
should significantly curtail the powers of labor unions in the United States."; reprinted in L.
Putterman (ed) The Economic Nature of the Firm (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University
Press, 1986).},
	pages = {361-368},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11898,
	title = {The Black Elite: The New Market for Highly Educated Black Americans},
	year = {1976},
	publisher = {McGraw Hill},
	organization = {McGraw Hill},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Black-elite-Americans-Commission-Education/dp/0070101167/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305754248\&sr=1-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11897,
	title = {The Overeducated American},
	year = {1976},
	note = {(Japanese translation, 1977). Chapter 8 reprinted in Readings in Labor Economics and Labor Relations. ed. by L. Reynolds, S. Masters, and C. Moser, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1978. Reprinted in Kenkysusha Modern
English Readers. (Tokyo 1982).},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Overeducated-American-Richard-B-Freeman/dp/012267250X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305754027\&sr=1-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@workingpaper {13139,
	title = {Manpower Analysis for Economic Development},
	year = {1975},
	note = {M.I.T., CPS},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12627,
	title = {Overinvestment in College Training?},
	journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
	year = {1975},
	note = {Reprinted in Evaluation Studies Review Annual. ed. by Gene V. Glass, (Sage Publications,
Inc., Beverly Hills, California).},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12626,
	title = {Legal Cobwebs: A Recursive Model of the Market for Lawyers},
	journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
	year = {1975},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12625,
	title = {Supply and Salary Adjustments to the Changing Science Manpower Market: Physics, 1948- 1975},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {65},
	number = {1},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {27-39},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12624,
	title = {Youth Employment Opportunities: Changes in the Relative Position of College and High School Graduates},
	booktitle = {Labor Market Information for Youths},
	year = {1975},
	publisher = {Temple University Press},
	organization = {Temple University Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12600,
	title = {The Declining Economic Value of College Going},
	journal = {Change},
	year = {1975},
	note = {Reprinted in The Education Digest December 1975 and Issues: Psychology and the
Problems of Today, M. Wertheimer, L. Rappoport (eds.) Scott, Foresman and Company.
Reprinted in National Association of Independent Schools, Issues for Planning and Policy
Development.},
	author = {Richard Freeman and H. Hollomon}
}
@inbook {12527,
	title = {Demand for Labor in Non-Profit Markets: University Faculty},
	booktitle = {Labor in Non-Profit Markets},
	year = {1975},
	note = {HIER paper $\#$512, October 1976. IR Section Princeton University Working Paper 42F, 1973.},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	address = {NJ},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {13170,
	title = {Disenfranchisement, Refranchisement, and Governmental Demand for Black Workers, 1890-1970},
	year = {1974},
	type = {Chapter of book in progress},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12719,
	title = {Alternative Theories of Labor Market Discrimination: Individual and Collective Behavior},
	booktitle = {Patterns of Economic Discrimination},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {Chapter 3},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12718,
	title = {Labor Market Discrimination: Analysis, Findings and Problems},
	booktitle = {Frontiers of Quantitative Economics: Vol II},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {Chapter 9},
	publisher = {North Holland Press},
	organization = {North Holland Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12717,
	title = {The Changing Labor Market for Minorities},
	booktitle = {Higher Education and the Labor Market},
	year = {1974},
	publisher = {MCGraw-Hill},
	organization = {MCGraw-Hill},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12630,
	title = {Occupational Training in Proprietary Schools and Technical Institutes},
	journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
	year = {1974},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12629,
	title = {Manpower Requirements and the Skill Composition of the Work Force: U.S. Experience, 1950-1973},
	booktitle = {Manpower Forecasting},
	year = {1974},
	publisher = {National Science Foundation},
	organization = {National Science Foundation},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {12628,
	title = {Forecasting the Ph.D. Labor Market: Pitfalls for Policy},
	year = {1974},
	institution = {National Board of Graduate Education},
	author = {D. Breneman and Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11899,
	title = {Labor Market Analysis of Engineers and Technical Workers},
	year = {1974},
	publisher = {The Johns Hopkins University Press},
	organization = {The Johns Hopkins University Press},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Analysis-Engineers-Technical-Maryland-Bicentennial/dp/0801815223/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1305754376\&sr=1-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman and Lee Hansen}
}
@unpublished {13172,
	title = {The Effect of the Depression on the Relative Status of Black Americans},
	year = {1973},
	type = {Chapter of book in progress},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@unpublished {13168,
	title = {The Decline of Black Craftsmen in the U.S. South},
	year = {1973},
	type = {Chapter of book in progress},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12720,
	title = {Decline of Labor Market Discrimination and Economic Analysis},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {63},
	number = {2},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {280-286},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@inbook {12631,
	title = {On Mythical Effects of Public Subsidization of Higher Education},
	booktitle = {Does College Really Matter?},
	year = {1973},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@conference {13166,
	title = {Black/White Economic Differences: Why Did They Last So Long?},
	booktitle = {Cliometrics Meetings},
	year = {1972},
	address = {Wisconsin},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@article {12632,
	title = {Labor Market Adjustments in Psychology},
	journal = {American Psychologist},
	year = {1972},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@book {11900,
	title = {The Market for College Trained Manpower},
	year = {1971},
	note = {Named one of "Outstanding Books in Industrial Relations and Labor Economics, 1970-1979." Chapter 6 reprinted in Labor Market Analysis. ed by J. Burton, L. Benham, W. Vaughn, and R.
Flanagan, 1971.},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	organization = {Harvard University Press},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Market-College-Trained-Manpower-Economics-Career/dp/0674549767/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1305754400\&sr=1-1},
	author = {Richard Freeman}
}
@report {13199,
	title = {Labor Force, Unemployment and Population in Chronically Depressed Areas},
	year = {1964},
	institution = {Area Redevelopment Administration},
	author = {M. Segal and Richard Freeman}
}
