<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chuck Hagel and Linkage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Weekly Standard</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;An examination of Chuck Hagel's interactions with Arab and Israeli leaders, as reflected in U.S. diplomatic dispatches preserved in WikiLeaks.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rules of Engagement: How Government Can Leverage Academe</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=346</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, DC</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;For almost two generations, major parts of academe have been alienated from America's exercise of power due to entrenched ideological differences with the federal government. Following President Obama's election, however, signs of a remarkable shift emerged, with more academics serving in policy positions, huddling with top officials behind closed doors, and otherwise extolling the virtues of &quot;soft&quot; or &quot;smart&quot; power. How can Washington take advantage of this once-in-a-generation opportunity to create more structured and effective partnerships with universities?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this Policy Focus, Dr. Martin Kramer surveys the state of government-academe relations ten years after his bestselling book Ivory Towers dissected &quot;the failure of Middle Eastern studies in America.&quot; Intended as a short field manual for government engagement with professors, deans, and university presidents, the paper describes how policymakers can better wield three of academia's most important levers: the clout inherent in peer review, the influence conferred by academic endowments, and the access created by sharing information despite the need to keep some of it classified.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How Not to Fix the Middle East</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle East Strategy at Harvard (MESH)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/07</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/files/2009/12/obama_kramer.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle East Strategy at Harvard (MESH)</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, MA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The Obama administration is undercutting its own ambitious agenda, by signaling that the United States has lost some of its weight in world affairs. The “post-American” rhetoric of liberal internationalists and realists is setting off a scramble for advantage among the “middle powers” of the Middle East.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Originally a lecture delivered on November 16, 2009, to the Columbia University International Relations Forum (CUIRF).&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The American Interest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azure</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/the-american-interest/</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-33</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Policy and the Academy: An Illicit Relationship?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle East Quarterly</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.meforum.org/521/policy-and-the-academy-an-illicit-relationship</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An inquiry into the views of the late Elie Kedourie on the relationship between academe and the making of foreign policy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Saban Center</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inclusion or Exclusion? Islamism in Politics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An Agenda for Action: The 2002 Doha Conference on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/19/2002</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conference held in Doha, Qatar</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remarks delivered on October 20, 2002 and published as Martin Kramer, &quot;Inclusion or Exclusion? Islamism in Politics,&quot; in An Agenda for Action: The 2002 Doha Conference on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World (Washington: The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 2003), pp. 41-44.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/21/2002</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/ivory-towers-on-sand-the-failure-of-middle-eastern-studies-in-america/</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, DC</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0944029493</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For the past twenty years, Middle Eastern studies in America have been factories of error. The academics, blinded by their own prejudices and enslaved to the fashions of the disciplines, have failed to anticipate or explain any of the major developments in the Middle East. Within the field, hardly a voice dares to protest, but beyond it, each debacle chips away at academic's credibility. Middle Eastern studies have failed--at a time when understanding the Middle East has become crucial to America. In this iconoclastic exposé, Martin Kramer surveys the ruins of Middle Eastern studies, to ask how and why they went wrong. Ivory Towers on Sand is the most thorough critique of Middle Eastern studies ever published in the United States--and a necessary step toward their reconstruction. </style></abstract><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DS61.9.U6 K73 2001</style></call-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tel Aviv</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">311</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9652240400</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jews figure prominently in the history of the modern European encounter with Islam. The similarities between Hebrew and Arabic, the parallels between two faiths grounded in law, and the relative tolerance of Muslim rule toward Jews--all these are said to have permitted many Jews to approach Islam with an understanding and sympathy once uncommon in Europe. Was there a &quot;Jewish discovery of Islam,&quot; distinct from Europe's discovery? Is there some unifying characteristic to the approach of these Jewish &quot;discoverers&quot;? In this original volume, contributors assess the approaches to Islam of some of the most famous European Jewish travelers, writers, and scholars.</style></abstract><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BP173.J8 J49 1999x</style></call-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Middle East, Old and New</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daedalus</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-112</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Islamism Debate</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://books.google.com/books?id=yxnYAAAAMAAJ</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tel Aviv, Israel</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Is Islamism driven by religious fervor, social protest or national xenophobia? Is the rise of Islamism a threat to stability, tolerance, and order, or is it the first step toward reform, participation, and democratization? These and other questions are debated by nine authors - leading protagonists in the Islamism debate - from the United States, Britain, France, and Israel.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott Appleby</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/oracle-of-hizbullah-sayyid-muhammad-husayn-fadlallah/</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Chicago Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chicago, Illinois</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-181</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0226021246</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BP70. S67 1997</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Text here: http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/oracle-of-hizbullah-sayyid-muhammad-husayn-fadlallah/</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://books.google.com/books?id=0jjM74ZYS5kC</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transaction Publishers</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Brunswick, N.J.</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Over the past decade, the political ground beneath the Middle East has shifted. Arab nationalism the political orthodoxy for most of this century has lost its grip on the imagination and allegiance of a new generation. At the same time, Islam as an ideology has spread across the region, and &quot;Islamists&quot; bid to capture the center of politics. Most Western scholars and experts once hailed the redemptive power of Arabism. Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival is a critical assessment of the contradictions of Arab nationalism and Islamic fundamentalism, and the misrepresentation of both in the West.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paperback edition, 2008.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hizbullah: The Calculus of Jihad</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/1994</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/hizbullah-the-calculus-of-jihad/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-43</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Also appeared here: Martin Kramer, “Hizbullah: The Calculus of Jihad,” in Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance (= The Fundamentalism Project, vol. 3), eds. M. Marty and R.S. Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 539-56. </style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daedalus</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/1993</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/arab-nationalism-mistaken-identity/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171-206</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Eastern Lives: The Practice of Biography and Self-Narrative</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://books.google.com/books?id=YxYbtZK1_1QC</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syracuse University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syracuse, N.Y.</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An impressive array of scholars, biographers, and critics from the disciplines of anthropology, history, political science, and psychology explore the diversity of approaches both to writing biography and to reading self-narratives.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hezbollah's Vision of the West</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Washington Institute for Near East Policy</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, DC</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The foreign hostages in Lebanon are living reminders of the challenge posed to the West by Hezbollah, the Iranian-backed movement of fundamentalist Lebanese Shi’ites. Hezbollah has conducted its operational campaign with a great measure of strategic and tactical savvy. Yet its ideologues understand and represent its struggle as a war without borders whose aim is to redraw the map of the Middle East and ultimately fashion an Islamic world order.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this Policy Paper, Martin Kramer ascribes the origin of Hezbollah’s hostile vision of the West not only to the policies of Western governments, but to Hezbollah’s own ideological and theological tenets. Kramer offers a broad discussion of&amp;nbsp; authority in Hezbollah; an analysis of Hezbollah’s vision of an Islamic world order; an account of its presentation of the United States, Israel, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union; and reflection on the centrality of ideas in Hezbollah’s rise and subsequent development.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La Mecque: la controverse du pèlerinage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maghreb-Machrek</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/1988</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-52</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juillet 1987: manifestation à la Mecque de pèlerins iraniens, reconstitution des faits à partir de versions contradictoires.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La morale du Hizbollah et sa logique</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maghreb-Machrek</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/1988</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-60</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analyse de &quot;la logique morale&quot; élaborée et développée au sein du hizbollah: &quot;parti de Dieu&quot;.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of William L. Cleveland, Islam Against the West: Shakib Arslan and the Campaign for Islamic Nationalism</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Eastern Studies</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/1987</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/the-arab-nation-of-shakib-arslan/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">529-533</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book Review</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">529</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syria's Alawis and Shi'ism</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi'ism, Resistance and Revoluion</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/syria-alawis-and-shiism/</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Westview Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, CO</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237-54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;An analysis of the effort by Syria's politically dominant Alawi minority to secure legitimation as Muslim, and the resistance to that effort by Syria's Sunni majority.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Islam Assembled: The Advent of the Muslim Congresses</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/islam-assembled/</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Columbia University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">250</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0231059949</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Late in the 19th century, Muslims, separated by distance, language, and history, first thought to make their world whole by assembling in congress. &quot;Islam Assembled&quot; traces the roots of political activism in Islam as it took form in these gatherings. From the first fitful initiatives undertaken by a handful of Muslim cosmopolitans to the era when the West began to divest itself of its Muslim possessions and the need for the congresses diminished, &quot;Islam Assembled&quot; traces in detail this crucial but previously untold story.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DS35.7 .K7 1986</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Full text is available via ACLS Humanities E-Book at &lt;a href=&quot;http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00904&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00904&lt;/a&gt; and at MartinKramer.org, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/islam-assembled/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of Daniel Pipes, In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The American Spectator</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/1984</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/in-the-path-of-god/</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-40</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book Review</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Stockman-Shomron</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Islam and Politics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel, the Middle East, and the Great Powers</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/islam-and-politics/</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shikmona</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jerusalem</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98-110</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9652870005</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of Fouad Ajami, The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice Since 1967</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Commentary</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/1982</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/arabs-against-themselves/</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-88</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book Review</style></work-type><num-vols><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monthly</style></num-vols></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaykh Maraghi’s Mission to the Hijaz, 1925</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asian and African Studies</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/1982</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/shaykh-maraghis-mission-to-the-hijaz-1925/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-136</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What Happened in Iran</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Commentary</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-80</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A review of the last Shah of Iran's memoirs, &lt;em&gt;Answer to History&lt;/em&gt;, and Barry Rubin's &lt;em&gt;Paved with Good Intentions.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kramer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Egypt’s Royal Archives, 1922-1952</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Research Center in Egypt Newsletter</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/egypts-royal-archives-1922-1952/</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></section></record></records></xml>