<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volz, Magdalena Sarah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suarez-Contreras, Vanessa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mendonca, Mariana E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinheiro, Fernando Santos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of sensory behavioral tasks on pain threshold and cortical excitability.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS One</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e52968</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation has been proven to modulate nervous system activity, leading to changes in pain perception, via the peripheral sensory system, in a bottom up approach. We tested whether different sensory behavioral tasks induce significant effects in pain processing and whether these changes correlate with cortical plasticity.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This randomized parallel designed experiment included forty healthy right-handed males. Three different somatosensory tasks, including learning tasks with and without visual feedback and simple somatosensory input, were tested on pressure pain threshold and motor cortex excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Sensory tasks induced hand-specific pain modulation effects. They increased pain thresholds of the left hand (which was the target to the sensory tasks) and decreased them in the right hand. TMS showed that somatosensory input decreased cortical excitability, as indexed by reduced MEP amplitudes and increased SICI. Although somatosensory tasks similarly altered pain thresholds and cortical excitability, there was no significant correlation between these variables and only the visual feedback task showed significant somatosensory learning.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Lack of correlation between cortical excitability and pain thresholds and lack of differential effects across tasks, but significant changes in pain thresholds suggest that analgesic effects of somatosensory tasks are not primarily associated with motor cortical neural mechanisms, thus, suggesting that subcortical neural circuits and/or spinal cord are involved with the observed effects. Identifying the neural mechanisms of somatosensory stimulation on pain may open novel possibilities for combining different targeted therapies for pain control.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23301010?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rethinking Visual Impairment</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, E. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, S. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of Visual Field Training for Hemianopia With Active Versus Sham Transcranial Direct Cortical Stimulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurorehabilitation and neural repair</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurorehabil Neural Repair</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan 30</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22291042</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012/02/01</style></edition><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1552-6844 (Electronic)1545-9683 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;BACKGROUND: Vision Restoration Therapy (VRT) aims to improve visual field function by systematically training regions of residual vision associated with the activity of suboptimal firing neurons within the occipital cortex. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to modulate cortical excitability. OBJECTIVE: Assess the possible efficacy of tDCS combined with VRT. METHODS: The authors conducted a randomized, double-blind, demonstration-of-concept pilot study where participants were assigned to either VRT and tDCS or VRT and sham. The anode was placed over the occipital pole to target both affected and unaffected lobes. One hour training sessions were carried out 3 times per week for 3 months in a laboratory. Outcome measures included objective and subjective changes in visual field, recording of visual fixation performance, and vision-related activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QOL). RESULTS: Although 12 participants were enrolled, only 8 could be analyzed. The VRT and tDCS group demonstrated significantly greater expansion in visual field and improvement on ADLs compared with the VRT and sham group. Contrary to expectations, subjective perception of visual field change was greater in the VRT and sham group. QOL did not change for either group. The observed changes in visual field were unrelated to compensatory eye movements, as shown with fixation monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of occipital cortical tDCS with visual field rehabilitation appears to enhance visual functional outcomes compared with visual rehabilitation alone. TDCS may enhance inherent mechanisms of plasticity associated with training.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22291042</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012 Jan 30.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, E. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, S. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temporal Profile of Functional Visual Rehabilitative Outcomes Modulated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromodulation</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feb 29</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376226</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012/03/02</style></edition><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1525-1403 (Electronic)1094-7159 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Objectives: We have previously reported that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered to the occipital cortex enhances visual functional recovery when combined with three months of computer-based rehabilitative training in patients with hemianopia. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal sequence of effects of tDCS on visual recovery as they appear over the course of training and across different indicators of visual function. Methods: Primary objective outcome measures were 1) shifts in visual field border and 2) stimulus detection accuracy within the affected hemifield. These were compared between patients randomized to either vision restoration therapy (VRT) combined with active tDCS or VRT paired with sham tDCS. Training comprised two half-hour sessions, three times a week for three months. Primary outcome measures were collected at baseline (pretest), monthly interim intervals, and at posttest (three months). As secondary outcome measures, contrast sensitivity and reading performance were collected at pretest and posttest time points only. Results: Active tDCS combined with VRT accelerated the recovery of stimulus detection as between-group differences appeared within the first month of training. In contrast, a shift in the visual field border was only evident at posttest (after three months of training). tDCS did not affect contrast sensitivity or reading performance. Conclusions: These results suggest that tDCS may differentially affect the magnitude and sequence of visual recovery in a manner that is task specific to the type of visual rehabilitative training strategy employed.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22376226</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Neuromodulation. 2012 Feb 29. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00440.x.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA; and Vision Rehabilitation Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattaneo, Zaira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vecchi, Tomaso</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fantino, Micaela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbert, Andrew M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of vertical and horizontal symmetry on memory for tactile patterns in late blind individuals.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atten Percept Psychophys</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atten Percept Psychophys</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Nov 13</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual stimuli that exhibit vertical symmetry are easier to remember than stimuli symmetric along other axes, an advantage that extends to the haptic modality as well. Critically, the vertical symmetry memory advantage has not been found in early blind individuals, despite their overall superior memory, as compared with sighted individuals, and the presence of an overall advantage for identifying symmetric over asymmetric patterns. The absence of the vertical axis memory advantage in the early blind may depend on their total lack of visual experience or on the effect of prolonged visual deprivation. To disentangle this issue, in this study, we measured the ability of late blind individuals to remember tactile spatial patterns that were either vertically or horizontally symmetric or asymmetric. Late blind participants showed better memory performance for symmetric patterns. An additional advantage for the vertical axis of symmetry over the horizontal one was reported, but only for patterns presented in the frontal plane. In the horizontal plane, no difference was observed between vertical and horizontal symmetric patterns, due to the latter being recalled particularly well. These results are discussed in terms of the influence of the spatial reference frame adopted during exploration. Overall, our data suggest that prior visual experience is sufficient to drive the vertical symmetry memory advantage, at least when an external reference frame based on geocentric cues (i.e., gravity) is adopted.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23150215?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, Ela B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, Souzana N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of visual field training for hemianopia with active versus sham transcranial direct cortical stimulation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurorehabil Neural Repair</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurorehabil Neural Repair</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Double-Blind Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eye Movements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Follow-Up Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemianopsia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recovery of Function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics, Nonparametric</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Therapy, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Field Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">616-26</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Vision Restoration Therapy (VRT) aims to improve visual field function by systematically training regions of residual vision associated with the activity of suboptimal firing neurons within the occipital cortex. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to modulate cortical excitability.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the possible efficacy of tDCS combined with VRT.

METHODS: The authors conducted a randomized, double-blind, demonstration-of-concept pilot study where participants were assigned to either VRT and tDCS or VRT and sham. The anode was placed over the occipital pole to target both affected and unaffected lobes. One hour training sessions were carried out 3 times per week for 3 months in a laboratory. Outcome measures included objective and subjective changes in visual field, recording of visual fixation performance, and vision-related activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QOL).

RESULTS: Although 12 participants were enrolled, only 8 could be analyzed. The VRT and tDCS group demonstrated significantly greater expansion in visual field and improvement on ADLs compared with the VRT and sham group. Contrary to expectations, subjective perception of visual field change was greater in the VRT and sham group. QOL did not change for either group. The observed changes in visual field were unrelated to compensatory eye movements, as shown with fixation monitoring.

CONCLUSIONS: The combination of occipital cortical tDCS with visual field rehabilitation appears to enhance visual functional outcomes compared with visual rehabilitation alone. TDCS may enhance inherent mechanisms of plasticity associated with training.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22291042?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bench to clinical translational applications of noninvasive brain stimulation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromodulation</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromodulation</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deep Brain Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nervous System Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Translational Medical Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281-2</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22882243?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brunoni, Andre Russowsky</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitsche, Michael A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolognini, Nadia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bikson, Marom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, Tim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lotfi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, Dylan J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valero-Cabre, Antoni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotenberg, Alexander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferrucci, Roberta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Priori, Alberto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boggio, Paulo Sergio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Stimul</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Stimul</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical Research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forecasting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-95</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers low-intensity, direct current to cortical areas facilitating or inhibiting spontaneous neuronal activity. In the past 10 years, tDCS physiologic mechanisms of action have been intensively investigated giving support for the investigation of its applications in clinical neuropsychiatry and rehabilitation. However, new methodologic, ethical, and regulatory issues emerge when translating the findings of preclinical and phase I studies into phase II and III clinical studies. The aim of this comprehensive review is to discuss the key challenges of this process and possible methods to address them. METHODS: We convened a workgroup of researchers in the field to review, discuss, and provide updates and key challenges of tDCS use in clinical research. MAIN FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: We reviewed several basic and clinical studies in the field and identified potential limitations, taking into account the particularities of the technique. We review and discuss the findings into four topics: (1) mechanisms of action of tDCS, parameters of use and computer-based human brain modeling investigating electric current fields and magnitude induced by tDCS; (2) methodologic aspects related to the clinical research of tDCS as divided according to study phase (ie, preclinical, phase I, phase II, and phase III studies); (3) ethical and regulatory concerns; and (4) future directions regarding novel approaches, novel devices, and future studies involving tDCS. Finally, we propose some alternative methods to facilitate clinical research on tDCS.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22037126?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bikson, Marom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rahman, Asif</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Datta, Abhishek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lotfi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High-resolution modeling assisted design of customized and individualized transcranial direct current stimulation protocols.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromodulation</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromodulation</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individualized Medicine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Neurological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skull</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroke</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">306-15</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers low-intensity currents facilitating or inhibiting spontaneous neuronal activity. tDCS is attractive since dose is readily adjustable by simply changing electrode number, position, size, shape, and current. In the recent past, computational models have been developed with increased precision with the goal to help customize tDCS dose. The aim of this review is to discuss the incorporation of high-resolution patient-specific computer modeling to guide and optimize tDCS.

METHODS: In this review, we discuss the following topics: 1) The clinical motivation and rationale for models of transcranial stimulation is considered pivotal in order to leverage the flexibility of neuromodulation; 2) the protocols and the workflow for developing high-resolution models; 3) the technical challenges and limitations of interpreting modeling predictions; and 4) real cases merging modeling and clinical data illustrating the impact of computational models on the rational design of rehabilitative electrotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS: Though modeling for noninvasive brain stimulation is still in its development phase, it is predicted that with increased validation, dissemination, simplification, and democratization of modeling tools, computational forward models of neuromodulation will become useful tools to guide the optimization of clinical electrotherapy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22780230?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, Ela B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, Souzana N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Mary Lou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temporal profile of functional visual rehabilitative outcomes modulated by transcranial direct current stimulation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromodulation</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromodulation</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of Variance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contrast Sensitivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Double-Blind Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemianopsia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychomotor Performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recovery of Function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision, Ocular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">367-73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: We have previously reported that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered to the occipital cortex enhances visual functional recovery when combined with three months of computer-based rehabilitative training in patients with hemianopia. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal sequence of effects of tDCS on visual recovery as they appear over the course of training and across different indicators of visual function.

METHODS: Primary objective outcome measures were 1) shifts in visual field border and 2) stimulus detection accuracy within the affected hemifield. These were compared between patients randomized to either vision restoration therapy (VRT) combined with active tDCS or VRT paired with sham tDCS. Training comprised two half-hour sessions, three times a week for three months. Primary outcome measures were collected at baseline (pretest), monthly interim intervals, and at posttest (three months). As secondary outcome measures, contrast sensitivity and reading performance were collected at pretest and posttest time points only.

RESULTS: Active tDCS combined with VRT accelerated the recovery of stimulus detection as between-group differences appeared within the first month of training. In contrast, a shift in the visual field border was only evident at posttest (after three months of training). tDCS did not affect contrast sensitivity or reading performance.

CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that tDCS may differentially affect the magnitude and sequence of visual recovery in a manner that is task specific to the type of visual rehabilitative training strategy employed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376226?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolognini, Nadia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Convento, Silvia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rossetti, Angela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multisensory processing after a brain damage: Clues on post-injury crossmodal plasticity from neuropsychology.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurosci Biobehav Rev</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurosci Biobehav Rev</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Dec 17</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-278</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current neuropsychological evidence demonstrates that damage to sensory-specific and heteromodal areas of the brain not only disrupts the ability of combining sensory information from multiple sources, but can also cause altered multisensory experiences. On the other hand, there is also evidence of behavioural benefits induced by spared multisensory mechanisms. Thus, crossmodal plasticity can be viewed in both an adaptive and maladaptive context. The emerging view is that different crossmodal plastic changes can result following damage to sensory-specific and heteromodal areas, with post-injury crossmodal plasticity representing an attempt of a multisensory system to reconnect the various senses and by-pass injured areas. Changes can be considered adaptive when there is compensation for the lesion-induced sensory impairment. Conversely, it may prove maladaptive when atypical or even illusory multisensory experiences are generated as a result of re-arranged multisensory networks. This theoretical framework posits new intriguing questions for neuropsychological research and places greater emphasis on the study of multisensory phenomena within the context of damage to large-scale brain networks, rather than just focal damage alone.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23253947?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connors, Erin C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, Mark A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez, Jaime</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching the blind to find their way by playing video games.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS One</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e44958</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer based video games are receiving great interest as a means to learn and acquire new skills. As a novel approach to teaching navigation skills in the blind, we have developed Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES); a virtual reality environment set within the context of a video game metaphor. Despite the fact that participants were naïve to the overall purpose of the software, we found that early blind users were able to acquire relevant information regarding the spatial layout of a previously unfamiliar building using audio based cues alone. This was confirmed by a series of behavioral performance tests designed to assess the transfer of acquired spatial information to a large-scale, real-world indoor navigation task. Furthermore, learning the spatial layout through a goal directed gaming strategy allowed for the mental manipulation of spatial information as evidenced by enhanced navigation performance when compared to an explicit route learning strategy. We conclude that the immersive and highly interactive nature of the software greatly engages the blind user to actively explore the virtual environment. This in turn generates an accurate sense of a large-scale three-dimensional space and facilitates the learning and transfer of navigation skills to the physical world.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23028703?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, E. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, S. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenkel, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combining visual rehabilitative training and noninvasive brain stimulation to enhance visual function in patients with hemianopia: a comparative case study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PM &amp; R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pm R</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21944300</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011/09/29</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">825-35</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1934-1563 (Electronic)1934-1482 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;OBJECTIVE: To standardize a protocol for promoting visual rehabilitative outcomes in post-stroke hemianopia by combining occipital cortical transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with Vision Restoration Therapy (VRT). DESIGN: A comparative case study assessing feasibility and safety. SETTING: A controlled laboratory setting. PATIENTS: Two patients, both with right hemianopia after occipital stroke damage. METHODS AND OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Both patients underwent an identical VRT protocol that lasted 3 months (30 minutes, twice a day, 3 days per week). In patient 1, anodal tDCS was delivered to the occipital cortex during VRT training, whereas in patient 2 sham tDCS with VRT was performed. The primary outcome, visual field border, was defined objectively by using high-resolution perimetry. Secondary outcomes included subjective characterization of visual deficit and functional surveys that assessed performance on activities of daily living. For patient 1, the neural correlates of visual recovery were also investigated, by using functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Delivery of combined tDCS with VRT was feasible and safe. High-resolution perimetry revealed a greater shift in visual field border for patient 1 versus patient 2. Patient 1 also showed greater recovery of function in activities of daily living. Contrary to the expectation, patient 2 perceived greater subjective improvement in visual field despite objective high-resolution perimetry results that indicated otherwise. In patient 1, visual function recovery was associated with functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in surviving peri-lesional and bilateral higher-order visual areas. CONCLUSIONS: Results of preliminary case comparisons suggest that occipital cortical tDCS may enhance recovery of visual function associated with concurrent VRT through visual cortical reorganization. Future studies may benefit from incorporating protocol refinements such as those described here, which include global capture of function, control for potential confounds, and investigation of underlying neural substrates of recovery.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative StudyResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21944300</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Plow, Ela BObretenova, Souzana NHalko, Mark AKenkel, SigridJackson, Mary LouPascual-Leone, AlvaroMerabet, Lotfi BK23-EY016131/EY/NEI NIH HHS/PM R. 2011 Sep;3(9):825-35.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bikson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scaturro, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, E. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Datta, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroplastic changes following rehabilitative training correlate with regional electrical field induced with tDCS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NeuroImage</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroimage</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aug 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21620985</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011/05/31</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">885-91</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1095-9572 (Electronic)1053-8119 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has recently emerged as a promising approach to enhance neurorehabilitative outcomes. However, little is known about how the local electrical field generated by tDCS relates to underlying neuroplastic changes and behavior. To address this question, we present a case study analysis of an individual with hemianopia due to stroke and who benefited from a combined visual rehabilitation training and tDCS treatment program. Activation associated with a visual motion perception task (obtained by functional magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI) was used to characterize local changes in brain activity at baseline and after training. Individualized, high-resolution electrical field modeling reproducing precise cerebral and lesioned tissue geometry, predicted distortions of current flow in peri-lesional areas and diffuse clusters of peak electric fields. Using changes in fMRI signal as an index of cortical recovery, correlations to the electrical field map were determined. Significant correlations between the electrical field and change in fMRI signal were region specific including cortical areas under the anode electrode and peri-lesional visual areas. These patterns were consistent with effective tDCS facilitated rehabilitation. We describe the methodology used to analyze tDCS mechanisms through combined fMRI and computational modeling with the ultimate goal of developing a rationale for individualized therapy.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case ReportsResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21620985</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Halko, M ADatta, APlow, E BScaturro, JBikson, MMerabet, L BK23-EY016131/EY/NEI NIH HHS/Neuroimage. 2011 Aug 1;57(3):885-91. Epub 2011 May 18.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3167218</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotenberg, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferrucci, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Priori, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boggio, P. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valero-Cabre, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, D.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolognini, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitsche, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bikson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brunoni, A. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Challenges and future directions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain stimulation</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Stimul</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apr 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22037126</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011/11/01</style></edition><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1935-861X (Electronic)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers low-intensity, direct current to cortical areas facilitating or inhibiting spontaneous neuronal activity. In the past 10 years, tDCS physiologic mechanisms of action have been intensively investigated giving support for the investigation of its applications in clinical neuropsychiatry and rehabilitation. However, new methodologic, ethical, and regulatory issues emerge when translating the findings of preclinical and phase I studies into phase II and III clinical studies. The aim of this comprehensive review is to discuss the key challenges of this process and possible methods to address them. METHODS: We convened a workgroup of researchers in the field to review, discuss, and provide updates and key challenges of tDCS use in clinical research. MAIN FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: We reviewed several basic and clinical studies in the field and identified potential limitations, taking into account the particularities of the technique. We review and discuss the findings into four topics: (1) mechanisms of action of tDCS, parameters of use and computer-based human brain modeling investigating electric current fields and magnitude induced by tDCS; (2) methodologic aspects related to the clinical research of tDCS as divided according to study phase (ie, preclinical, phase I, phase II, and phase III studies); (3) ethical and regulatory concerns; and (4) future directions regarding novel approaches, novel devices, and future studies involving tDCS. Finally, we propose some alternative methods to facilitate clinical research on tDCS.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22037126</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Brain Stimul. 2011 Apr 1.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3270156</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, Ela B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, Souzana N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, Mark A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenkel, Sigrid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Mary Lou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combining visual rehabilitative training and noninvasive brain stimulation to enhance visual function in patients with hemianopia: a comparative case study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PM R</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PM R</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eye Movements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemianopsia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">825-35</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To standardize a protocol for promoting visual rehabilitative outcomes in post-stroke hemianopia by combining occipital cortical transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with Vision Restoration Therapy (VRT).

DESIGN: A comparative case study assessing feasibility and safety.

SETTING: A controlled laboratory setting.

PATIENTS: Two patients, both with right hemianopia after occipital stroke damage. METHODS AND OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Both patients underwent an identical VRT protocol that lasted 3 months (30 minutes, twice a day, 3 days per week). In patient 1, anodal tDCS was delivered to the occipital cortex during VRT training, whereas in patient 2 sham tDCS with VRT was performed. The primary outcome, visual field border, was defined objectively by using high-resolution perimetry. Secondary outcomes included subjective characterization of visual deficit and functional surveys that assessed performance on activities of daily living. For patient 1, the neural correlates of visual recovery were also investigated, by using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

RESULTS: Delivery of combined tDCS with VRT was feasible and safe. High-resolution perimetry revealed a greater shift in visual field border for patient 1 versus patient 2. Patient 1 also showed greater recovery of function in activities of daily living. Contrary to the expectation, patient 2 perceived greater subjective improvement in visual field despite objective high-resolution perimetry results that indicated otherwise. In patient 1, visual function recovery was associated with functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in surviving peri-lesional and bilateral higher-order visual areas.

CONCLUSIONS: Results of preliminary case comparisons suggest that occipital cortical tDCS may enhance recovery of visual function associated with concurrent VRT through visual cortical reorganization. Future studies may benefit from incorporating protocol refinements such as those described here, which include global capture of function, control for potential confounds, and investigation of underlying neural substrates of recovery.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21944300?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Datta, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, E. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scaturro, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bikson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroplastic changes following rehabilitative training correlate with regional electrical field induced with tDCS.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroimage</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroimage</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemianopsia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuronal Plasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Aug 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">885-91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has recently emerged as a promising approach to enhance neurorehabilitative outcomes. However, little is known about how the local electrical field generated by tDCS relates to underlying neuroplastic changes and behavior. To address this question, we present a case study analysis of an individual with hemianopia due to stroke and who benefited from a combined visual rehabilitation training and tDCS treatment program. Activation associated with a visual motion perception task (obtained by functional magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI) was used to characterize local changes in brain activity at baseline and after training. Individualized, high-resolution electrical field modeling reproducing precise cerebral and lesioned tissue geometry, predicted distortions of current flow in peri-lesional areas and diffuse clusters of peak electric fields. Using changes in fMRI signal as an index of cortical recovery, correlations to the electrical field map were determined. Significant correlations between the electrical field and change in fMRI signal were region specific including cortical areas under the anode electrode and peri-lesional visual areas. These patterns were consistent with effective tDCS facilitated rehabilitation. We describe the methodology used to analyze tDCS mechanisms through combined fMRI and computational modeling with the ultimate goal of developing a rationale for individualized therapy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21620985?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building the bionic eye: an emerging reality and opportunity.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prog Brain Res</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prog. Brain Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical Trials as Topic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality of Life</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retina</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision, Ocular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Pathways</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Prosthesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">192</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-15</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Once the topic of folklore and science fiction, the notion of restoring vision to the blind is now approaching a tractable reality. Technological advances have inspired numerous multidisciplinary groups worldwide to develop visual neuroprosthetic devices that could potentially provide useful vision and improve the quality of life of profoundly blind individuals. While a variety of approaches and designs are being pursued, they all share a common principle of creating visual percepts through the stimulation of visual neural elements using appropriate patterns of electrical stimulation. Human clinical trials are now well underway and initial results have been met with a balance of excitement and cautious optimism. As remaining technical and surgical challenges continue to be solved and clinical trials move forward, we now enter a phase of development that requires careful consideration of a new set of issues. Establishing appropriate patient selection criteria, methods of evaluating long-term performance and effectiveness, and strategies to rehabilitate implanted patients will all need to be considered in order to achieve optimal outcomes and establish these devices as viable therapeutic options.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763515?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building the bionic eye: an emerging reality and opportunity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progress in brain research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prog Brain Res</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763515</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011/07/19</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">192</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-15</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1875-7855 (Electronic)0079-6123 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Once the topic of folklore and science fiction, the notion of restoring vision to the blind is now approaching a tractable reality. Technological advances have inspired numerous multidisciplinary groups worldwide to develop visual neuroprosthetic devices that could potentially provide useful vision and improve the quality of life of profoundly blind individuals. While a variety of approaches and designs are being pursued, they all share a common principle of creating visual percepts through the stimulation of visual neural elements using appropriate patterns of electrical stimulation. Human clinical trials are now well underway and initial results have been met with a balance of excitement and cautious optimism. As remaining technical and surgical challenges continue to be solved and clinical trials move forward, we now enter a phase of development that requires careful consideration of a new set of issues. Establishing appropriate patient selection criteria, methods of evaluating long-term performance and effectiveness, and strategies to rehabilitate implanted patients will all need to be considered in order to achieve optimal outcomes and establish these devices as viable therapeutic options.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21763515</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BNetherlandsProg Brain Res. 2011;192:3-15.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. lotfi_merabet@meei.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maravita, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Senna, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolognini, N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Auditory enhancement of visual phosphene perception: the effect of temporal and spatial factors and of stimulus intensity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurosci Lett</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun 25</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430065</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010/05/01</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">477</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-14</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1872-7972 (Electronic)0304-3940 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Multisensory integration of information from different sensory modalities is an essential component of perception. Neurophysiological studies have revealed that audiovisual interactions occur early in time and even within sensory cortical areas believed to be modality-specific. Here we investigated the effect of auditory stimuli on visual perception of phosphenes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered to the occipital visual cortex. TMS applied at subthreshold intensity led to the perception of phosphenes when coupled with an auditory stimulus presented within close spatiotemporal congruency at the expected retinotopic location of the phosphene percept. The effect was maximal when the auditory stimulus preceded the occipital TMS pulse by 40 ms. Follow-up experiments confirmed a high degree of temporal and spatial specificity of this facilitatory effect. Furthermore, audiovisual facilitation was only present at subthreshold TMS intensity for the phosphenes, suggesting that suboptimal levels of excitability within unisensory cortices may be better suited for enhanced crossmodal interactions. Overall, our findings reveal early auditory-visual interactions due to the enhancement of visual cortical excitability by auditory stimuli. These interactions may reflect an underlying anatomical connectivity between unisensory cortices.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20430065</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Bolognini, NadiaSenna, IreneMaravita, AngeloPascual-Leone, AlvaroMerabet, Lotfi BK23-EY016131/EY/NEI NIH HHS/K24 RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/UL1 RR025758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/IrelandNeurosci Lett. 2010 Jun 25;477(3):109-14. Epub 2010 Apr 27.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy. nadia.bolognini@unimib.it</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neural reorganization following sensory loss: the opportunity of change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature reviews. Neuroscience</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Rev Neurosci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19935836</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009/11/26</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-52</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1471-0048 (Electronic)1471-003X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;There is growing evidence that sensory deprivation is associated with crossmodal neuroplastic changes in the brain. After visual or auditory deprivation, brain areas that are normally associated with the lost sense are recruited by spared sensory modalities. These changes underlie adaptive and compensatory behaviours in blind and deaf individuals. Although there are differences between these populations owing to the nature of the deprived sensory modality, there seem to be common principles regarding how the brain copes with sensory loss and the factors that influence neuroplastic changes. Here, we discuss crossmodal neuroplasticity with regards to behavioural adaptation after sensory deprivation and highlight the possibility of maladaptive consequences within the context of rehabilitation.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralReview</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19935836</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BPascual-Leone, AlvaroK 23 EY016131/EY/NEI NIH HHS/EnglandNat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Jan;11(1):44-52. Epub 2009 Nov 25.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, KS-158 Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. lmerabet@bidmc.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolognini, Nadia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Senna, Irene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maravita, Angelo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Auditory enhancement of visual phosphene perception: the effect of temporal and spatial factors and of stimulus intensity.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurosci Lett</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurosci. Lett.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Fields</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jun 25</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">477</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multisensory integration of information from different sensory modalities is an essential component of perception. Neurophysiological studies have revealed that audiovisual interactions occur early in time and even within sensory cortical areas believed to be modality-specific. Here we investigated the effect of auditory stimuli on visual perception of phosphenes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered to the occipital visual cortex. TMS applied at subthreshold intensity led to the perception of phosphenes when coupled with an auditory stimulus presented within close spatiotemporal congruency at the expected retinotopic location of the phosphene percept. The effect was maximal when the auditory stimulus preceded the occipital TMS pulse by 40 ms. Follow-up experiments confirmed a high degree of temporal and spatial specificity of this facilitatory effect. Furthermore, audiovisual facilitation was only present at subthreshold TMS intensity for the phosphenes, suggesting that suboptimal levels of excitability within unisensory cortices may be better suited for enhanced crossmodal interactions. Overall, our findings reveal early auditory-visual interactions due to the enhancement of visual cortical excitability by auditory stimuli. These interactions may reflect an underlying anatomical connectivity between unisensory cortices.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430065?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neural reorganization following sensory loss: the opportunity of change.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Rev Neurosci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat. Rev. Neurosci.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation, Physiological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afferent Pathways</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical Period (Psychology)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuronal Plasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensory Deprivation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-52</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is growing evidence that sensory deprivation is associated with crossmodal neuroplastic changes in the brain. After visual or auditory deprivation, brain areas that are normally associated with the lost sense are recruited by spared sensory modalities. These changes underlie adaptive and compensatory behaviours in blind and deaf individuals. Although there are differences between these populations owing to the nature of the deprived sensory modality, there seem to be common principles regarding how the brain copes with sensory loss and the factors that influence neuroplastic changes. Here, we discuss crossmodal neuroplasticity with regards to behavioural adaptation after sensory deprivation and highlight the possibility of maladaptive consequences within the context of rehabilitation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19935836?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, Souzana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, Mark A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, Ela B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroplasticity associated with tactile language communication in a deaf-blind subject.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Front Hum Neurosci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Front Hum Neurosci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A long-standing debate in cognitive neuroscience pertains to the innate nature of language development and the underlying factors that determine this faculty. We explored the neural correlates associated with language processing in a unique individual who is early blind, congenitally deaf, and possesses a high level of language function. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we compared the neural networks associated with the tactile reading of words presented in Braille, Print on Palm (POP), and a haptic form of American Sign Language (haptic ASL or hASL). With all three modes of tactile communication, indentifying words was associated with robust activation within occipital cortical regions as well as posterior superior temporal and inferior frontal language areas (lateralized within the left hemisphere). In a normally sighted and hearing interpreter, identifying words through hASL was associated with left-lateralized activation of inferior frontal language areas however robust occipital cortex activation was not observed. Diffusion tensor imaging -based tractography revealed differences consistent with enhanced occipital-temporal connectivity in the deaf-blind subject. Our results demonstrate that in the case of early onset of both visual and auditory deprivation, tactile-based communication is associated with an extensive cortical network implicating occipital as well as posterior superior temporal and frontal associated language areas. The cortical areas activated in this deaf-blind subject are consistent with characteristic cortical regions previously implicated with language. Finally, the resilience of language function within the context of early and combined visual and auditory deprivation may be related to enhanced connectivity between relevant cortical areas.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20130756?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, E. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroplasticity associated with tactile language communication in a deaf-blind subject</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in human neuroscience</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Front Hum Neurosci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20130756</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010/02/05</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1662-5161 (Electronic)1662-5161 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A long-standing debate in cognitive neuroscience pertains to the innate nature of language development and the underlying factors that determine this faculty. We explored the neural correlates associated with language processing in a unique individual who is early blind, congenitally deaf, and possesses a high level of language function. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we compared the neural networks associated with the tactile reading of words presented in Braille, Print on Palm (POP), and a haptic form of American Sign Language (haptic ASL or hASL). With all three modes of tactile communication, indentifying words was associated with robust activation within occipital cortical regions as well as posterior superior temporal and inferior frontal language areas (lateralized within the left hemisphere). In a normally sighted and hearing interpreter, identifying words through hASL was associated with left-lateralized activation of inferior frontal language areas however robust occipital cortex activation was not observed. Diffusion tensor imaging -based tractography revealed differences consistent with enhanced occipital-temporal connectivity in the deaf-blind subject. Our results demonstrate that in the case of early onset of both visual and auditory deprivation, tactile-based communication is associated with an extensive cortical network implicating occipital as well as posterior superior temporal and frontal associated language areas. The cortical areas activated in this deaf-blind subject are consistent with characteristic cortical regions previously implicated with language. Finally, the resilience of language function within the context of early and combined visual and auditory deprivation may be related to enhanced connectivity between relevant cortical areas.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20130756</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Obretenova, SouzanaHalko, Mark APlow, Ela BPascual-Leone, AlvaroMerabet, Lotfi BSwitzerlandFront Hum Neurosci. 2010 Jan 4;3:60.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2805429</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maguire, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, E. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Approaches to rehabilitation for visual field defects following brain lesions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expert review of medical devices</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expert Rev Med Devices</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19419286</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009/05/08</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">291-305</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1745-2422 (Electronic)1743-4440 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Visual field defects often result from stroke and brain injury. The resulting visual impairment can be debilitating for patients, impeding daily activities such as reading and mobility. Historically, it was believed that there was little opportunity for restoration of function following visual system damage. However, the development of various visual rehabilitative strategies suggests that visual field defects are partially repairable and a certain degree of function can be improved. While this provides hope for patients, many of these strategies have been met with skepticism within the clinical and scientific communities. Further development of these strategies through carefully designed studies could validate their efficacy and reveal underlying mechanisms. Novel techniques, aimed at enhancing the effect of these rehabilitative strategies, are also discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19419286</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Plow, Ela BMaguire, SaraObretenova, SouzanaPascual-Leone, AlvaroMerabet, Lotfi BEnglandExpert Rev Med Devices. 2009 May;6(3):291-305.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, KS-158, Boston, MA, USA. ebhatt@bidmc.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meijer, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maguire, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Battelli, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional recruitment of visual cortex for sound encoded object identification in the blind</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan 28</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19104453</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008/12/24</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132-8</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1473-558X (Electronic)0959-4965 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Individuals using a visual-to-auditory sensory substitution device (SSD) called 'The vOICe' can identify objects in their environment through images encoded by sound. We have shown that identifying objects with this SSD is associated with activation of occipital visual areas. Here, we show that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) delivered to a specific area of occipital cortex (identified by functional MRI) profoundly impairs a blind user's ability to identify objects. rTMS delivered to the same site had no effect on a visual imagery task. The task and site-specific disruptive effect of rTMS in this individual suggests that the cross-modal recruitment of occipital visual areas is functional in nature and critical to the patient's ability to process and decode the image sounds using this SSD.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case ReportsResearch Support, N.I.H., Extramural</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19104453</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BBattelli, LorellaObretenova, SouzanaMaguire, SaraMeijer, PeterPascual-Leone, AlvaroK23-EY016131/EY/NEI NIH HHS/K24-RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/R01-EY12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/R21-EY0116168/EY/NEI NIH HHS/EnglandNeuroreport. 2009 Jan 28;20(2):132-8.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. lmerabet@bidmc.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plow, Ela B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maguire, Sara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, Souzana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Approaches to rehabilitation for visual field defects following brain lesions.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expert Rev Med Devices</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expert Rev Med Devices</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Injuries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision, Ocular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">291-305</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual field defects often result from stroke and brain injury. The resulting visual impairment can be debilitating for patients, impeding daily activities such as reading and mobility. Historically, it was believed that there was little opportunity for restoration of function following visual system damage. However, the development of various visual rehabilitative strategies suggests that visual field defects are partially repairable and a certain degree of function can be improved. While this provides hope for patients, many of these strategies have been met with skepticism within the clinical and scientific communities. Further development of these strategies through carefully designed studies could validate their efficacy and reveal underlying mechanisms. Novel techniques, aimed at enhancing the effect of these rehabilitative strategies, are also discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19419286?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Battelli, Lorella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obretenova, Souzana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maguire, Sara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meijer, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional recruitment of visual cortex for sound encoded object identification in the blind.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Auditory Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recruitment, Neurophysiological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jan 28</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individuals using a visual-to-auditory sensory substitution device (SSD) called 'The vOICe' can identify objects in their environment through images encoded by sound. We have shown that identifying objects with this SSD is associated with activation of occipital visual areas. Here, we show that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) delivered to a specific area of occipital cortex (identified by functional MRI) profoundly impairs a blind user's ability to identify objects. rTMS delivered to the same site had no effect on a visual imagery task. The task and site-specific disruptive effect of rTMS in this individual suggests that the cross-modal recruitment of occipital visual areas is functional in nature and critical to the patient's ability to process and decode the image sounds using this SSD.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19104453?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaime Sanchez,</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Audio-Based Navigation Using Virtual Environments: Combining Technology and Neuroscience</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AER Journal: Research and Practice in Visual Impairment and Blindness</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://aerbvi.org/modules.php?name=Content&amp;pa=showpage&amp;pid=184</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128-137</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;For individuals who are blind, navigation requires the construction of a cognitive spatial map of one’s&lt;br /&gt;
surrounding environment. Novel technological approaches are being developed to teach and enhance&lt;br /&gt;
this cognitive skill. Here, we discuss user-centered, audio-based methods of virtual navigation&lt;br /&gt;
implemented through computer gaming. The immersive, engaging, and heavily interactive nature of the&lt;br /&gt;
software allows for the generation of mental spatial representations that can be transferred to real-world&lt;br /&gt;
navigation tasks and, furthermore, promotes creativity and problem-solving skills. Navigation with virtual&lt;br /&gt;
environments also represents a tractable testing platform to collect quantifiable metrics and monitor&lt;br /&gt;
learning. Combining this technology with neuroscience research can be used to investigate brain&lt;br /&gt;
mechanisms related to sensory processing in the absence of vision.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vecchi, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhatt, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattaneo, Z.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of complete monocular deprivation in visuo-spatial memory</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain research bulletin</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res Bull</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sep 30</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18579109</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008/06/27</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-6</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1873-2747 (Electronic)0361-9230 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Monocular deprivation has been associated with both specific deficits and enhancements in visual perception and processing. In this study, performance on a visuo-spatial memory task was compared in congenitally monocular individuals and sighted control individuals viewing monocularly (i.e., patched) and binocularly. The task required the individuals to view and memorize a series of target locations on two-dimensional matrices. Overall, congenitally monocular individuals performed worse than sighted individuals (with a specific deficit in simultaneously maintaining distinct spatial representations in memory), indicating that the lack of binocular visual experience affects the way visual information is represented in visuo-spatial memory. No difference was observed between the monocular and binocular viewing control groups, suggesting that early monocular deprivation affects the development of cortical mechanisms mediating visuo-spatial cognition.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18579109</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Cattaneo, ZairaMerabet, Lotfi BBhatt, ElaVecchi, TomasoBrain Res Bull. 2008 Sep 30;77(2-3):112-6. Epub 2008 Jun 24.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Psychology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. zaira.cattaneo@unipv.it</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bauer, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heinz, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlaug, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northoff, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlagenhauf, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wrase, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bermpohl, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novelty seeking modulates medial prefrontal activity during the anticipation of emotional stimuli</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychiatry research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychiatry Res</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oct 30</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18703319</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008/08/16</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-5</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0165-1781 (Print)0165-1781 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, expectancy cues signaling emotional stimuli were used to study the personality trait of novelty seeking. BOLD responses to emotional expectancy were positively correlated with novelty-seeking scores in the medial prefrontal cortex. This correlation was strongest for the sub-dimension of exploratory excitability.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18703319</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Bermpohl, FelixPascual-Leone, AlvaroAmedi, AmirMerabet, Lotfi BFregni, FelipeWrase, JanaSchlagenhauf, FlorianBauer, MichaelHeinz, AndreasSchlaug, GottfriedNorthoff, GeorgIrelandPsychiatry Res. 2008 Oct 30;164(1):81-5. Epub 2008 Aug 13.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. felix.bermpohl@charite.de</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ronen, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fox, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bermpohl, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camprodon, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neural and behavioral correlates of drawing in an early blind painter: a case study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nov 25</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18710656</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008/08/20</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1242</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">252-62</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1872-6240 (Electronic)0006-8993 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Humans rely heavily on vision to identify objects in the world and can create mental representations of the objects they encounter. Objects can also be identified and mentally represented through haptic exploration. However, it is unclear whether prior visual experience is necessary to generate these internal representations. Subject EA, an early blind artist, provides insight into this question. Like other blind individuals, EA captures the external world by touch. However, he is also able to reveal his internal representations through highly detailed drawings that are unequivocally understandable by a sighted person. We employed fMRI to investigate the neural correlates associated with EA's ability to transform tactilely explored three-dimensional objects into drawings and contrasted these findings with a series of control conditions (e.g. nonsensical scribbling as a sensory-motor control). Activation during drawing (compared to scribbling) occurred in brain areas normally associated with vision, including the striate cortex along with frontal and parietal cortical regions. Some of these areas showed overlap when EA was asked to mentally imagine the pictures he had to draw (albeit to a lesser anatomical extent and signal magnitude). These results have important implications as regards our understanding of the ways in which tactile information can generate mental representations of shapes and scenes in the absence of normal visual development. Furthermore, these findings suggest the occipital cortex plays a key role in supporting mental representations even without prior visual experience.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case ReportsResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18710656</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Amedi, AmirMerabet, Lotfi BCamprodon, JoanBermpohl, FelixFox, SharonRonen, ItamarKim, Dae-ShikPascual-Leone, AlvaroK 23 EY016131-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/K24 RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/R01-EY12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/NetherlandsBrain Res. 2008 Nov 25;1242:252-62. Epub 2008 Jul 30.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. amir.amedi@ekmd.huji.ac.il</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vecchi, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pece, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhatt, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattaneo, Z.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence of reduced visual acuity on age-related decline in spatial working memory: an investigation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608051</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008/07/09</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">687-702</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1744-4128 (Electronic)1382-5585 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;To investigate the relationship between visual acuity and cognitive function with aging, we compared low-vision and normally-sighted young and elderly individuals on a spatial working memory (WM) task. The task required subjects to memorise target locations on different matrices after perceiving them visually or haptically. The haptic modality was included as a control to look at the effect of aging on memory without the confounding effect of visual deficit. Overall, age and visual status did not interact to affect WM accuracy, suggesting that age does not exaggerate the effects of visual deprivation. Young participants performed better than the elderly only when the task required more operational processes (i.e., integration of information). Sighted participants outperformed the visually impaired regardless of testing modality suggesting that the effect of the visual deficit is not confined to only the most peripheral levels of information processing. These findings suggest that vision, being the primary sensory modality, tends to shape the general supramodal mechanisms of memory.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18608051</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Cattaneo, ZairaBhatt, ElaMerabet, Lotfi BPece, AlfredoVecchi, TomasoNeuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2008 Nov;15(6):687-702. Epub 2008 May 22.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Psychology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. zaira.cattaneo@unipv.it</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanye, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eye care in the developing world: how soon is now?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optom Vis Sci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18594339</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008/07/03</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">605-7</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1040-5488 (Print)1040-5488 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Letter</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18594339</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BWanye, SethOptom Vis Sci. 2008 Jul;85(7):605-7.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basaglia, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mecca, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sultani, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fecteau, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boggio, P. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prefrontal cortex modulation using transcranial DC stimulation reduces alcohol craving: a double-blind, sham-controlled study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug and alcohol dependence</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Alcohol Depend</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17640830</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-3</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007/07/21</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55-60</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0376-8716 (Print)0376-8716 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;BACKGROUND: Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that specific brain areas are associated with alcohol craving including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We tested whether modulation of DLPFC using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could alter alcohol craving in patients with alcohol dependence while being exposed to alcohol cues. METHODS: We performed a randomized sham-controlled study in which 13 subjects received sham and active bilateral tDCS delivered to DLPFC (anodal left/cathodal right and anodal right/cathodal left). For sham stimulation, the electrodes were placed at the same positions as in active stimulation; however, the stimulator was turned off after 30s of stimulation. Subjects were presented videos depicting alcohol consumption to increase alcohol craving. RESULTS: Our results showed that both anodal left/cathodal right and anodal right/cathodal left significantly decreased alcohol craving compared to sham stimulation (p&amp;lt;0.0001). In addition, we found that following treatment, craving could not be further increased by alcohol cues. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that tDCS treatment to DLPFC can reduce alcohol craving. These findings extend the results of previous studies using noninvasive brain stimulation to reduce craving in humans. Given the relatively rapid suppressive effect of tDCS and the highly fluctuating nature of alcohol craving, this technique may prove to be a valuable treatment strategy within the clinical setting.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Randomized Controlled TrialResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17640830</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Boggio, Paulo SSultani, NatashaFecteau, ShirleyMerabet, LotfiMecca, TatianaPascual-Leone, AlvaroBasaglia, AlineFregni, FelipeK24 RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/IrelandDrug Alcohol Depend. 2008 Jan 1;92(1-3):55-60. Epub 2007 Jul 19.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nucleo de Neurociencias, Mackenzie University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattaneo, Zaira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhatt, Ela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vecchi, Tomaso</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of complete monocular deprivation in visuo-spatial memory.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res Bull</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res. Bull.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychomotor Performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Space Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision, Binocular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision, Monocular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Sep 30</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monocular deprivation has been associated with both specific deficits and enhancements in visual perception and processing. In this study, performance on a visuo-spatial memory task was compared in congenitally monocular individuals and sighted control individuals viewing monocularly (i.e., patched) and binocularly. The task required the individuals to view and memorize a series of target locations on two-dimensional matrices. Overall, congenitally monocular individuals performed worse than sighted individuals (with a specific deficit in simultaneously maintaining distinct spatial representations in memory), indicating that the lack of binocular visual experience affects the way visual information is represented in visuo-spatial memory. No difference was observed between the monocular and binocular viewing control groups, suggesting that early monocular deprivation affects the development of cortical mechanisms mediating visuo-spatial cognition.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18579109?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bermpohl, Felix</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wrase, Jana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlagenhauf, Florian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bauer, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heinz, Andreas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlaug, Gottfried</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northoff, Georg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novelty seeking modulates medial prefrontal activity during the anticipation of emotional stimuli.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychiatry Res</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychiatry Res</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Affect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exploratory Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prefrontal Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperament</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Oct 30</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, expectancy cues signaling emotional stimuli were used to study the personality trait of novelty seeking. BOLD responses to emotional expectancy were positively correlated with novelty-seeking scores in the medial prefrontal cortex. This correlation was strongest for the sub-dimension of exploratory excitability.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18703319?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camprodon, Joan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bermpohl, Felix</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fox, Sharon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ronen, Itamar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Dae-Shik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neural and behavioral correlates of drawing in an early blind painter: a case study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Art</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychomotor Performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Touch Perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Nov 25</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1242</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">252-62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans rely heavily on vision to identify objects in the world and can create mental representations of the objects they encounter. Objects can also be identified and mentally represented through haptic exploration. However, it is unclear whether prior visual experience is necessary to generate these internal representations. Subject EA, an early blind artist, provides insight into this question. Like other blind individuals, EA captures the external world by touch. However, he is also able to reveal his internal representations through highly detailed drawings that are unequivocally understandable by a sighted person. We employed fMRI to investigate the neural correlates associated with EA's ability to transform tactilely explored three-dimensional objects into drawings and contrasted these findings with a series of control conditions (e.g. nonsensical scribbling as a sensory-motor control). Activation during drawing (compared to scribbling) occurred in brain areas normally associated with vision, including the striate cortex along with frontal and parietal cortical regions. Some of these areas showed overlap when EA was asked to mentally imagine the pictures he had to draw (albeit to a lesser anatomical extent and signal magnitude). These results have important implications as regards our understanding of the ways in which tactile information can generate mental representations of shapes and scenes in the absence of normal visual development. Furthermore, these findings suggest the occipital cortex plays a key role in supporting mental representations even without prior visual experience.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18710656?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattaneo, Zaira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhatt, Ela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pece, Alfredo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vecchi, Tomaso</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence of reduced visual acuity on age-related decline in spatial working memory: an investigation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of Variance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memory Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memory, Short-Term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropsychological Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reaction Time</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Space Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Acuity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">687-702</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To investigate the relationship between visual acuity and cognitive function with aging, we compared low-vision and normally-sighted young and elderly individuals on a spatial working memory (WM) task. The task required subjects to memorise target locations on different matrices after perceiving them visually or haptically. The haptic modality was included as a control to look at the effect of aging on memory without the confounding effect of visual deficit. Overall, age and visual status did not interact to affect WM accuracy, suggesting that age does not exaggerate the effects of visual deprivation. Young participants performed better than the elderly only when the task required more operational processes (i.e., integration of information). Sighted participants outperformed the visually impaired regardless of testing modality suggesting that the effect of the visual deficit is not confined to only the most peripheral levels of information processing. These findings suggest that vision, being the primary sensory modality, tends to shape the general supramodal mechanisms of memory.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608051?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanye, Seth</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eye care in the developing world: how soon is now?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optom Vis Sci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optom Vis Sci</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delivery of Health Care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Developing Countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghana</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health Services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needs Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ophthalmology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optometry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">605-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18594339?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boggio, Paulo S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sultani, Natasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fecteau, Shirley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lotfi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mecca, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basaglia, Aline</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prefrontal cortex modulation using transcranial DC stimulation reduces alcohol craving: a double-blind, sham-controlled study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Alcohol Depend</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Alcohol Depend</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alcoholism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-Over Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Double-Blind Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prefrontal Cortex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jan 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55-60</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that specific brain areas are associated with alcohol craving including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We tested whether modulation of DLPFC using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could alter alcohol craving in patients with alcohol dependence while being exposed to alcohol cues.

METHODS: We performed a randomized sham-controlled study in which 13 subjects received sham and active bilateral tDCS delivered to DLPFC (anodal left/cathodal right and anodal right/cathodal left). For sham stimulation, the electrodes were placed at the same positions as in active stimulation; however, the stimulator was turned off after 30s of stimulation. Subjects were presented videos depicting alcohol consumption to increase alcohol craving.

RESULTS: Our results showed that both anodal left/cathodal right and anodal right/cathodal left significantly decreased alcohol craving compared to sham stimulation (p&lt;0.0001). In addition, we found that following treatment, craving could not be further increased by alcohol cues.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that tDCS treatment to DLPFC can reduce alcohol craving. These findings extend the results of previous studies using noninvasive brain stimulation to reduce craving in humans. Given the relatively rapid suppressive effect of tDCS and the highly fluctuating nature of alcohol craving, this technique may prove to be a valuable treatment strategy within the clinical setting.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17640830?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamilton, Roy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlaug, Gottfried</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swisher, Jascha D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiriakopoulos, Elaine T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitskel, Naomi B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kauffman, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapid and reversible recruitment of early visual cortex for touch.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS One</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hair</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orientation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensory Deprivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Touch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision, Ocular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e3046</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: The loss of vision has been associated with enhanced performance in non-visual tasks such as tactile discrimination and sound localization. Current evidence suggests that these functional gains are linked to the recruitment of the occipital visual cortex for non-visual processing, but the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these crossmodal changes remain uncertain. One possible explanation is that visual deprivation is associated with an unmasking of non-visual input into visual cortex.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We investigated the effect of sudden, complete and prolonged visual deprivation (five days) in normally sighted adult individuals while they were immersed in an intensive tactile training program. Following the five-day period, blindfolded subjects performed better on a Braille character discrimination task. In the blindfold group, serial fMRI scans revealed an increase in BOLD signal within the occipital cortex in response to tactile stimulation after five days of complete visual deprivation. This increase in signal was no longer present 24 hours after blindfold removal. Finally, reversible disruption of occipital cortex function on the fifth day (by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; rTMS) impaired Braille character recognition ability in the blindfold group but not in non-blindfolded controls. This disruptive effect was no longer evident once the blindfold had been removed for 24 hours.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, our findings suggest that sudden and complete visual deprivation in normally sighted individuals can lead to profound, but rapidly reversible, neuroplastic changes by which the occipital cortex becomes engaged in processing of non-visual information. The speed and dynamic nature of the observed changes suggests that normally inhibited or masked functions in the sighted are revealed by visual loss. The unmasking of pre-existing connections and shifts in connectivity represent rapid, early plastic changes, which presumably can lead, if sustained and reinforced, to slower developing, but more permanent structural changes, such as the establishment of new neural connections in the blind.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18728773?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitskel, N. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kauffman, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiriakopoulos, E. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swisher, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamilton, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlaug, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapid and reversible recruitment of early visual cortex for touch</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PloS one</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS One</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18728773</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008/08/30</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e3046</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1932-6203 (Electronic)1932-6203 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;BACKGROUND: The loss of vision has been associated with enhanced performance in non-visual tasks such as tactile discrimination and sound localization. Current evidence suggests that these functional gains are linked to the recruitment of the occipital visual cortex for non-visual processing, but the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these crossmodal changes remain uncertain. One possible explanation is that visual deprivation is associated with an unmasking of non-visual input into visual cortex. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We investigated the effect of sudden, complete and prolonged visual deprivation (five days) in normally sighted adult individuals while they were immersed in an intensive tactile training program. Following the five-day period, blindfolded subjects performed better on a Braille character discrimination task. In the blindfold group, serial fMRI scans revealed an increase in BOLD signal within the occipital cortex in response to tactile stimulation after five days of complete visual deprivation. This increase in signal was no longer present 24 hours after blindfold removal. Finally, reversible disruption of occipital cortex function on the fifth day (by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; rTMS) impaired Braille character recognition ability in the blindfold group but not in non-blindfolded controls. This disruptive effect was no longer evident once the blindfold had been removed for 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, our findings suggest that sudden and complete visual deprivation in normally sighted individuals can lead to profound, but rapidly reversible, neuroplastic changes by which the occipital cortex becomes engaged in processing of non-visual information. The speed and dynamic nature of the observed changes suggests that normally inhibited or masked functions in the sighted are revealed by visual loss. The unmasking of pre-existing connections and shifts in connectivity represent rapid, early plastic changes, which presumably can lead, if sustained and reinforced, to slower developing, but more permanent structural changes, such as the establishment of new neural connections in the blind.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18728773</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BHamilton, RoySchlaug, GottfriedSwisher, Jascha DKiriakopoulos, Elaine TPitskel, Naomi BKauffman, ThomasPascual-Leone, AlvaroK24 RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/R01 EY12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/RR01032/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/PLoS One. 2008 Aug 27;3(8):e3046.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2516172</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kauffman, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramos-Estebanez, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitskel, N. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time-dependent changes in cortical excitability after prolonged visual deprivation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oct 29</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17921872</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007/10/09</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1703-7</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0959-4965 (Print)0959-4965 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to the occipital cortex can elicit phosphenes. Changes in the phosphene threshold provide a measure of visual cortex excitability. Phosphene threshold was measured in participants blindfolded for five consecutive days to assess the effects of prolonged visual deprivation on visual cortical excitability. After 48 h of blindfolding, an acute decrease in phosphene threshold was observed, followed by a significant increase by day 5. Phosphene threshold returned to preblindfold levels within 2 h of light re-exposure. Thus, light deprivation is characterized by a transient increase in visual cortical excitability, followed by a sustained decrease in visual cortex excitability that quickly returns to baseline levels after re-exposure to light.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17921872</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Pitskel, Naomi BMerabet, Lotfi BRamos-Estebanez, CiroKauffman, ThomasPascual-Leone, AlvaroK23-EY016131/EY/NEI NIH HHS/K24-RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/MO1 RR01032/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/R01-EY12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/EnglandNeuroreport. 2007 Oct 29;18(16):1703-7.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thut, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, M. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romei, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occipital transcranial magnetic stimulation has opposing effects on visual and auditory stimulus detection: implications for multisensory interactions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neurosci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oct 24</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17959789</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007/10/26</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11465-72</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1529-2401 (Electronic)0270-6474 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Multisensory interactions occur early in time and in low-level cortical areas, including primary cortices. To test current models of early auditory-visual (AV) convergence in unisensory visual brain areas, we studied the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of visual cortex on behavioral responses to unisensory (auditory or visual) or multisensory (simultaneous auditory-visual) stimulus presentation. Single-pulse TMS was applied over the occipital pole at short delays (30-150 ms) after external stimulus onset. Relative to TMS over a control site, reactions times (RTs) to unisensory visual stimuli were prolonged by TMS at 60-75 ms poststimulus onset (visual suppression effect), confirming stimulation of functional visual cortex. Conversely, RTs to unisensory auditory stimuli were significantly shortened when visual cortex was stimulated by TMS at the same delays (beneficial interaction effect of auditory stimulation and occipital TMS). No TMS-effect on RTs was observed for AV stimulation. The beneficial interaction effect of combined unisensory auditory and TMS-induced visual cortex stimulation matched and was correlated with the RT-facilitation after external multisensory AV stimulation without TMS, suggestive of multisensory interactions between the stimulus-evoked auditory and TMS-induced visual cortex activities. A follow-up experiment showed that auditory input enhances excitability within visual cortex itself (using phosphene-induction via TMS as a measure) over a similarly early time-window (75-120 ms). The collective data support a mechanism of early auditory-visual interactions that is mediated by auditory-driven sensitivity changes in visual neurons that coincide in time with the initial volleys of visual input.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative StudyResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17959789</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Romei, VincenzoMurray, Micah MMerabet, Lotfi BThut, GregorJ Neurosci. 2007 Oct 24;27(43):11465-72.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. vincenzo.romei@medecine.unige.ch</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somers, D. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McMains, S. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swisher, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual topography of human intraparietal sulcus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neurosci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 16</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17507555</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007/05/18</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5326-37</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1529-2401 (Electronic)0270-6474 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Human parietal cortex is implicated in a wide variety of sensory and cognitive functions, yet its precise organization remains unclear. Visual field maps provide a potential structural basis for descriptions of functional organization. Here, we detail the topography of a series of five maps of the contralateral visual hemifield within human posterior parietal cortex. These maps are located along the medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and are revealed by direct visual stimulation during functional magnetic resonance imaging, allowing these parietal regions to be routinely and reliably identified simultaneously with occipital visual areas. Two of these maps (IPS3 and IPS4) are novel, whereas two others (IPS1 and IPS2) have previously been revealed only by higher-order cognitive tasks. Area V7, a previously identified visual map, is observed to lie within posterior IPS and to share a foveal representation with IPS1. These parietal maps are reliably observed across scan sessions; however, their precise topography varies between individuals. The multimodal organization of posterior IPS mirrors this variability in visual topography, with complementary tactile activations found immediately adjacent to the visual maps both medially and laterally. These visual maps may provide a practical framework in which to characterize the functional organization of human IPS.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative StudyResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17507555</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Swisher, Jascha DHalko, Mark AMerabet, Lotfi BMcMains, Stephanie ASomers, David CK23 EY016131-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/J Neurosci. 2007 May 16;27(20):5326-37.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perceptual Neuroimaging Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. swisher@mind.bu.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rizzo, J. F., 3rd</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">'Who is the ideal candidate?': decisions and issues relating to visual neuroprosthesis development, patient testing and neuroplasticity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neural engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neural Eng</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17325411</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007/02/28</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S130-5</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1741-2560 (Print)1741-2552 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Appropriate delivery of electrical stimulation to intact visual structures can evoke patterned sensations of light in individuals who have been blind for many years. This pivotal finding has lent credibility to the concept of restoring functional vision by artificial means. As numerous groups worldwide pursue human clinical testing with visual prosthetic devices, it is becoming increasingly clear that there remains a considerable gap between the challenges of prosthetic device development and the rehabilitative strategies needed to implement this new technology in patients. An important area of future work will be the development of appropriate pre- and post-implantation measures of performance and establishing candidate selection criteria in order to quantify technical advances, guide future device design and optimize therapeutic success. We propose that the selection of an 'ideal' candidate should also be considered within the context of the variable neuroplastic changes that follow vision loss. Specifically, an understanding of the adaptive and compensatory changes that occur within the brain could assist in guiding the development of post-implantation rehabilitative strategies and optimize behavioral outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17325411</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BRizzo, Joseph F 3rdPascual-Leone, AlvaroFernandez, EduardoEnglandJ Neural Eng. 2007 Mar;4(1):S130-5. Epub 2007 Feb 26.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Neurology, Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. lmerabet@bidmc.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemond, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meijer, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotman, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stern, W. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camprodon, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bermpohl, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shape conveyed by visual-to-auditory sensory substitution activates the lateral occipital complex</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature neuroscience</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Neurosci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17515898</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007/05/23</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">687-9</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1097-6256 (Print)1097-6256 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The lateral-occipital tactile-visual area (LOtv) is activated when objects are recognized by vision or touch. We report here that the LOtv is also activated in sighted and blind humans who recognize objects by extracting shape information from visual-to-auditory sensory substitution soundscapes. Recognizing objects by their typical sounds or learning to associate specific soundscapes with specific objects do not activate this region. This suggests that LOtv is driven by the presence of shape information.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17515898</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Amedi, AmirStern, William MCamprodon, Joan ABermpohl, FelixMerabet, LotfiRotman, StephenHemond, ChristopherMeijer, PeterPascual-Leone, AlvaroK24-RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/R01-EY12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/R21-EY0116168/EY/NEI NIH HHS/Nat Neurosci. 2007 Jun;10(6):687-9. Epub 2007 May 21.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. aamedi@bidmc.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somers, D. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swisher, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McMains, S. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined activation and deactivation of visual cortex during tactile sensory processing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neurophysiology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neurophysiol</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17135476</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006/12/01</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1633-41</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0022-3077 (Print)0022-3077 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The involvement of occipital cortex in sensory processing is not restricted solely to the visual modality. Tactile processing has been shown to modulate higher-order visual and multisensory integration areas in sighted as well as visually deprived subjects; however, the extent of involvement of early visual cortical areas remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging in normally sighted, briefly blindfolded subjects with well-defined visuotopic borders as they tactually explored and rated raised-dot patterns. Tactile task performance resulted in significant activation in primary visual cortex (V1) and deactivation of extrastriate cortical regions V2, V3, V3A, and hV4 with greater deactivation in dorsal subregions and higher visual areas. These results suggest that tactile processing affects occipital cortex via two distinct pathways: a suppressive top-down pathway descending through the visual cortical hierarchy and an excitatory pathway arising from outside the visual cortical hierarchy that drives area V1 directly.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17135476</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BSwisher, Jascha DMcMains, Stephanie AHalko, Mark AAmedi, AmirPascual-Leone, AlvaroSomers, David CK23 EY 016131-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/K24 RR 018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/R01 EY 12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/J Neurophysiol. 2007 Feb;97(2):1633-41. Epub 2006 Nov 29.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, KS 430, Boston, MA 02215, USA. lmerabet@bidmc.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romei, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, T. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thut, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machii, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramos-Estebanez, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual phosphene perception modulated by subthreshold crossmodal sensory stimulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neurosci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apr 11</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17428995</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007/04/13</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4178-81</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1529-2401 (Electronic)0270-6474 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Crossmodal sensory interactions serve to integrate behaviorally relevant sensory stimuli. In this study, we investigated the effect of modulating crossmodal interactions between visual and somatosensory stimuli that in isolation do not reach perceptual awareness. When a subthreshold somatosensory stimulus was delivered within close spatiotemporal congruency to the expected site of perception of a phosphene, a subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse delivered to the occipital cortex evoked a visual percept. The results suggest that under subthreshold conditions of visual and somatosensory stimulation, crossmodal interactions presented in a spatially and temporally specific manner can sum up to become behaviorally significant. These interactions may reflect an underlying anatomical connectivity and become further enhanced by attention modulation mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative StudyResearch Support, N.I.H., Extramural</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17428995</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Ramos-Estebanez, CiroMerabet, Lotfi BMachii, KatsuyukiFregni, FelipeThut, GregorWagner, Timothy ARomei, VicenzoAmedi, AmirPascual-Leone, AlvaroK23-EY016131/EY/NEI NIH HHS/K24-RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/R01-EY12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/J Neurosci. 2007 Apr 11;27(15):4178-81.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitskel, Naomi B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramos-Estebanez, Ciro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kauffman, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time-dependent changes in cortical excitability after prolonged visual deprivation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Down-Regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neural Inhibition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensory Deprivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensory Thresholds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Pathways</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Oct 29</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1703-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to the occipital cortex can elicit phosphenes. Changes in the phosphene threshold provide a measure of visual cortex excitability. Phosphene threshold was measured in participants blindfolded for five consecutive days to assess the effects of prolonged visual deprivation on visual cortical excitability. After 48 h of blindfolding, an acute decrease in phosphene threshold was observed, followed by a significant increase by day 5. Phosphene threshold returned to preblindfold levels within 2 h of light re-exposure. Thus, light deprivation is characterized by a transient increase in visual cortical excitability, followed by a sustained decrease in visual cortex excitability that quickly returns to baseline levels after re-exposure to light.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17921872?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romei, Vincenzo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Micah M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thut, Gregor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occipital transcranial magnetic stimulation has opposing effects on visual and auditory stimulus detection: implications for multisensory interactions.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neurosci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurosci.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Auditory Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychomotor Performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reaction Time</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Oct 24</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11465-72</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multisensory interactions occur early in time and in low-level cortical areas, including primary cortices. To test current models of early auditory-visual (AV) convergence in unisensory visual brain areas, we studied the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of visual cortex on behavioral responses to unisensory (auditory or visual) or multisensory (simultaneous auditory-visual) stimulus presentation. Single-pulse TMS was applied over the occipital pole at short delays (30-150 ms) after external stimulus onset. Relative to TMS over a control site, reactions times (RTs) to unisensory visual stimuli were prolonged by TMS at 60-75 ms poststimulus onset (visual suppression effect), confirming stimulation of functional visual cortex. Conversely, RTs to unisensory auditory stimuli were significantly shortened when visual cortex was stimulated by TMS at the same delays (beneficial interaction effect of auditory stimulation and occipital TMS). No TMS-effect on RTs was observed for AV stimulation. The beneficial interaction effect of combined unisensory auditory and TMS-induced visual cortex stimulation matched and was correlated with the RT-facilitation after external multisensory AV stimulation without TMS, suggestive of multisensory interactions between the stimulus-evoked auditory and TMS-induced visual cortex activities. A follow-up experiment showed that auditory input enhances excitability within visual cortex itself (using phosphene-induction via TMS as a measure) over a similarly early time-window (75-120 ms). The collective data support a mechanism of early auditory-visual interactions that is mediated by auditory-driven sensitivity changes in visual neurons that coincide in time with the initial volleys of visual input.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17959789?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swisher, Jascha D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, Mark A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McMains, Stephanie A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somers, David C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual topography of human intraparietal sulcus.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neurosci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurosci.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occipital Lobe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parietal Lobe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychomotor Performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Touch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 May 16</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5326-37</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human parietal cortex is implicated in a wide variety of sensory and cognitive functions, yet its precise organization remains unclear. Visual field maps provide a potential structural basis for descriptions of functional organization. Here, we detail the topography of a series of five maps of the contralateral visual hemifield within human posterior parietal cortex. These maps are located along the medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and are revealed by direct visual stimulation during functional magnetic resonance imaging, allowing these parietal regions to be routinely and reliably identified simultaneously with occipital visual areas. Two of these maps (IPS3 and IPS4) are novel, whereas two others (IPS1 and IPS2) have previously been revealed only by higher-order cognitive tasks. Area V7, a previously identified visual map, is observed to lie within posterior IPS and to share a foveal representation with IPS1. These parietal maps are reliably observed across scan sessions; however, their precise topography varies between individuals. The multimodal organization of posterior IPS mirrors this variability in visual topography, with complementary tactile activations found immediately adjacent to the visual maps both medially and laterally. These visual maps may provide a practical framework in which to characterize the functional organization of human IPS.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17507555?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattoir, Vincent</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lilia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Legrand, Patrick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soussy, Claude-James</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leclercq, Roland</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emergence of a Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate resistant to streptogramins by mutation in ribosomal protein L22 during pristinamycin therapy of pneumococcal pneumonia.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Antimicrob Chemother</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Antimicrob. Chemother.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amino Acid Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-Bacterial Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacterial Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pneumonia, Pneumococcal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pristinamycin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribosomal Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Ribosomal, 23S</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Alignment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streptococcus pneumoniae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streptogramins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1010-2</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanism of resistance to macrolides and streptogramins of a Streptococcus pneumoniae strain isolated from blood cultures in an 80-year-old patient suffering from severe pneumonia unsuccessfully treated with pristinamycin.

METHODS: Resistance genes erm(B) and mef(A) were searched for by PCR. Portions of genes for domains V and II of the 23S rRNA (rrl) and genes for ribosomal proteins L4 (rplD) and L22 (rplV) were amplified by PCR from total genomic DNA and sequenced.

RESULTS: Resistance genes erm(B) and mef(A) were not detected. Only mutation in the rplV gene encoding ribosomal protein L22 was detected. The strain contained a six amino acid insertion ((107)KRTAHI(108)) in the C-terminus of the ribosomal protein L22.

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of emergence of a pneumococcus resistant to streptogramins by mutation in ribosomal protein L22 during treatment with pristinamycin.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17434877?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rizzo, Joseph F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, Eduardo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">'Who is the ideal candidate?': decisions and issues relating to visual neuroprosthesis development, patient testing and neuroplasticity.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neural Eng</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neural Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical Trials as Topic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision Making</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuronal Plasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patient Selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prostheses and Implants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prosthesis Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision Disorders</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S130-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appropriate delivery of electrical stimulation to intact visual structures can evoke patterned sensations of light in individuals who have been blind for many years. This pivotal finding has lent credibility to the concept of restoring functional vision by artificial means. As numerous groups worldwide pursue human clinical testing with visual prosthetic devices, it is becoming increasingly clear that there remains a considerable gap between the challenges of prosthetic device development and the rehabilitative strategies needed to implement this new technology in patients. An important area of future work will be the development of appropriate pre- and post-implantation measures of performance and establishing candidate selection criteria in order to quantify technical advances, guide future device design and optimize therapeutic success. We propose that the selection of an 'ideal' candidate should also be considered within the context of the variable neuroplastic changes that follow vision loss. Specifically, an understanding of the adaptive and compensatory changes that occur within the brain could assist in guiding the development of post-implantation rehabilitative strategies and optimize behavioral outcomes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17325411?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stern, William M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camprodon, Joan A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bermpohl, Felix</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lotfi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotman, Stephen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemond, Christopher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meijer, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shape conveyed by visual-to-auditory sensory substitution activates the lateral occipital complex.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Neurosci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat. Neurosci.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Auditory Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discrimination (Psychology)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occipital Lobe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recognition (Psychology)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stereognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Touch</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">687-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The lateral-occipital tactile-visual area (LOtv) is activated when objects are recognized by vision or touch. We report here that the LOtv is also activated in sighted and blind humans who recognize objects by extracting shape information from visual-to-auditory sensory substitution soundscapes. Recognizing objects by their typical sounds or learning to associate specific soundscapes with specific objects do not activate this region. This suggests that LOtv is driven by the presence of shape information.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17515898?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swisher, Jascha D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McMains, Stephanie A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halko, Mark A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somers, David C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined activation and deactivation of visual cortex during tactile sensory processing.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neurophysiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurophysiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data Interpretation, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occipital Lobe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychomotor Performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Touch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision, Ocular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Pathways</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1633-41</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The involvement of occipital cortex in sensory processing is not restricted solely to the visual modality. Tactile processing has been shown to modulate higher-order visual and multisensory integration areas in sighted as well as visually deprived subjects; however, the extent of involvement of early visual cortical areas remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging in normally sighted, briefly blindfolded subjects with well-defined visuotopic borders as they tactually explored and rated raised-dot patterns. Tactile task performance resulted in significant activation in primary visual cortex (V1) and deactivation of extrastriate cortical regions V2, V3, V3A, and hV4 with greater deactivation in dorsal subregions and higher visual areas. These results suggest that tactile processing affects occipital cortex via two distinct pathways: a suppressive top-down pathway descending through the visual cortical hierarchy and an excitatory pathway arising from outside the visual cortical hierarchy that drives area V1 directly.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17135476?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramos-Estebanez, Ciro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machii, Katsuyuki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thut, Gregor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, Timothy A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romei, Vicenzo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual phosphene perception modulated by subthreshold crossmodal sensory stimulation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neurosci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurosci.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darkness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Laterality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neural Pathways</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensory Deprivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensory Thresholds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Touch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Apr 11</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4178-81</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crossmodal sensory interactions serve to integrate behaviorally relevant sensory stimuli. In this study, we investigated the effect of modulating crossmodal interactions between visual and somatosensory stimuli that in isolation do not reach perceptual awareness. When a subthreshold somatosensory stimulus was delivered within close spatiotemporal congruency to the expected site of perception of a phosphene, a subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse delivered to the occipital cortex evoked a visual percept. The results suggest that under subthreshold conditions of visual and somatosensory stimulation, crossmodal interactions presented in a spatially and temporally specific manner can sum up to become behaviorally significant. These interactions may reflect an underlying anatomical connectivity and become further enhanced by attention modulation mechanisms.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17428995?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alsop, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlaug, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northoff, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaab, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bermpohl, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attentional modulation of emotional stimulus processing: an fMRI study using emotional expectancy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human brain mapping</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hum Brain Mapp</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16317710</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005/12/01</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">662-77</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1065-9471 (Print)1065-9471 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We used emotional expectancy to study attentional modulation in the processing of emotional stimuli. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), volunteers saw emotional and neutral expectancy cues signaling the subsequent presentation of corresponding emotional or neutral pictorial stimuli. As a control, emotional and neutral pictures were presented without preceding expectancy cue, resulting in a 2 x 2 factorial design with the factors &quot;expectancy&quot; and &quot;emotion.&quot; Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive interaction effect between these factors in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC, Brodmann area [BA] 9/10), amygdala, and dorsal midbrain. In all these regions, expectancy augmented the neural response to emotional but not to neutral pictures. Time course analysis of raw data suggests that this augmented activation was not preceded by baseline increases in MPFC and amygdala during the period of emotional expectancy. In a post-scanning session, the paradigm was presented for a second time to allow emotional intensity rating. Again, a significant interaction between expectancy and emotion was observed, with intensity ratings specifically enhanced in emotional photographs preceded by expectancy. There was a positive correlation between intensity ratings and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the left amygdala. We conclude that specific components of the emotion network show enhanced activation in response to emotional stimuli when these are preceded by expectancy. This enhancement effect is not present in neutral pictures and might parallel accentuated subjective feeling states.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16317710</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Bermpohl, FelixPascual-Leone, AlvaroAmedi, AmirMerabet, Lotfi BFregni, FelipeGaab, NadineAlsop, DavidSchlaug, GottfriedNorthoff, GeorgK24 RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/Hum Brain Mapp. 2006 Aug;27(8):662-77.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. felix.bermpohl@charite.de</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concepcion, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfaro, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An atypical presentation of visual hallucinatory experiences following prolonged blindness</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurocase</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurocase</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17000589</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006/09/27</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">212-5</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1355-4794 (Print)1355-4794 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We report a patient with long-standing blindness experiencing both simple and complex visual hallucinations secondary to a cortical arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The hallucinations were located in the right visual field corresponding to the contra-lateral site of cortical damage. This case contributes to our understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms underlying visual hallucinations and ongoing research investigating the phenomenology of hallucinations with respect to the cause and localization of neural damage.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17000589</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Alfaro, ArantxaConcepcion, LuisMerabet, LotfiFernandez, EduardoEnglandNeurocase. 2006 Aug;12(4):212-5.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital General Universitario, Alicante, Spain.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concepcion, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfaro, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An atypical presentation of visual hallucinatory experiences following prolonged blindness</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurocase</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurocase</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17000589</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006/09/27</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">212-5</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1355-4794 (Print)1355-4794 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We report a patient with long-standing blindness experiencing both simple and complex visual hallucinations secondary to a cortical arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The hallucinations were located in the right visual field corresponding to the contra-lateral site of cortical damage. This case contributes to our understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms underlying visual hallucinations and ongoing research investigating the phenomenology of hallucinations with respect to the cause and localization of neural damage.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17000589</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Alfaro, ArantxaConcepcion, LuisMerabet, LotfiFernandez, EduardoEnglandNeurocase. 2006 Aug;12(4):212-5.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital General Universitario, Alicante, Spain.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alsop, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlaug, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northoff, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaab, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bermpohl, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dissociable networks for the expectancy and perception of emotional stimuli in the human brain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NeuroImage</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroimage</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apr 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275018</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005/11/09</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">588-600</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1053-8119 (Print)1053-8119 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;William James posited that comparable brain regions were implicated in the anticipation and perception of a stimulus; however, dissociable networks (at least in part) may also underlie these processes. Recent functional neuroimaging studies have addressed this issue by comparing brain systems associated with the expectancy and perception of visual, tactile, nociceptive, and reward stimuli. In the present fMRI study, we addressed this issue in the domain of pictorial emotional stimuli (IAPS). Our paradigm involved the experimental conditions emotional expectancy, neutral expectancy, emotional picture perception, and neutral picture perception. Specifically, the emotional expectancy cue was uncertain in that it did not provide additional information regarding the positive or negative valence of the subsequent picture. Neutral expectancy and neutral picture perception served as control conditions, allowing the identification of expectancy and perception effects specific for emotion processing. To avoid contamination of the perception conditions by the preceding expectancy periods, 50% of the pictorial stimuli were presented without preceding expectancy cues. We found that the emotional expectancy cue specifically produced activation in the supracallosal anterior cingulate, cingulate motor area, and parieto-occipital sulcus. These regions were not significantly activated by emotional picture perception which recruited a different neuronal network, including the amygdala, insula, medial and lateral prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, and occipitotemporal areas. This dissociation may reflect a distinction between anticipatory and perceptive components of emotional stimulus processing.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16275018</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Bermpohl, FelixPascual-Leone, AlvaroAmedi, AmirMerabet, Lotfi BFregni, FelipeGaab, NadineAlsop, DavidSchlaug, GottfriedNorthoff, GeorgK24 RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/MO1 RR01032/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/Neuroimage. 2006 Apr 1;30(2):588-600. Epub 2005 Nov 7.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02132, USA. felix.bermpohl@charite.de</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bermpohl, Felix</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaab, Nadine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alsop, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlaug, Gottfried</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northoff, Georg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attentional modulation of emotional stimulus processing: an fMRI study using emotional expectancy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hum Brain Mapp</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hum Brain Mapp</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amygdala</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerebrovascular Circulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emotions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expressed Emotion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Laterality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neural Pathways</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropsychological Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prefrontal Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tectum Mesencephali</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">662-77</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We used emotional expectancy to study attentional modulation in the processing of emotional stimuli. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), volunteers saw emotional and neutral expectancy cues signaling the subsequent presentation of corresponding emotional or neutral pictorial stimuli. As a control, emotional and neutral pictures were presented without preceding expectancy cue, resulting in a 2 x 2 factorial design with the factors &quot;expectancy&quot; and &quot;emotion.&quot; Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive interaction effect between these factors in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC, Brodmann area [BA] 9/10), amygdala, and dorsal midbrain. In all these regions, expectancy augmented the neural response to emotional but not to neutral pictures. Time course analysis of raw data suggests that this augmented activation was not preceded by baseline increases in MPFC and amygdala during the period of emotional expectancy. In a post-scanning session, the paradigm was presented for a second time to allow emotional intensity rating. Again, a significant interaction between expectancy and emotion was observed, with intensity ratings specifically enhanced in emotional photographs preceded by expectancy. There was a positive correlation between intensity ratings and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the left amygdala. We conclude that specific components of the emotion network show enhanced activation in response to emotional stimuli when these are preceded by expectancy. This enhancement effect is not present in neutral pictures and might parallel accentuated subjective feeling states.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16317710?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfaro, Arantxa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concepción, Luis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lotfi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández, Eduardo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An atypical presentation of visual hallucinatory experiences following prolonged blindness.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurocase</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurocase</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arteriovenous Malformations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerebral Angiography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hallucinations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">212-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report a patient with long-standing blindness experiencing both simple and complex visual hallucinations secondary to a cortical arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The hallucinations were located in the right visual field corresponding to the contra-lateral site of cortical damage. This case contributes to our understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms underlying visual hallucinations and ongoing research investigating the phenomenology of hallucinations with respect to the cause and localization of neural damage.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17000589?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bermpohl, Felix</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaab, Nadine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alsop, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlaug, Gottfried</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northoff, Georg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dissociable networks for the expectancy and perception of emotional stimuli in the human brain.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroimage</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroimage</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerebral Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emotions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gyrus Cinguli</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motor Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nerve Net</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occipital Lobe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parietal Lobe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Apr 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">588-600</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William James posited that comparable brain regions were implicated in the anticipation and perception of a stimulus; however, dissociable networks (at least in part) may also underlie these processes. Recent functional neuroimaging studies have addressed this issue by comparing brain systems associated with the expectancy and perception of visual, tactile, nociceptive, and reward stimuli. In the present fMRI study, we addressed this issue in the domain of pictorial emotional stimuli (IAPS). Our paradigm involved the experimental conditions emotional expectancy, neutral expectancy, emotional picture perception, and neutral picture perception. Specifically, the emotional expectancy cue was uncertain in that it did not provide additional information regarding the positive or negative valence of the subsequent picture. Neutral expectancy and neutral picture perception served as control conditions, allowing the identification of expectancy and perception effects specific for emotion processing. To avoid contamination of the perception conditions by the preceding expectancy periods, 50% of the pictorial stimuli were presented without preceding expectancy cues. We found that the emotional expectancy cue specifically produced activation in the supracallosal anterior cingulate, cingulate motor area, and parieto-occipital sulcus. These regions were not significantly activated by emotional picture perception which recruited a different neuronal network, including the amygdala, insula, medial and lateral prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, and occipitotemporal areas. This dissociation may reflect a distinction between anticipatory and perceptive components of emotional stimulus processing.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275018?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somers, D. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rizzo, J. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What blindness can tell us about seeing again: merging neuroplasticity and neuroprostheses</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature reviews. Neuroscience</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Rev Neurosci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15611728</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004/12/22</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-7</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1471-003X (Print)1471-003X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Significant progress has been made in the development of visual neuroprostheses to restore vision in blind individuals. Appropriate delivery of electrical stimulation to intact visual structures can evoke patterned sensations of light in those who have been blind for many years. However, success in developing functional visual prostheses requires an understanding of how to communicate effectively with the visually deprived brain in order to merge what is perceived visually with what is generated electrically.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Review</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15611728</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BRizzo, Joseph FAmedi, AmirSomers, David CPascual-Leone, AlvaroEnglandNat Rev Neurosci. 2005 Jan;6(1):71-7.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. lmerabet@bidmc.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfaro, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marin, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bongard, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pelayo, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romero, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of a cortical visual neuroprosthesis for the blind: the relevance of neuroplasticity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neural engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neural Eng</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16317227</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005/12/01</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R1-12</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1741-2560 (Print)1741-2552 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Clinical applications such as artificial vision require extraordinary, diverse, lengthy and intimate collaborations among basic scientists, engineers and clinicians. In this review, we present the state of research on a visual neuroprosthesis designed to interface with the occipital visual cortex as a means through which a limited, but useful, visual sense could be restored in profoundly blind individuals. We review the most important physiological principles regarding this neuroprosthetic approach and emphasize the role of neural plasticity in order to achieve desired behavioral outcomes. While full restoration of fine detailed vision with current technology is unlikely in the immediate near future, the discrimination of shapes and the localization of objects should be possible allowing blind subjects to navigate in a unfamiliar environment and perhaps even to read enlarged text. Continued research and development in neuroprosthesis technology will likely result in a substantial improvement in the quality of life of blind and visually impaired individuals.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tReview</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16317227</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Fernandez, EPelayo, FRomero, SBongard, MMarin, CAlfaro, AMerabet, LEnglandJ Neural Eng. 2005 Dec;2(4):R1-12. Epub 2005 Nov 29.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Instituto de Bioingenieria, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain. e.fernandez@umh.es</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rizzo, Joseph F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somers, David C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What blindness can tell us about seeing again: merging neuroplasticity and neuroprostheses.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Rev Neurosci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat. Rev. Neurosci.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuronal Plasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prostheses and Implants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision, Ocular</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Significant progress has been made in the development of visual neuroprostheses to restore vision in blind individuals. Appropriate delivery of electrical stimulation to intact visual structures can evoke patterned sensations of light in those who have been blind for many years. However, success in developing functional visual prostheses requires an understanding of how to communicate effectively with the visually deprived brain in order to merge what is perceived visually with what is generated electrically.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15611728?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E. Fernández</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pelayo, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romero, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bongard, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marin, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfaro, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of a cortical visual neuroprosthesis for the blind: the relevance of neuroplasticity.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neural Eng</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neural Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial Intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuronal Plasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optic Nerve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prostheses and Implants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prosthesis Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retinal Ganglion Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R1-12</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical applications such as artificial vision require extraordinary, diverse, lengthy and intimate collaborations among basic scientists, engineers and clinicians. In this review, we present the state of research on a visual neuroprosthesis designed to interface with the occipital visual cortex as a means through which a limited, but useful, visual sense could be restored in profoundly blind individuals. We review the most important physiological principles regarding this neuroprosthetic approach and emphasize the role of neural plasticity in order to achieve desired behavioral outcomes. While full restoration of fine detailed vision with current technology is unlikely in the immediate near future, the discrimination of shapes and the localization of objects should be possible allowing blind subjects to navigate in a unfamiliar environment and perhaps even to read enlarged text. Continued research and development in neuroprosthesis technology will likely result in a substantial improvement in the quality of life of blind and visually impaired individuals.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16317227?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The plastic human brain cortex.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annu Rev Neurosci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annu. Rev. Neurosci.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Injuries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerebral Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Laterality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Neurological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuronal Plasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">377-401</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasticity is an intrinsic property of the human brain and represents evolution's invention to enable the nervous system to escape the restrictions of its own genome and thus adapt to environmental pressures, physiologic changes, and experiences. Dynamic shifts in the strength of preexisting connections across distributed neural networks, changes in task-related cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical coherence and modifications of the mapping between behavior and neural activity take place in response to changes in afferent input or efferent demand. Such rapid, ongoing changes may be followed by the establishment of new connections through dendritic growth and arborization. However, they harbor the danger that the evolving pattern of neural activation may in itself lead to abnormal behavior. Plasticity is the mechanism for development and learning, as much as a cause of pathology. The challenge we face is to learn enough about the mechanisms of plasticity to modulate them to achieve the best behavioral outcome for a given subject.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16022601?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amedi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The plastic human brain cortex</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual review of neuroscience</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annu Rev Neurosci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16022601</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005/07/19</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">377-401</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0147-006X (Print)0147-006X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Plasticity is an intrinsic property of the human brain and represents evolution's invention to enable the nervous system to escape the restrictions of its own genome and thus adapt to environmental pressures, physiologic changes, and experiences. Dynamic shifts in the strength of preexisting connections across distributed neural networks, changes in task-related cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical coherence and modifications of the mapping between behavior and neural activity take place in response to changes in afferent input or efferent demand. Such rapid, ongoing changes may be followed by the establishment of new connections through dendritic growth and arborization. However, they harbor the danger that the evolving pattern of neural activation may in itself lead to abnormal behavior. Plasticity is the mechanism for development and learning, as much as a cause of pathology. The challenge we face is to learn enough about the mechanisms of plasticity to modulate them to achieve the best behavioral outcome for a given subject.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Review</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16022601</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Pascual-Leone, AlvaroAmedi, AmirFregni, FelipeMerabet, Lotfi BK23 EY 016131-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/K24 RR 018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/K30 HL 004095-03/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/R01 DC 05672/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/R01 EB 005047/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/R01 EY 12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/R01 NS 20068/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/R01 NS 47754/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/Annu Rev Neurosci. 2005;28:377-401.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. apleone@bidmc.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcolin, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulation in motor threshold after a severe episode of gastrointestinal distress</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The journal of ECT</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Ect</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087999</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004/04/17</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50-1</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1095-0680 (Print)1095-0680 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case Reports</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15087999</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Fregni, FelipeMerabet, LotfiPascual-Leone, AlvaroMarcolin, Marco AntonioJ ECT. 2004 Mar;20(1):50-1.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. ffregni@bidmc.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobayashi, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halligan, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theoret, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unconscious modulation of motor cortex excitability revealed with transcranial magnetic stimulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exp Brain Res</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14745468</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004/01/28</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261-4</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0014-4819 (Print)0014-4819 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The neuronal effects of sensory events that do not enter conscious awareness have been reported in numerous pathological conditions and in normal subjects. In the present study, unconscious modulation of corticospinal excitability was probed in healthy volunteers with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were collected from the first dorsal interosseus muscle while subjects performed a masked semantic priming task that has been shown to elicit covert motor cortex activations. Our data show that the amplitude of the MEPs is modulated by an unseen prime, in line with temporal patterns revealed with event related potentials. These data confirm previous reports showing specific motor neural responses associated with an unseen visual stimulus and establish TMS as a valuable tool in the study of the neural correlates of consciousness.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical TrialResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14745468</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Theoret, HugoHalligan, ErinKobayashi, MasahitoMerabet, LotfiPascual-Leone, AlvaroGermanyExp Brain Res. 2004 Mar;155(2):261-4. Epub 2004 Jan 24.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. hugo.theoret@umontreal.ca</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tormos, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobayashi, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theoret, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulation of right motor cortex excitability without awareness following presentation of masked self-images</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain research. Cognitive brain research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res Cogn Brain Res</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15130589</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004/05/08</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-7</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0926-6410 (Print)0926-6410 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The neural substrates of self-awareness have been studied with a variety of neurophysiological and behavioral tools. In the present study, unconscious modulation of corticospinal excitability following presentation of self-images was probed with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEP) were collected from the contralateral first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle while subjects viewed masked pictures of their own face. MEP amplitudes were compared to those obtained when pictures of strangers were masked. Masked self-images induced a relative increase in corticospinal excitability when TMS was applied to the right primary motor cortex. These results demonstrate the utility of TMS to probe unconscious processing and support the notion of hemispheric asymmetry in the processing of self-images.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15130589</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Theoret, HugoKobayashi, MasahitoMerabet, LotfiWagner, TimTormos, Jose MariaPascual-Leone, AlvaroR01EY12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/R01MH60734/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/NetherlandsBrain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2004 Jun;20(1):54-7.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Behavioral Neurology Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. hugo.theoret@umontreal.ca</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stickgold, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alterescu, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warde, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maguire, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual hallucinations during prolonged blindfolding in sighted subjects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neuroophthalmol</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15179062</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004/06/05</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-13</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1070-8022 (Print)1070-8022 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The authors report the occurrence of visual hallucinations of varying complexity in 13 normal subjects after sudden, complete, and prolonged visual deprivation. The subjects were all healthy individuals with no history of cognitive dysfunction, psychosis, or ocular pathology. They wore a specially designed blindfold for a period of five consecutive days (96 hours) and were asked to record their daily experiences using a hand-held microcassette recorder. Ten (77%) of the subjects reported visual hallucinations, which were both simple (bright spots of light) and complex (faces, landscapes, ornate objects). The onset of hallucinations was generally after the first day of blindfolding. Subjects were insightful as to their unreal nature. These results indicate that rapid and complete visual deprivation is sufficient to induce visual hallucinations in normal subjects.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case ReportsClinical TrialRandomized Controlled TrialResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15179062</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BMaguire, DeniseWarde, AislingAlterescu, KarinStickgold, RobertPascual-Leone, AlvaroM01 RR01032/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/MH-13923/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/MH-48832/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/MH60734/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/R01EY12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/J Neuroophthalmol. 2004 Jun;24(2):109-13.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theoret, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavioral and neuroplastic changes in the blind: evidence for functionally relevant cross-modal interactions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of physiology, Paris</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Physiol Paris</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15477034</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-3</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004/10/13</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-33</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0928-4257 (Print)0928-4257 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The study of blind individuals provides insight into the brain re-organization and behavioral compensations that occur following sensory deprivation. While behavioral studies have yielded conflicting results in terms of performance levels within the remaining senses, deafferentation of visual cortical areas through peripheral blindness results in clear neuroplastic changes. Most striking is the activation of occipital cortex in response to auditory and tactile stimulation. Indeed, parts of the &quot;unimodal&quot; visual cortex are recruited by other sensory modalities to process sensory information in a functionally relevant manner. In addition, a larger area of the sensorimotor cortex is devoted to the representation of the reading finger in blind Braille readers. The &quot;visual&quot; function of the deafferented occipital cortex is also altered, where transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced phosphenes can be elicited in only 20% of blind subjects. The neural mechanisms underlying these changes remain elusive but recent data showing rapid cross-modal plasticity in blindfolded, sighted subjects argue against the establishment of new connections to explain cross-modal interactions in the blind. Rather, latent pathways that participate in multisensory percepts in sighted subjects might be unmasked and may be potentiated in the event of complete loss of visual input. These issues have important implications for the development of visual prosthesis aimed at restoring some degree of vision in the blind.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case ReportsComparative StudyResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Review</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15477034</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Theoret, HugoMerabet, LotfiPascual-Leone, AlvaroFranceJ Physiol Paris. 2004 Jan-Jun;98(1-3):221-33.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. htheoret@caregroup.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiao, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrews, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thut, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feeling by sight or seeing by touch?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuron</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuron</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apr 8</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15066274</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004/04/07</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173-9</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0896-6273 (Print)0896-6273 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We have addressed the role of occipital and somatosensory cortex in a tactile discrimination task. Sight-ed and congenitally blind subjects rated the roughness and distance spacing for a series of raised dot patterns. When judging roughness, intermediate dot spacings were perceived as being the most rough, while distance judgments generated a linear relation. Low-frequency rTMS applied to somatosensory cortex disrupted roughness without affecting distance judgments, while rTMS to occipital cortex disrupted distance but not roughness judgments. We also tested an early blind patient with bilateral occipital cortex damage. Her performance on the roughness determination task was normal; however, she was greatly impaired with distance judgments. The findings suggest a double-dissociation effect in which roughness and distance are primarily processed in somatosensory and occipital cortex, respectively. The differential effect of rTMS on task performance and corroborative clinical evidence suggest that occipital cortex is engaged in tactile tasks requiring fine spatial discrimination.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative StudyResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15066274</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, LotfiThut, GregorMurray, BrianAndrews, JessicaHsiao, StevenPascual-Leone, AlvaroP01 NS038034-030003/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/R01 NS034086-08/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/R01 NS034086-09/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/Neuron. 2004 Apr 8;42(1):173-9.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fregni, Felipe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lotfi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcolin, Marco Antonio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulation in motor threshold after a severe episode of gastrointestinal distress.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J ECT</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J ECT</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerebral Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diarrhea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motor Activity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50-1</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087999?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Théoret, Hugo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halligan, Erin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobayashi, Masahito</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lotfi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unconscious modulation of motor cortex excitability revealed with transcranial magnetic stimulation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exp Brain Res</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exp Brain Res</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Consciousness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromagnetic Fields</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evoked Potentials, Motor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Laterality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motor Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscle, Skeletal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subliminal Stimulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The neuronal effects of sensory events that do not enter conscious awareness have been reported in numerous pathological conditions and in normal subjects. In the present study, unconscious modulation of corticospinal excitability was probed in healthy volunteers with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were collected from the first dorsal interosseus muscle while subjects performed a masked semantic priming task that has been shown to elicit covert motor cortex activations. Our data show that the amplitude of the MEPs is modulated by an unseen prime, in line with temporal patterns revealed with event related potentials. These data confirm previous reports showing specific motor neural responses associated with an unseen visual stimulus and establish TMS as a valuable tool in the study of the neural correlates of consciousness.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14745468?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Théoret, Hugo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobayashi, Masahito</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lotfi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, Tim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tormos, Jose Maria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulation of right motor cortex excitability without awareness following presentation of masked self-images.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res Cogn Brain Res</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res Cogn Brain Res</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromagnetic Fields</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Face</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Laterality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motor Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychomotor Performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self Concept</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The neural substrates of self-awareness have been studied with a variety of neurophysiological and behavioral tools. In the present study, unconscious modulation of corticospinal excitability following presentation of self-images was probed with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEP) were collected from the contralateral first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle while subjects viewed masked pictures of their own face. MEP amplitudes were compared to those obtained when pictures of strangers were masked. Masked self-images induced a relative increase in corticospinal excitability when TMS was applied to the right primary motor cortex. These results demonstrate the utility of TMS to probe unconscious processing and support the notion of hemispheric asymmetry in the processing of self-images.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15130589?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maguire, Denise</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warde, Aisling</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alterescu, Karin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stickgold, Robert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual hallucinations during prolonged blindfolding in sighted subjects.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neuroophthalmol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neuroophthalmol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bandages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hallucinations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reference Values</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensory Deprivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Touch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision, Ocular</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-13</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The authors report the occurrence of visual hallucinations of varying complexity in 13 normal subjects after sudden, complete, and prolonged visual deprivation. The subjects were all healthy individuals with no history of cognitive dysfunction, psychosis, or ocular pathology. They wore a specially designed blindfold for a period of five consecutive days (96 hours) and were asked to record their daily experiences using a hand-held microcassette recorder. Ten (77%) of the subjects reported visual hallucinations, which were both simple (bright spots of light) and complex (faces, landscapes, ornate objects). The onset of hallucinations was generally after the first day of blindfolding. Subjects were insightful as to their unreal nature. These results indicate that rapid and complete visual deprivation is sufficient to induce visual hallucinations in normal subjects.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15179062?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Théoret, Hugo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lotfi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavioral and neuroplastic changes in the blind: evidence for functionally relevant cross-modal interactions.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Physiol Paris</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Physiol. Paris</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuronal Plasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somatosensory Cortex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Jan-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-33</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study of blind individuals provides insight into the brain re-organization and behavioral compensations that occur following sensory deprivation. While behavioral studies have yielded conflicting results in terms of performance levels within the remaining senses, deafferentation of visual cortical areas through peripheral blindness results in clear neuroplastic changes. Most striking is the activation of occipital cortex in response to auditory and tactile stimulation. Indeed, parts of the &quot;unimodal&quot; visual cortex are recruited by other sensory modalities to process sensory information in a functionally relevant manner. In addition, a larger area of the sensorimotor cortex is devoted to the representation of the reading finger in blind Braille readers. The &quot;visual&quot; function of the deafferented occipital cortex is also altered, where transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced phosphenes can be elicited in only 20% of blind subjects. The neural mechanisms underlying these changes remain elusive but recent data showing rapid cross-modal plasticity in blindfolded, sighted subjects argue against the establishment of new connections to explain cross-modal interactions in the blind. Rather, latent pathways that participate in multisensory percepts in sighted subjects might be unmasked and may be potentiated in the event of complete loss of visual input. These issues have important implications for the development of visual prosthesis aimed at restoring some degree of vision in the blind.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15477034?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, Lotfi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thut, Gregor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Brian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrews, Jessica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiao, Steven</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feeling by sight or seeing by touch?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuron</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuron</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of Variance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blindness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discrimination (Psychology)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distance Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occipital Lobe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychomotor Performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somatosensory Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Touch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision, Ocular</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Apr 8</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have addressed the role of occipital and somatosensory cortex in a tactile discrimination task. Sight-ed and congenitally blind subjects rated the roughness and distance spacing for a series of raised dot patterns. When judging roughness, intermediate dot spacings were perceived as being the most rough, while distance judgments generated a linear relation. Low-frequency rTMS applied to somatosensory cortex disrupted roughness without affecting distance judgments, while rTMS to occipital cortex disrupted distance but not roughness judgments. We also tested an early blind patient with bilateral occipital cortex damage. Her performance on the roughness determination task was normal; however, she was greatly impaired with distance judgments. The findings suggest a double-dissociation effect in which roughness and distance are primarily processed in somatosensory and occipital cortex, respectively. The differential effect of rTMS on task performance and corroborative clinical evidence suggest that occipital cortex is engaged in tactile tasks requiring fine spatial discrimination.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15066274?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barton, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobayashi, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suppression of complex visual hallucinatory experiences by occipital transcranial magnetic stimulation: a case report</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurocase</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurocase</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14972758</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004/02/20</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">436-40</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1355-4794 (Print)1355-4794 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Abstract We report a patient with visual hallucinations and illusions along with an associated visual field defect after bilateral ischemic damage to his occipital visual cortex. These hallucinations were long-standing and of both simple and complex (well-formed) type. Application of low frequency (1 Hz) repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to the occipital cortex led to a complete cessation of visual hallucinatory symptoms. The use of TMS to probe the neurophysiology, and possibly alleviate, visual hallucinatory experiences is discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case ReportsResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14972758</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BKobayashi, MasahitoBarton, JasonPascual-Leone, AlvaroEnglandNeurocase. 2003 Oct;9(5):436-40.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theoret, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial magnetic stimulation as an investigative tool in the study of visual function</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optom Vis Sci</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771661</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003/05/29</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">356-68</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1040-5488 (Print)1040-5488 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a novel and powerful probe to study the relationship between human brain function and behavior. TMS is being widely used to investigate memory, language, attention, learning, and motor function and is even being utilized therapeutically in the treatment of depression. Some of the earliest applications of TMS have been directed toward the investigation of human visual perception. For example, a strong TMS pulse delivered to the occipital cortex in a sighted or even blind individual can evoke the sensation of perceiving light (visual phosphenes). TMS can also be used to suppress visual perception and investigate the timing of visual information processing. Furthermore, the functional connectivity between different brain areas can be mapped using TMS, thus establishing a causal link between visual cortical function and visual perception. The present article is meant as an overview of the technique of TMS and a review of the literature as it pertains to the study of visual function. The application of TMS in the diagnosis as well as possible therapeutic use in various visual disorders is also discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Review</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12771661</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lotfi BTheoret, HugoPascual-Leone, AlvaroOptom Vis Sci. 2003 May;80(5):356-68.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. lmerabet@caregroup.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobayashi, Masahito</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barton, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suppression of complex visual hallucinatory experiences by occipital transcranial magnetic stimulation: a case report.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurocase</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurocase</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hallucinations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ischemia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurophysiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occipital Lobe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">436-40</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract We report a patient with visual hallucinations and illusions along with an associated visual field defect after bilateral ischemic damage to his occipital visual cortex. These hallucinations were long-standing and of both simple and complex (well-formed) type. Application of low frequency (1 Hz) repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to the occipital cortex led to a complete cessation of visual hallucinatory symptoms. The use of TMS to probe the neurophysiology, and possibly alleviate, visual hallucinatory experiences is discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14972758?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi B. Merabet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theoret, Hugo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual-Leone, Alvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial magnetic stimulation as an investigative tool in the study of visual function.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optom Vis Sci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optom Vis Sci</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromagnetic Fields</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eye Movements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">356-68</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a novel and powerful probe to study the relationship between human brain function and behavior. TMS is being widely used to investigate memory, language, attention, learning, and motor function and is even being utilized therapeutically in the treatment of depression. Some of the earliest applications of TMS have been directed toward the investigation of human visual perception. For example, a strong TMS pulse delivered to the occipital cortex in a sighted or even blind individual can evoke the sensation of perceiving light (visual phosphenes). TMS can also be used to suppress visual perception and investigate the timing of visual information processing. Furthermore, the functional connectivity between different brain areas can be mapped using TMS, thus establishing a causal link between visual cortical function and visual perception. The present article is meant as an overview of the technique of TMS and a review of the literature as it pertains to the study of visual function. The application of TMS in the diagnosis as well as possible therapeutic use in various visual disorders is also discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771661?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desautels, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minville, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higher-order motion processing in the pulvinar.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prog Brain Res</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prog. Brain Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motion Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulvinar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-82</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thalamic nuclei have long been considered as passive relay stations for sensory signals en route to the cerebral cortex, where higher level processing occurs. In recent years, it has been proposed that thalamic nuclei may actively participate in the processing of specific information in conjunction with cortical areas. In support of this hypothesis, we recently discovered that neurons in the main extrageniculate visual nucleus, the pulvinar, exhibit higher-order visual properties that were, until now, only associated with higher-order cortical areas. Pulvinar neurons can indeed code the veridical direction of a moving plaid pattern, indicating that these cells can integrate ambiguous signals into a coherent percept. This finding as well as our demonstration that there are cortico-thalamo-cortical loops involved in complex motion analysis open promising avenues in unraveling the function of the pulvinar complex in normal vision.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11702564?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minville, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desautels, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higher-order motion processing in the pulvinar</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progress in brain research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prog Brain Res</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11702564</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001/11/13</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-82</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0079-6123 (Print)0079-6123 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Thalamic nuclei have long been considered as passive relay stations for sensory signals en route to the cerebral cortex, where higher level processing occurs. In recent years, it has been proposed that thalamic nuclei may actively participate in the processing of specific information in conjunction with cortical areas. In support of this hypothesis, we recently discovered that neurons in the main extrageniculate visual nucleus, the pulvinar, exhibit higher-order visual properties that were, until now, only associated with higher-order cortical areas. Pulvinar neurons can indeed code the veridical direction of a moving plaid pattern, indicating that these cells can integrate ambiguous signals into a coherent percept. This finding as well as our demonstration that there are cortico-thalamo-cortical loops involved in complex motion analysis open promising avenues in unraveling the function of the pulvinar complex in normal vision.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tReview</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11702564</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Casanova, CMerabet, LDesautels, AMinville, KNetherlandsProg Brain Res. 2001;134:71-82.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratoire des neurosciences de la vision, Ecole d'optometrie, Universite de Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, PQ, H3C 3J7 Canada. christian.casanova@umontreal.ca</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minville, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ptito, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Responses of neurons in the cat posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex to moving texture patterns.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrophysiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motion Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pattern Recognition, Visual</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">611-23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex represents a point of convergence between the geniculostriate and extrageniculostriate visual pathways. Given its purported role in motion analysis and the conflicting reports regarding the texture sensitivity of this area, we have investigated the response properties of cells in PMLS to moving texture patterns (&quot;visual noise&quot;). In contrast to previous reports, we have found that a large majority of cells (80.1%) responds to the motion of a texture pattern with sustained discharges. In general, responses to noise were more broadly tuned for direction compared to gratings; however, direction selectivity appeared more pronounced in response to noise. The majority of cells was selective for drift velocity of the noise pattern (mean optimal velocity: 26.7 degrees /s). Velocity tuning was comparable to that of its principal thalamic input, the lateral posterior pulvinar nucleus. In general, responsiveness of cells in the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex increased with increasing texture element size, although some units were tuned to smaller element sizes than the largest presented. Finally, the magnitude of these noise responses was dependent on the area of the visual field stimulated. In general, a stimulus corresponding to roughly twice the size of the receptive field was required to elicit an equivalent half-maximal response to that for gratings. The results of this study indicate that the majority of cells in the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex can be driven by the motion of a fine texture field, and highlight the importance of this area in motion analysis.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10842006?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ptito, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minville, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Responses of neurons in the cat posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex to moving texture patterns</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10842006</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000/06/08</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">611-23</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0306-4522 (Print)0306-4522 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex represents a point of convergence between the geniculostriate and extrageniculostriate visual pathways. Given its purported role in motion analysis and the conflicting reports regarding the texture sensitivity of this area, we have investigated the response properties of cells in PMLS to moving texture patterns (&quot;visual noise&quot;). In contrast to previous reports, we have found that a large majority of cells (80.1%) responds to the motion of a texture pattern with sustained discharges. In general, responses to noise were more broadly tuned for direction compared to gratings; however, direction selectivity appeared more pronounced in response to noise. The majority of cells was selective for drift velocity of the noise pattern (mean optimal velocity: 26.7 degrees /s). Velocity tuning was comparable to that of its principal thalamic input, the lateral posterior pulvinar nucleus. In general, responsiveness of cells in the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex increased with increasing texture element size, although some units were tuned to smaller element sizes than the largest presented. Finally, the magnitude of these noise responses was dependent on the area of the visual field stimulated. In general, a stimulus corresponding to roughly twice the size of the receptive field was required to elicit an equivalent half-maximal response to that for gratings. The results of this study indicate that the majority of cells in the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex can be driven by the motion of a fine texture field, and highlight the importance of this area in motion analysis.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10842006</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, LMinville, KPtito, MCasanova, CNeuroscience. 2000;97(4):611-23.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecole d'optometrie, Universite de Montreal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Montreal, Canada.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minville, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desautels, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motion integration in a thalamic visual nucleus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nov 19</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9834032</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6708</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998/12/02</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">396</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">265-8</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-0836 (Print)0028-0836 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Thalamic nuclei have long been regarded as passive relay stations for sensory information en route to higher level processing in the cerebral cortex. Recently, physiological and theoretical studies have reassessed the role of the thalamus and it has been proposed that thalamic nuclei may actively participate with cortical areas in processing specific information. In support of this idea, we now show that a subset of neurons in an extrageniculate visual nucleus, the lateral-posterior pulvinar complex, can signal the true direction of motion of a plaid pattern, indicating that thalamic cells can integrate different motion signals into a coherent moving percept. This is the first time that these computations have been found to occur outside the higher-order cortical areas. Our findings implicate extrageniculate cortico-thalamo-cortical loops in the dynamic processing of image motion, and, more generally, as basic computational modules involved in analysing specific features of complex visual scenes.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9834032</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, LDesautels, AMinville, KCasanova, CENGLANDNature. 1998 Nov 19;396(6708):265-8.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desautels, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minville, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motion integration in a thalamic visual nucleus.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Neurological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motion Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thalamic Nuclei</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Cortex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998 Nov 19</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">396</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">265-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thalamic nuclei have long been regarded as passive relay stations for sensory information en route to higher level processing in the cerebral cortex. Recently, physiological and theoretical studies have reassessed the role of the thalamus and it has been proposed that thalamic nuclei may actively participate with cortical areas in processing specific information. In support of this idea, we now show that a subset of neurons in an extrageniculate visual nucleus, the lateral-posterior pulvinar complex, can signal the true direction of motion of a plaid pattern, indicating that thalamic cells can integrate different motion signals into a coherent moving percept. This is the first time that these computations have been found to occur outside the higher-order cortical areas. Our findings implicate extrageniculate cortico-thalamo-cortical loops in the dynamic processing of image motion, and, more generally, as basic computational modules involved in analysing specific features of complex visual scenes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6708</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9834032?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Gasparo, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-dependent inhibitory effects of angiotensin II on visual responses of the rat superior colliculus: AT1 and AT2 receptor contributions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropeptides</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropeptides</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9413025</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997/12/31</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">469-81</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0143-4179 (Print)0143-4179 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Angiotensin II (Ang II) has traditionally been regarded as a peripherally circulating and acting hormone involved in fluid homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. With the rather recent localization of Ang II receptors within the mammalian brain, renewed interest has emerged in the hope of elucidating the central impact and function of this hormone. One region that has been clearly demonstrated to express Ang II receptors is the superior colliculus (SC). This mesencephalic structure plays an important role in sensory visuomotor integration. Receptors for Ang II (of both the AT1 and AT2 subtypes) have been localized within the superficial layers of this structure, i.e. the areas that are visually responsive. In the hopes of characterizing the role of Ang II in the SC, we have attempted to physiologically activate these receptors in vivo and observe the effects of Ang II on visually evoked responses. In the attempt to identify the receptor subtype(s) responsible in mediating these effects, Ang II was injected concomitantly with selective receptor ligands. Experiments were performed on adult rats prepared in classical fashion for electrophysiological studies. Through microinjection of Ang II, and the simultaneous recording of visually evoked potentials to flash stimulation, we have observed that this peptide yields a strong suppressive effect on visual neuronal activity. By injecting Ang II at various concentrations (10(-3)-10(-10) M), we have further observed that the effects of this peptide express a dose-related dependency. Injection of Ang II in progressively more ventral layers yielded less pronounced effects, demonstrating physiologically the discrete localization of these receptors in the stratum griseum superficiale. Coinjection of Ang II with Losartan yielded a near complete blockade of Ang II suppressive effects, suggesting that AT1 receptors play a prominent role in mediating these responses. However, coinjection of Ang II with PD 123,319 yielded a slight, yet significant partial blockade. Coinjection of Ang II with both the AT1 and AT2 receptor antagonists yielded a complete blockade of the Ang II effect. Finally, some of the results suggest that the AT2 receptor ligand CGP 42,112 may possess agonist properties. Taken together, these findings suggest that the AT1 receptor is predominantly involved in mediating Ang II responses in the SC and there also appears to be some indication of AT2 receptor involvement. However, the underlying mechanisms (such as receptor interactions), the exact specificity of the ligands used, and the possibility of other receptor subtype implication have yet to be explored fully.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9413025</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lde Gasparo, MCasanova, CSCOTLANDNeuropeptides. 1997 Oct;31(5):469-81.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Departement d'ophtalmologie, Faculte de medecine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Gasparo, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-dependent inhibitory effects of angiotensin II on visual responses of the rat superior colliculus: AT1 and AT2 receptor contributions.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropeptides</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropeptides</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiotensin II</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evoked Potentials, Visual</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesencephalon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oligopeptides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptors, Angiotensin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">469-81</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiotensin II (Ang II) has traditionally been regarded as a peripherally circulating and acting hormone involved in fluid homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. With the rather recent localization of Ang II receptors within the mammalian brain, renewed interest has emerged in the hope of elucidating the central impact and function of this hormone. One region that has been clearly demonstrated to express Ang II receptors is the superior colliculus (SC). This mesencephalic structure plays an important role in sensory visuomotor integration. Receptors for Ang II (of both the AT1 and AT2 subtypes) have been localized within the superficial layers of this structure, i.e. the areas that are visually responsive. In the hopes of characterizing the role of Ang II in the SC, we have attempted to physiologically activate these receptors in vivo and observe the effects of Ang II on visually evoked responses. In the attempt to identify the receptor subtype(s) responsible in mediating these effects, Ang II was injected concomitantly with selective receptor ligands. Experiments were performed on adult rats prepared in classical fashion for electrophysiological studies. Through microinjection of Ang II, and the simultaneous recording of visually evoked potentials to flash stimulation, we have observed that this peptide yields a strong suppressive effect on visual neuronal activity. By injecting Ang II at various concentrations (10(-3)-10(-10) M), we have further observed that the effects of this peptide express a dose-related dependency. Injection of Ang II in progressively more ventral layers yielded less pronounced effects, demonstrating physiologically the discrete localization of these receptors in the stratum griseum superficiale. Coinjection of Ang II with Losartan yielded a near complete blockade of Ang II suppressive effects, suggesting that AT1 receptors play a prominent role in mediating these responses. However, coinjection of Ang II with PD 123,319 yielded a slight, yet significant partial blockade. Coinjection of Ang II with both the AT1 and AT2 receptor antagonists yielded a complete blockade of the Ang II effect. Finally, some of the results suggest that the AT2 receptor ligand CGP 42,112 may possess agonist properties. Taken together, these findings suggest that the AT1 receptor is predominantly involved in mediating Ang II responses in the SC and there also appears to be some indication of AT2 receptor involvement. However, the underlying mechanisms (such as receptor interactions), the exact specificity of the ligands used, and the possibility of other receptor subtype implication have yet to be explored fully.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9413025?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Gasparo, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromodulatory effects of angiotensin II in the visual layers of the rat superior colliculus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dec 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7696624</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994/12/20</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2649-52</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0959-4965 (Print)0959-4965 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Recent autoradiographic studies have revealed the presence of both AT1 and AT2 angiotensin II (AngII) receptor subtypes in the superficial layers of the rat superior colliculus (SC). We have investigated the effects of activating these receptors on visually evoked potentials (VEP) in the SC of adult rats. A recording injecting microelectrode filled with AngII was lowered into the superficial layers of the SC. AngII was injected at concentrations varying from 10(-4) to 10(-10) M. Injection of the peptide yielded a reduction in the amplitude of the VEP. This reduction usually occurred within 2-3 min following AngII injection with a 50% recovery of most of the signal 20-30 min thereafter. AngII did not modify the signal when injected in collicular layers ventral to the stratum opticum. Furthermore, concomitant injection of AngII with the specific AT, receptor antagonist Losartan failed to reduce the evoked response suggesting that the effects of AngII in the SC are likely mediated by AT1 receptors.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7696624</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Merabet, Lde Gasparo, MCasanova, CENGLANDNeuroreport. 1994 Dec 20;5(18):2649-52.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Surgery-Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merabet, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Gasparo, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromodulatory effects of angiotensin II in the visual layers of the rat superior colliculus.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroreport</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiotensin II</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biphenyl Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evoked Potentials, Visual</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imidazoles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Losartan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurotransmitter Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptors, Angiotensin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Superior Colliculi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tetrazoles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Pathways</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994 Dec 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2649-52</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent autoradiographic studies have revealed the presence of both AT1 and AT2 angiotensin II (AngII) receptor subtypes in the superficial layers of the rat superior colliculus (SC). We have investigated the effects of activating these receptors on visually evoked potentials (VEP) in the SC of adult rats. A recording injecting microelectrode filled with AngII was lowered into the superficial layers of the SC. AngII was injected at concentrations varying from 10(-4) to 10(-10) M. Injection of the peptide yielded a reduction in the amplitude of the VEP. This reduction usually occurred within 2-3 min following AngII injection with a 50% recovery of most of the signal 20-30 min thereafter. AngII did not modify the signal when injected in collicular layers ventral to the stratum opticum. Furthermore, concomitant injection of AngII with the specific AT, receptor antagonist Losartan failed to reduce the evoked response suggesting that the effects of AngII in the SC are likely mediated by AT1 receptors.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7696624?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>