@article {717296,
	title = {Adult Children of the Prison Boom: Family Troubles and the Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Justice Contact },
	journal = {Demography},
	volume = {11153107},
	year = {2024},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11153107},
	author = {Christopher Wildeman and Robert J. Sampson and Garrett Baker}
}
@article {717291,
	title = {Desistance as an Intergenerational Process },
	journal = {Annual Review of Criminology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {85-104},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-criminol-022422-015936},
	author = {Christopher Wildeman and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {702411,
	title = {Inequalities in Exposure to Firearm Violence by Race, Sex, and Birth Cohort From Childhood to Age 40 Years, 1995-2021},
	journal = {JAMA Network Open},
	volume = {6},
	number = {5},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {e2312465},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.12465},
	author = {Lanfear, Charles C. and Rebecca Bucci and David S. Kirk and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {702406,
	title = {Cohort Bias in Predictive Risk Assessments of Future Criminal Justice System Involvement},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences },
	volume = {120},
	number = {23},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {e2301990120},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2301990120},
	author = {Montana, Erika and Daniel S. Nagin and Roland Neil and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {688347,
	title = {Legacies of inequality, legacy lead exposures, and improving population well-being},
	journal = {Proceedings of the American Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {119},
	number = {e2202401119},
	year = {2022},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2202401119},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {687628,
	title = {Neighborhood Socioeconomic Inequality Based on Everyday Mobility Predicts Covid-19 Infection in San Francisco, Seattle, and Wisconsin},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {8},
	number = {7},
	year = {2022},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.abl3825},
	author = {Levy, Brian and Karl Vachuska and Subramanian, S.V. and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {687627,
	title = {The Enduring Neighborhood Effect, Everyday Urban Mobility, and Violence in Chicago},
	journal = {The University of Chicago Law Review},
	volume = {89},
	number = {2},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {323-347},
	url = {https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/publication/enduring-neighborhood-effect-everyday-urban-mobility-and-violence-chicago},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Brian L.Levy}
}
@article {685908,
	title = {Rethinking Criminal Propensity and Character: Cohort Inequalities and the Power of Social Change},
	journal = {Crime and Justice},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2021},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/716005},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and L. Ash Smith}
}
@article {674658,
	title = {The Birth Lottery of History: Arrest over the Life Course of Multiple Cohorts Coming of Age, 1995-2018},
	journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
	volume = {126: March},
	number = {5},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1127-1178},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/714062},
	author = {Roland Neil and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {671003,
	title = {From residence to movement: The nature of racial segregation in everyday urban mobility},
	journal = {Urban Studies},
	year = {2021},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020978965},
	author = {Jennifer Candipan and Nolan Edward Phillips and Robert J. Sampson and Mario Small}
}
@article {671002,
	title = {Childhood exposure to polluted neighborhood environments and intergenerational income mobility, teenage birth, and incarceration in the USA},
	journal = {Population and Environment},
	year = {2021},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-020-00371-5},
	author = {Robert Manduca and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {671004,
	title = {Triple Disadvantage: Neighborhood Networks of Everyday Urban Mobility and Violence in U.S. Cities},
	journal = {American Sociological Review},
	volume = {85},
	number = {6},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {925-956},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420972323},
	author = {Brian L.Levy and Nolan E. Phillips and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {655884,
	title = {Beyond Residential Mobility: Mobility-Based Connectedness and Rates of Violence in Large Cities},
	journal = {Race and Social Problems },
	volume = {12},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {77-86},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Brian L.Levy}
}
@article {655883,
	title = {Skill-based Contextual Sorting: How Parental Cognition and Residential Mobility Produce Unequal Environments for Children},
	journal = {Demography},
	volume = {57},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {675-703},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13524-020-00866-8.pdf},
	author = {Jared Schachner and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {655882,
	title = {The Social Integration of American Cities: Network Measures of Connectedness Based on Everyday Mobility across Neighborhoods},
	journal = {Sociological Methods and Research},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1-40},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0049124119852386},
	author = {Nolan Phillips and Brian L.Levy and Robert J. Sampson and Mario L. Small and Ryan Qi Wang}
}
@article {637434,
	title = {The Varying Effects of Neighborhood Disadvantage on College Graduation: Moderating and Mediating Mechanisms},
	journal = {Sociology of Education},
	volume = {92},
	number = {3},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {269-292},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0038040719850146},
	author = {Levy, Brian and Owens, Ann and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {634289,
	title = {Punishing and toxic neighborhood environments independently predict the intergenerational social mobility of black and white children.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences },
	volume = {116},
	number = {16},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {7772 {\textendash} 7777},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/116/16/7772},
	author = {Robert Manduca and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {622797,
	title = {Neighborhood Effects and Beyond: Explaining the Paradoxes of Inequality in the Changing American Metropolis.},
	journal = {Urban Studies},
	volume = {56},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {3-32},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0042098018795363},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {622796,
	title = {The Real Gold Standard: Measuring Counterfactual Worlds That Matter Most to Social Science and Policy.},
	journal = { Annual Review of Criminology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {123-145},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024838},
	author = {Nagin, Daniel S and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {622798,
	title = {Urban Mobility and Neighborhood Isolation in America{\textquoteright}s 50 Largest Cities},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {115},
	number = {30},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {7735-7740},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/115/30/7735},
	author = {Wang, Qi and Nolan Edward Phillips and Mario L. Small and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {607322,
	title = {Environmental Inequality: The Social Causes and Consequences of Lead Exposure},
	journal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {263-282},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041222},
	author = {Christopher Muller and Robert J. Sampson and Alix S. Winter}
}
@article {607311,
	title = {Reassessing {\textquotedblleft}Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality{\textquotedblright}: Enduring and New Challenges in 21st Century America},
	journal = {Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {13-34},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/du-bois-review-social-science-research-on-race/article/reassessing-toward-a-theory-of-race-crime-and-urban-inequality/68C99328C0574E23D1CBC6FDFD60BED9},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and William Julius Wilson and Hanna Katz}
}
@article {606798,
	title = {Poisoned Development: Assessing Lead Exposure as a Cause of Crime in a Birth Cohort Followed through Adolescence},
	journal = {Criminology},
	volume = {56},
	number = {2},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {269-301},
	abstract = {The consequences of lead exposure for later crime are theoretically compelling, but direct evidence from representative, longitudinal samples is sparse. By capitalizing on an original follow-up of more than 200 infants from the birth cohort of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods matched to their blood lead levels from around age 3 years, we provide several tests. Through the use of four waves of longitudinal data that include measures of individual development, family background, and structural inequalities in how lead becomes embodied, we assess the hypothesized link between early childhood lead poisoning and both parent-reported delinquent behavior and official arrest in late adolescence. We also test for mediating developmental processes of impulsivity and anxiety or depression. The results from multiple analytic strategies that make different assumptions reveal a plausibly causal effect of childhood lead exposure on adolescent delinquent behavior but no direct link to arrests. The results underscore lead exposure as a trigger for poisoned development in the early life course and call for greater integration of the environment into theories of individual differences in criminal behavior.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1745-9125.12171},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Alix S. Winter}
}
@article {607312,
	title = {Urban Income Inequality and the Great Recession in Sunbelt Form: Disentangling Individual and Neighborhood-Level Change in Los Angeles},
	journal = {RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences },
	volume = {3},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {102-128},
	abstract = {New social transformations within and beyond the cities of classic urban studies challenge prevailing accounts of spatial inequality. This paper pivots from the Rust Belt to the Sunbelt accordingly, disentangling persistence and change in neighborhood median income and concentrated income extremes in Los Angeles County. We first examine patterns of change over two decades starting in 1990 for all Los Angeles neighborhoods. We then analyze an original longitudinal study of approximately six hundred Angelenos from 2000 to 2013, assessing the degree to which contextual changes in neighborhood income arise from neighborhood-level mobility or individual residential mobility. Overall we find deep and persistent inequality among both neighborhoods and individuals. Contrary to prior research, we also find that residential mobility does not materially alter neighborhood economic conditions for most race, ethnic, and income groups. Our analyses lay the groundwork for a multilevel theoretical framework capable of explaining spatial inequality across cities and historical eras.},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.05$\#$metadata_info_tab_contents},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Jared Schachner and Robert D. Mare}
}
@article {606797,
	title = {From Lead Exposure in Early Childhood to Adolescent Health: A Chicago Birth Cohort},
	journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
	volume = {107},
	number = {9},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1496-1501},
	abstract = {Objectives.\&nbsp;To assess the relationships between childhood lead exposure and 3 domains of later adolescent health: mental, physical, and behavioral.Methods.\&nbsp;We followed a random sample of birth cohort members from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, recruited in 1995 to 1997, to age 17 years and matched to childhood blood test results from the Department of Public Health. We used ordinary least squares regression, coarsened exact matching, and instrumental variables to assess the relationship between average blood lead levels in childhood and impulsivity, anxiety or depression, and body mass index in adolescence. All models adjusted for relevant individual, household, and neighborhood characteristics.Results.\&nbsp;After adjustment, a 1 microgram per deciliter increase in average childhood blood lead level significantly predicts 0.06 (95\% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01, 0.12) and 0.09 (95\% CI = 0.03, 0.16) SD increases and a 0.37 (95\% CI = 0.11, 0.64) point increase in adolescent impulsivity, anxiety or depression, and body mass index, respectively, following ordinary least squares regression. Results following matching and instrumental variable strategies are very similar.Conclusions.\&nbsp;Childhood lead exposure undermines adolescent well-being, with implications for the persistence of racial and class inequalities, considering structural patterns of initial exposure.\&nbsp;},
	url = {http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303903},
	author = {Alix S. Winter and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {507046,
	title = {Urban Sustainability in an Age of Enduring Inequalities: Advancing Theory and Ecometrics for the 21st-Century},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.~~ },
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {The environmental fragility of cities under advanced urbanization has motivated extensive efforts to promote the sustainability of urban ecosystems and physical infrastructures. Less attention has been devoted to neighborhood inequalities and fissures in the civic infrastructure that potentially challenge social sustainability and the capacity of cities to collectively address environmental challenges. This article draws on a program of research in three American cities{\textemdash}Boston, Chicago, and Los Angeles{\textemdash}to develop hypotheses and methodological strategies for assessing how the multidimensional and multilevel inequalities that characterize contemporary cities bear on sustainability. In addition to standard concerns with relative inequality in income, the article reviews evidence on compounded deprivation, racial cleavages, civic engagement, institutional cynicism, and segregated patterns of urban mobility and organizational ties that differentially connect neighborhood resources. Harnessing {\textquotedblleft}ecometric{\textquotedblright} measurement tools and emerging sources of urban data with a theoretically guided framework on neighborhood inequality can enhance the pursuit of sustainable cities, both in the United States and globally.},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/01/05/1614433114},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {607329,
	title = {Turning Points and the Future of Life-Course Criminology: Reflections on the 1986 Criminal Careers Report},
	journal = { Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {321-335},
	abstract = {In 1986, the National Research Council published a two-volume report,\&nbsp;Criminal Careers and{\textquotedblleft}Career Criminals.{\textquotedblright} This work generated fierce debates central to the field of criminology and pitted some of the biggest names in the business against one another. In this paper, we consider the last 30 years and ask whether the report was an intellectual turning point. Our answer is that while the report did change the methodological direction of criminology, it lacked a theoretical explanation of the dynamics of crime. After the report was published, several efforts attempted to fill this breach. We reflect on the role that the\&nbsp;Criminal Careers\&nbsp;report played in our own work, from the time of the report{\textquoteright}s release to the development and assessment of what is now known as the age-graded theory of informal social control and the broader field of {\textquotedblleft}life-course criminology.{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022427815616992},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub.}
}
@article {607327,
	title = {Neighborhood Inequality and Public Policy: What Can Milwaukee Learn from Chicago and Boston?},
	journal = {Marquette Lawyer},
	volume = {Summer},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {9-20},
	url = {https://law.marquette.edu/assets/marquette-lawyers/pdf/marquette-lawyer/2016-summer/8-21.pdf},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {607326,
	title = {The Characterological Imperative: On Heckman, Humphries, and Kautz{\textquoteright}s The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Literature },
	volume = {54},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {493{\textendash}513},
	abstract = {James J. Heckman, John Eric Humphries, and Tim Kautz make a powerful case for noncognitive skills--or what they conceptualize as character--as an explanation of educational achievement and other important outcomes in life. They do so while exposing the myth of the GED, arguing that the GED harms its intended beneficiaries by failing to instill the character skills that predict adult success. Childhood interventions to build personal character, especially self-control, are emphasized.\&nbsp;The Myth of Achievement Tests\&nbsp;is a major contribution, but I integrate relevant research on crime and social control across the life course that motivates a more dynamic conceptualization of character. I also review evidence on the environment as a source of both cognitive and noncognitive skills, including exposure to concentrated deprivation, violence, and lead toxicity. Moreover, I review evidence suggesting that social reactions to character shape life chances in ways not reducible to individual propensities, such as changes in criminal-justice policy that created large cohort differentials in incarceration for the same underlying behaviors. Social context and the character of American society itself are thus central to fostering individual character--not just skills but the desire to conform. It follows that self-control and social control need to be better unified theoretically and in designing interventions.},
	url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.54.2.493},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {507051,
	title = {Individual and Community Economic Mobility in the Great Recession Era: The Spatial Foundations of Persistent Inequality},
	journal = {Economic Mobility: Research and  Ideas on Strengthening Families, Communities and the Economy},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {261-287},
	url = {https://www.stlouisfed.org/~/media/Files/PDFs/Community\%20Development/EconMobilityPapers/Section3/EconMobility_3-1Sampson_508.pdf},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {507026,
	title = {The Racial Ecology of Lead Poisoning: Toxic Inequality in Chicago Neighborhoods, 1995-2013},
	journal = {DuBois Review: Social Science Research on Race},
	volume = {13},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {This paper examines the racial ecology of lead exposure as a form of environmental inequity, one with both historical and contemporary significance. Drawing on comprehensive data from over one million blood tests administered to Chicago children from 1995-2013 and matched to over 2300 geographic block groups, we address two major questions: (1) What is the nature of the relationship between neighborhood-level racial composition and variability in children{\textquoteright}s elevated lead prevalence levels? And (2) what is the nature of the relationship between neighborhood-level racial composition and rates of change in children{\textquoteright}s prevalence levels over time within neighborhoods? We further assess an array of structural explanations for observed racial disparities, including socioeconomic status, type and age of housing, proximity to freeways and smelting plants, and systematic observations of housing decay and neighborhood disorder. Overall, our theoretical framework posits lead toxicity as a major environmental pathway through which racial segregation has contributed to the legacy of Black disadvantage in the United States. Our findings support this hypothesis and show alarming racial disparities in toxic exposure, even after accounting for possible structural explanations. At the same time, however, our longitudinal results show the power of public health policies to reduce racial inequities.},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/du-bois-review-social-science-research-on-race/article/racial-ecology-of-lead-poisoning/F39AF4724258606DCC1CDA369DC08707},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Alix Winter}
}
@inbook {607339,
	title = {Continuity and Change in Neighborhood Culture: Toward a Structurally Embedded Theory of Social Altruism and Moral Cynicism},
	booktitle = {The Cultural Matrix: Understanding Black Youth},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = { Harvard University Press},
	organization = { Harvard University Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson},
	editor = {Orlando Patterson and Nathan Fosse}
}
@inbook {607338,
	title = {Social Disorganization, Collective Efficacy and MacroLevel Control Theories},
	booktitle = { Challenging Criminological Theory: The Legacy of Ruth Kornhauser. Advances in Criminological Theory},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
	organization = {Transaction Publishers},
	address = {New Brunswick, NJ and London, UK},
	author = {Warner, Barbara and Robert J. Sampson},
	editor = {Francis T. Cullen and Pamela Wilcox and Robert J. Sampson and Brendan D. Dooley}
}
@inbook {607334,
	title = {Violence, Cognition, and Neighborhood Inequality in America},
	booktitle = {Social Neuroscience: Brain, Mind, and Society},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	organization = {Harvard University Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Sharkey, Patrick S. and Robert J. Sampson},
	editor = {Russell K. Schutt and Larry J. Seidman and Matcheri S. Keshavan}
}
@article {607331,
	title = {Crime and the Life-Course in a Changing World: Insights from Chicago and Implications for Global Criminology},
	journal = {Asian Journal of Criminology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {277{\textendash}286},
	abstract = {This paper assesses the state of life-course criminology and argues that its major limitation to date is the general failure to incorporate social change. Invoking the concept of cohort differences in aging because of macro-level change, I discuss some of the watershed changes of recent times, including the historic crime decline, the technological revolution, massive immigration and urbanization, rises in inequality, and the Great Recession. I then introduce a new study from Chicago that attempts to link individual development and pathways of crime to some of these large-scale social changes, capitalizing on a cohort sequential design from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. I conclude with implications for global criminology, especially the role of urbanization, ethnic diversity, and inequality in Asia.},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11417-015-9220-3},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {351501,
	title = {Compounded Deprivation in the Transition to Adulthood: The Intersection of Racial and Economic Inequality Among Chicagoans, 1995{\textendash}2013},
	journal = {RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {35-54},
	abstract = {This paper investigates acute, compounded, and persistent deprivation in a representative sample of Chicago adolescents transitioning to young adulthood. Our investigation, based on four waves of longitudinal data from 1995 to 2013, is motivated by three goals. First, we document the prevalence of individual and neighborhood poverty over time, especially among whites, blacks, and Latinos. Second, we explore compounded deprivation, describing the extent to which study participants are simultaneously exposed to individual and contextual forms of deprivation{\textemdash}including material deprivation (such as poverty) and social-organizational deprivation (for example, low collective efficacy){\textemdash}for multiple phases of the life course from adolescence up to age thirty-two. Third, we isolate the characteristics that predict transitions out of compounded and persistent poverty. The results provide new evidence on the crosscutting adversities that were exacerbated by the Great Recession and on the deep connection of race to persistent and compounded deprivation in the transition to adulthood.},
	url = {https://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2015.1.1.03},
	author = {Perkins, Kristin L. and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {325331,
	title = {Achieving the Middle Ground in an Age of Concentrated Extremes: Mixed Middle-Income Neighborhoods and Emerging Adulthood},
	journal = {ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
	volume = {660},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {156-174},
	abstract = {This article focuses on stability and change in {\textquotedblleft}mixed middle-income{\textquotedblright} neighborhoods. We first analyze variation across nearly two decades for all neighborhoods in the United States and in the Chicago area, particularly. We then analyze a new longitudinal study of almost 700 Chicago adolescents over an 18-year span, including the extent to which they are exposed to different neighborhood income dynamics during the transition to young adulthood. The concentration of income extremes is persistent among neighborhoods, generally, but mixed middle-income neighborhoods are more fluid. Persistence also dominates among individuals, though Latino-Americans are much more likely than African Americans or whites to be exposed to mixed middle-income neighborhoods in the first place and to transition into them over time, even when adjusting for immigrant status, education, income, and residential mobility. The results here enhance our knowledge of the dynamics of income inequality at the neighborhood level, and the endurance of concentrated extremes suggests that policies seeking to promote mixed-income neighborhoods face greater odds than commonly thought.},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0002716215576117},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Robert D. Mare and Perkins, Kristin L.}
}
@article {325346,
	title = {Ecometrics in the Age of Big Data: Measuring and Assessing {\textquoteleft}Broken Windows{\textquoteright} Using Large-scale Administrative Records},
	journal = {Sociological Methodology },
	volume = {45},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {101-147},
	abstract = {The collection of large-scale administrative records in electronic form by many cities provides a new opportunity for the measurement and longitudinal tracking of neighborhood characteristics, but one that will require novel methodologies that convert such data into research-relevant measures. The authors illustrate these challenges by developing measures of {\textquotedblleft}broken windows{\textquotedblright} from Boston{\textquoteright}s constituent relationship management (CRM) system (aka 311 hotline). A 16-month archive of the CRM database contains more than 300,000 address-based requests for city services, many of which reference physical incivilities (e.g., graffiti removal). The authors carry out three ecometric analyses, each building on the previous one. Analysis 1 examines the content of the measure, identifying 28 items that constitute two independent constructs, private neglect and public denigration. Analysis 2 assesses the validity of the measure by using investigator-initiated neighborhood audits to examine the {\textquotedblleft}civic response rate{\textquotedblright} across neighborhoods. Indicators of civic response were then extracted from the CRM database so that measurement adjustments could be automated. These adjustments were calibrated against measures of litter from the objective audits. Analysis 3 examines the reliability of the composite measure of physical disorder at different spatiotemporal windows, finding that census tracts can be measured at two-month intervals and census block groups at six-month intervals. The final measures are highly detailed, can be tracked longitudinally, and are virtually costless. This framework thus provides an example of how new forms of large-scale administrative data can yield ecometric measurement for urban science while illustrating the methodological challenges that must be addressed.},
	url = {http://smx.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/04/16/0081175015576601.abstract},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, Daniel and Robert J. Sampson and Christopher Winship}
}
@magazinearticle {325336,
	title = {Immigration and America{\textquoteright}s Urban Revival},
	journal = {American Prospect },
	year = {2015},
	month = {July, 2015},
	pages = {20-24},
	url = {http://prospect.org/article/immigration-and-americas-urban-revival},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {325341,
	title = {Public and Private Spheres of Neighborhood Disorder: Assessing Pathways to Violence Using Large-Scale Digital Records},
	journal = {Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {486-510},
	url = {http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/52/4/486.abstract},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, Daniel and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {607469,
	title = {Criminal Justice Processing and the Social Matrix of Adversity},
	journal = {ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
	volume = {651},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {296-301},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716213502936},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {607468,
	title = {Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Community Collective Efficacy following the 2004 Florida Hurricanes},
	journal = { PLoS ONE},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2},
	year = {2014},
	pages = { e88467},
	abstract = {There is a paucity of research investigating the relationship of community-level characteristics such as collective efficacy and posttraumatic stress following disasters. We examine the association of collective efficacy with probable posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity in Florida public health workers (n = 2249) exposed to the 2004 hurricane season using a multilevel approach. Anonymous questionnaires were distributed electronically to all Florida Department of Health personnel nine months after the 2004 hurricane season. The collected data were used to assess posttraumatic stress disorder and collective efficacy measured at both the individual and zip code levels. The majority of participants were female (80.42\%), and ages ranged from 20 to 78 years (median = 49 years); 73.91\% were European American, 13.25\% were African American, and 8.65\% were Hispanic. Using multi-level analysis, our data indicate that higher community-level and individual-level collective efficacy were associated with a lower likelihood of having posttraumatic stress disorder (OR = 0.93, CI = 0.88{\textendash}0.98; and OR = 0.94, CI = 0.92{\textendash}0.97, respectively), even after adjusting for individual sociodemographic variables, community socioeconomic characteristic variables, individual injury/damage, and community storm damage. Higher levels of community-level collective efficacy and individual-level collective efficacy were also associated with significantly lower posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity (b = -0.22, p\&lt;0.01; and b = -0.17, p\&lt;0.01, respectively), after adjusting for the same covariates. Lower rates of posttraumatic stress disorder are associated with communities with higher collective efficacy. Programs enhancing community collective efficacy may be an important part of prevention practices and possibly lead to a reduction in the rate of posttraumatic stress disorder post-disaster.},
	url = {http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088467},
	author = {Ursano Robert J. and Jodi B. A. McKibben and Dori B. Reissman and Xian Liu and Leming Wang and Robert J. Sampson and Carol S. Fullerton}
}
@article {607340,
	title = {Inequality from the Top Down and Bottom Up: Toward a Revised Wacquant},
	journal = {Ethnic and Racial Studies Review},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1732-1738},
	abstract = {In this response I focus on two major themes in Wacquant{\textquoteright}s trilogy: (1) punishment and the state; and (2) territorial stigmatization. I discuss evidence that supports elements of Wacquant{\textquoteright}s argument, while at the same time demonstrating the need for an account that brings mediating institutional processes of the state, violence, the civil sphere and neighbourhood mechanisms more fully into the larger theoretical picture. I conclude that {\textquoteleft}bottom-up{\textquoteright} processes of inequality must be integrated with {\textquoteleft}top-down{\textquoteright} forces of the state to advance our theoretical understanding of penality and spatial marginality in federated and unitary governments alike.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2014.931986},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {179411,
	title = {Divergent Pathways of Gentrification: Racial Inequality and the Social Order of Renewal in Chicago Neighborhoods},
	journal = {American Sociological Review},
	volume = {79},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {Gentrification has inspired considerable debate, but direct examination of its uneven evolution across time and space is rare. We address this gap by developing a conceptual framework on the social pathways of gentrification and introducing a method of systematic social observation using Google Street View to detect visible cues of neighborhood change. We argue that a durable racial hierarchy governs residential selection and, in turn, gentrifying neighborhoods. Integrating census data, police records, prior street-level observations, community surveys, proximity to amenities, and city budget data on capital investments, we find that the pace of gentrification in Chicago from 2007 to 2009 was negatively associated with the concentration of blacks and Latinos in neighborhoods that either showed signs of gentrification or were adjacent and still disinvested in 1995. Racial composition has a threshold effect, however, attenuating gentrification when the share of blacks in a neighborhood is greater than 40 percent. Consistent with theories of neighborhood stigma, we also find that collective perceptions of disorder, which are higher in poor minority neighborhoods, deter gentrification, while observed disorder does not. These results help explain the reproduction of neighborhood racial inequality amid urban transformation.},
	url = {http://asr.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/06/12/0003122414535774.full.pdf+html},
	author = {Jackelyn Hwang and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {607473,
	title = {Thinking about Context},
	journal = {City and Community},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {28-34},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cico.12009},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {607471,
	title = {Community Well-Being and the Great Recession},
	journal = {Pathways Magazine},
	volume = {Spring},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3-7},
	author = {Owens, Anne and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {607470,
	title = {Translating Causal Claims: Principles and Strategies for Policy-Relevant Criminology},
	journal = {Criminology and Public Policy},
	volume = {12},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {585-616},
	abstract = {This article reviews the causal turn in the social sciences and accompanying efforts by criminologists to make policy claims more credible. Although there has been much progress in techniques for the estimation of causal effects, we find that the link between evidence and valid policy implications remains elusive. Drawing on criminological theory and research insights from disciplines such as sociology, economics, and statistics, we assess principles and strategies for informing policy in a causally uncertain world. We identify three distinct domains of inquiry that form a part of the translational process from evidence to policy and that complicate the straightforward exportation of causal effects to policy recommendations: (a) mechanisms and causal pathways, (b) effect heterogeneity, and (c) contextualization. We elaborate these three concepts by examining research on broken windows theory, policing, video games and violence, the Moving to Opportunity voucher experiment, incarceration, and especially the rich set of experimental studies on domestic violence that originated in Minneapolis, MN in the early 1980s. We also articulate a set of conceptual tools for advancing the goal of policy translation and offer recommendations for how what we call {\textquotedblleft}policy graphs{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}causal graphs used to analyze the policy implications of a system of causal relations{\textemdash}can potentially integrate the theoretical and policy arms of criminology.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1745-9133.12028},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Christopher Winship and Carly Knight}
}
@magazinearticle {82081,
	title = {When Disaster Strikes, It{\textquoteright}s Survival of the Sociable},
	journal = {New Scientist},
	number = {2916},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {28-29},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {48426,
	title = {The Place of Context: A Theory and Strategy for Criminology{\textquoteright}s Hard Problems},
	journal = {Criminology},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1-31},
	abstract = {I present a theoretical framework and analytic strategy for the study of place as a fundamental context in criminology, with a focus on neighborhood effects. My approach builds on the past 15 years of research from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods and from a recent book unifying the results. I argue that {\textquotedblleft}ecometrics{\textquotedblright} can be applied at multiple scales, and I elaborate core principles and guiding hypotheses for five problems: 1) legacies of inequality and developmental neighborhood effects; 2) race, crime, and the new diversity; 3) cognition and context, above all the social meaning of disorder; 4) the measurement and sources of collective efficacy in a cosmopolitan world; and 5) higher order structures beyond the neighborhood that arise in complex urban systems. Although conceptually distinct, these hard problems are interdependent and ultimately linked to a frontier in criminology: contextual causality.},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12002/abstract},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {33844,
	title = {Juvenile Arrest and Collateral Educational Damage in the Transition to Adulthood},
	journal = {Sociology of Education},
	volume = {86},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {36{\textendash}62},
	abstract = {Official sanctioning of students by the criminal justice system is a long-hypothesized source of educational disadvantage, but its explanatory status remains unresolved. Few studies of the educational consequences of a criminal record account for alternative explanations such as low self-control, lack of parental supervision, deviant peers, and neighborhood disadvantage. Moreover, virtually no research on the effect of a criminal record has examined the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}black box{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} of mediating mechanisms or the consequence of arrest for postsecondary educational attainment. Analyzing longitudinal data with multiple and independent assessments of theoretically relevant domains, the authors estimate the direct effect of arrest on later high school dropout and college enrollment for adolescents with otherwise equivalent neighborhood, school, family, peer, and individual characteristics as well as similar frequency of criminal offending. The authors present evidence that arrest has a substantively large and robust impact on dropping out of high school among Chicago public school students. They also find a significant gap in four-year college enrollment between arrested and otherwise similar youth without a criminal record. The authors also assess intervening mechanisms hypothesized to explain the process by which arrest disrupts the schooling process and, in turn, produces collateral educational damage. The results imply that institutional responses and disruptions in students{\textquoteright} educational trajectories, rather than social-psychological factors, are responsible for the arrest{\textendash}education link.},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0038040712448862},
	author = {David S. Kirk and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {55841,
	title = {Systematic Social Observation of Children{\textquoteright}s Neighborhoods Using Google Street View: A Reliable and Cost Effective Method},
	journal = {Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1009-17},
	abstract = {BackgroundChildren growing up in poor versus affluent neighborhoods are more likely to spend time in prison, develop health problems and die at an early age. The question of how neighborhood conditions influence our behavior and health has attracted the attention of public health officials and scholars for generations. Online tools are now providing new opportunities to measure neighborhood features and may provide a cost effective way to advance our understanding of neighborhood effects on child health.MethodA virtual systematic social observation (SSO) study was conducted to test whether Google Street View could be used to reliably capture the neighborhood conditions of families participating in the Environmental-Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study. Multiple raters coded a subsample of 120 neighborhoods and convergent and discriminant validity was evaluated on the full sample of over 1,000 neighborhoods by linking virtual SSO measures to: (a) consumer based geo-demographic classifications of deprivation and health, (b) local resident surveys of disorder and safety, and (c) parent and teacher assessments of children{\textquoteright}s antisocial behavior, prosocial behavior, and body mass index.ResultsHigh levels of observed agreement were documented for signs of physical disorder, physical decay, dangerousness and street safety. Inter-rater agreement estimates fell within the moderate to substantial range for all of the scales (ICCs ranged from .48 to .91). Negative neighborhood features, including SSO-rated disorder and decay and dangerousness corresponded with local resident reports, demonstrated a graded relationship with census-defined indices of socioeconomic status, and predicted higher levels of antisocial behavior among local children. In addition, positive neighborhood features, including SSO-rated street safety and the percentage of green space, were associated with higher prosocial behavior and healthy weight status among children.ConclusionsOur results support the use of Google Street View as a reliable and cost effective tool for measuring both negative and positive features of local neighborhoods.},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537178/},
	author = {Odgers, Candice L. and Avshalom Caspi and Christopher Bates and Robert J. Sampson and Terri Moffitt}
}
@article {37878,
	title = {Moving and the Neighborhood Glass Ceiling},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {337},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1464-1465},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/337/6101/1464?ijkey=pjXirJs8U8tD6\&keytype=ref\&siteid=sci},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {33203,
	title = {When Things Aren{\textquoteright}t What They Seem: Context and Cognition in Appearance-Based Regulation},
	journal = {Harvard Law Review Forum},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2012},
	month = {May 2012},
	pages = {977-107},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22219,
	title = {The Incarceration Ledger: Toward a New Era in Assessing Societal Consequences},
	journal = {Criminology and Public Policy},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {819-828},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00756.x/abstract},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@inbook {22192,
	title = {Neighborhood Effects, Causal Mechanisms, and the Social Structure of the City},
	booktitle = {Analytical Sociology and Social Mechanisms},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {227-250},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge and New York},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson},
	editor = {Pierre Demeulenaere}
}
@article {22217,
	title = {Destination Effects: Residential Mobility and Trajectories of Adolescent Violence in a Stratified Metropolis},
	journal = {Criminology},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {639-682},
	author = {Sharkey, Patrick and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22200,
	title = {Punishment{\textquoteright}s Place: The Local Concentration of Mass Incarceration},
	journal = {Daedalus},
	volume = {Summer},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {20-31},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043762/},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Charles Loeffler}
}
@article {22191,
	title = {Gold Standard Myths: Observations on the Experimental Turn in Quantitative Criminology},
	journal = {Journal of Quantitative Criminology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {489-500},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22254,
	title = {Spatial Heterogeneity In the Effects of Immigration and Diversity on Neighborhood Homicide Rates},
	journal = {Homicide Studies},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {242-260},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2911240/},
	author = {Graif, Corina and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22190,
	title = {Disparity and Diversity in the Contemporary City: Social (Dis)Order Revisited},
	journal = {British Journal of Sociology},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1-31},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjos.2009.60.issue-1/issuetoc},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22211,
	title = {Durable Effects of Concentrated Disadvantage on Verbal Ability Among African-American Children},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {845-852},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Sharkey, Patrick and Stephen W. Raudenbush}
}
@article {22210,
	title = {Neighborhood Selection and the Social Reproduction of Concentrated Racial Inequality},
	journal = {Demography},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1-29},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Sharkey, Patrick}
}
@article {22189,
	title = {Rethinking Crime and Immigration},
	journal = {Contexts},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {28-33},
	url = {http://contexts.org/articles/files/2008/01/contexts_winter08_sampson.pdf},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22188,
	title = {Moving to Inequality: Neighborhood Effects and Experiments Meet Social Structure},
	journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {189-231},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@inbook {698466,
	title = {Collective Efficacy Theory: Lessons Learned and Directions for Future Inquiry},
	booktitle = {Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {Advances in Criminological Theory},
	organization = {Advances in Criminological Theory},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson},
	editor = {Francis T. Cullen and John Paul Wright and Kristie Blevins}
}
@inbook {22218,
	title = {Cultural Mechanisms and Killing Fields: A Revised Theory of Community-Level Racial Inequality},
	booktitle = {The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity and Crime in America},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {New York University Press},
	organization = {New York University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Lydia Bean},
	editor = {Ruth Peterson and Lauren Krivo and John Hagan}
}
@inbook {22203,
	title = {Durable Inequality: Spatial Dynamics, Social Processes and the Persistence of Poverty in Chicago Neighborhoods},
	booktitle = {Poverty Traps},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {176-203},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	address = {Princeton, NJ},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Jeffrey D. Morenoff},
	editor = {Samuel Bowles and Steve Durlauf and Karla Hoff}
}
@article {22199,
	title = {Does Marriage Reduce Crime?  A Counterfactual Approach to Within-Individual Causal Effects},
	journal = {Criminology },
	volume = {44},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {465-508},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub and Christopher Wimer}
}
@newspaperarticle {22187,
	title = {Open Doors Don{\textquoteright}t Invite Criminals: Is Increased Immigration Behind the Drop in Crime?},
	journal = {New York Times},
	year = {2006},
	month = {March 11},
	chapter = {Op-Ed},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22259,
	title = {{\textquoteright}There Will Be Fighting in the Streets{\textquoteright}: The Distorting Lens of Social Movement Theory},
	journal = {Mobilization},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1-18},
	author = {Doug McAdam and Robert J. Sampson and Weffer-Elizondo, Sim{\'o}n and Heather MacIndoe}
}
@article {22206,
	title = {Social Anatomy of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Violence},
	journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {224-232},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Jeffrey D. Morenoff and Stephen W. Raudenbush}
}
@article {22201,
	title = {Civil Society Reconsidered: The Durable Nature and Community Structure of Collective Civic Action},
	journal = {American Journal of Sociology },
	volume = {111},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {673-714},
	url = {http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/3226956},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Doug McAdam and Heather MacIndoe and Sim{\`o}n Weffer}
}
@article {22198,
	title = {A Life-Course View of the Development of Crime},
	journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
	volume = {602},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {12-45},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub}
}
@article {698465,
	title = {Neighborhood and Community: Collective Efficacy and Community Safety},
	journal = {New Economy},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {106-113},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22208,
	title = {Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of Broken Windows},
	journal = {Social Psychology Quarterly},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {319-342},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Stephen W. Raudenbush}
}
@inbook {22202,
	title = {Spatial (Dis)Advantage and Homicide in Chicago Neighborhoods},
	booktitle = {Spatially Integrated Social Science},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {145-170},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Jeffrey D. Morenoff},
	editor = {Michael Goodchild and Donald Janelle}
}
@article {22255,
	title = {A Multivariate, Multilevel Rasch Model with Application to Self-Reported Criminal Behavior},
	journal = {Sociological Methodology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {169-211},
	author = {Stephen W. Raudenbush and Johnson, Christopher and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22197,
	title = {Life-Course Desisters? Trajectories of Crime Among Delinquent Boys Followed to Age 70},
	journal = {Criminology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {301-339},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub}
}
@article {22186,
	title = {The Neighborhood Context of Well Being},
	journal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {S53-S73},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22205,
	title = {Assessing {\textquoteright}Neighborhood Effects{\textquoteright}: Social Processes and New Directions in Research},
	journal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443-78},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Jeffrey D. Morenoff and Thomas Gannon-Rowley}
}
@article {22216,
	title = {Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence},
	journal = {Criminology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {517-560},
	author = {Jeffrey D. Morenoff and Robert J. Sampson and Stephen Raudenbush}
}
@article {22256,
	title = {{\textquoteright}Ecometrics{\textquoteright}: Toward A Science of Assessing Ecological Settings, with Application to the Systematic Social Observation of Neighborhoods},
	journal = {Sociological Methodology},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1-41},
	author = {Stephen W. Raudenbush and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22207,
	title = {Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods},
	journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
	volume = {105},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {603-651},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Stephen W. Raudenbush}
}
@article {22204,
	title = {Beyond Social Capital: Spatial Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children},
	journal = {American Sociological Review},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {633-660},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Jeffrey D. Morenoff and Felton Earls}
}
@article {22193,
	title = {Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance: The Neighborhood Context of Racial Differences},
	journal = {Law and Society Review},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {777-804},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Dawn Jeglum Bartusch}
}
@article {81651,
	title = {Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {277},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {918-924 },
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/277/5328/918.full},
	author = {Sampson, Robert J, Stephen Raudenbush, Felton Earls}
}
@article {22215,
	title = {Violent Crime and the Spatial Dynamics of Neighborhood Transition: Chicago, 1970-1990},
	journal = {Social Forces},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {31-64},
	author = {Jeffrey Morenoff and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@inbook {22196,
	title = {A Life-Course Theory of Cumulative Disadvantage and the Stability of Delinquency},
	booktitle = {Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
	organization = {Transaction Publishers},
	address = {New Brunswick, N.J.},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub},
	editor = {Terence P. Thornberry}
}
@inbook {22212,
	title = {Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality},
	booktitle = {Crime and Inequality},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {37-56},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	organization = {Stanford University Press},
	address = {Stanford, CA},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and William Julius Wilson},
	editor = {John Hagan and Peterson, Ruth D.}
}
@article {22195,
	title = {Structural Variations in Juvenile Court Processing: Inequality, the Underclass, and Social Control},
	journal = {Law and Society Review },
	volume = {27},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {285-311},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub}
}
@article {22181,
	title = {Turning Points in the Life Course: Why Change Matters to the Study of Crime},
	journal = {Criminology},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {301-325},
	author = {Laub, John H., and Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22194,
	title = {Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory},
	journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
	volume = {94},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {774-802},
	url = {http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3226955/Sampson_CommunityStructureCrime.pdf?sequence=2},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson and Groves, W. B.}
}
@article {22184,
	title = {Local Friendship Ties and Community Attachment in Mass Society: A Multi-Level Systemic Model},
	journal = {American Sociological Review},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {766-779},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22183,
	title = {Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption},
	journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
	volume = {93},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {348-382},
	url = {http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/3226953},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
@article {22182,
	title = {Group Size, Heterogeneity, and Intergroup Conflict: A Test of Blau{\textquoteright}s Inequality and Heterogeneity},
	journal = {Social Forces},
	volume = {62},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {618-639},
	author = {Robert J. Sampson}
}
