@article {683353,
	title = {Mortality risk attributable to wildfire-related PM pollution: a global time series study in 749 locations},
	journal = {Lancet Planet Health},
	volume = {5},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021 09},
	pages = {e579-e587},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many regions of the world are now facing more frequent and unprecedentedly large wildfires. However, the association between wildfire-related PM2{\textperiodcentered}5 and mortality has not been well characterised. We aimed to comprehensively assess the association between short-term exposure to wildfire-related PM2{\textperiodcentered}5 and mortality across various regions of the world.

METHODS: For this time series study, data on daily counts of deaths for all causes, cardiovascular causes, and respiratory causes were collected from 749 cities in 43 countries and regions during 2000-16. Daily concentrations of wildfire-related PM2{\textperiodcentered}5 were estimated using the three-dimensional chemical transport model GEOS-Chem at a 0{\textperiodcentered}25{\textdegree} {\texttimes} 0{\textperiodcentered}25{\textdegree} resolution. The association between wildfire-related PM2{\textperiodcentered}5 exposure and mortality was examined using a quasi-Poisson time series model in each city considering both the current-day and lag effects, and the effect estimates were then pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Based on these pooled effect estimates, the population attributable fraction and relative risk (RR) of annual mortality due to acute wildfire-related PM2{\textperiodcentered}5 exposure was calculated.

FINDINGS: 65{\textperiodcentered}6 million all-cause deaths, 15{\textperiodcentered}1 million cardiovascular deaths, and 6{\textperiodcentered}8 million respiratory deaths were included in our analyses. The pooled RRs of mortality associated with each 10 μg/m3 increase in the 3-day moving average (lag 0-2 days) of wildfire-related PM2{\textperiodcentered}5 exposure were 1{\textperiodcentered}019 (95\% CI 1{\textperiodcentered}016-1{\textperiodcentered}022) for all-cause mortality, 1{\textperiodcentered}017 (1{\textperiodcentered}012-1{\textperiodcentered}021) for cardiovascular mortality, and 1{\textperiodcentered}019 (1{\textperiodcentered}013-1{\textperiodcentered}025) for respiratory mortality. Overall, 0{\textperiodcentered}62\% (95\% CI 0{\textperiodcentered}48-0{\textperiodcentered}75) of all-cause deaths, 0{\textperiodcentered}55\% (0{\textperiodcentered}43-0{\textperiodcentered}67) of cardiovascular deaths, and 0{\textperiodcentered}64\% (0{\textperiodcentered}50-0{\textperiodcentered}78) of respiratory deaths were annually attributable to the acute impacts of wildfire-related PM2{\textperiodcentered}5 exposure during the study period.

INTERPRETATION: Short-term exposure to wildfire-related PM2{\textperiodcentered}5 was associated with increased risk of mortality. Urgent action is needed to reduce health risks from the increasing wildfires.

FUNDING: Australian Research Council, Australian National Health \&amp; Medical Research Council.},
	issn = {2542-5196},
	doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00200-X},
	author = {Chen, Gongbo and Yuming Guo and Xu Yue and Tong, Shilu and Gasparrini, Antonio and Bell, Michelle L and Armstrong, Ben and Schwartz, Joel and Jaakkola, Jouni J K and Antonella Zanobetti and Lavigne, Eric and Nascimento Saldiva, Paulo Hilario and Kan, Haidong and Roy{\'e}, Dominic and Milojevic, Ai and Overcenco, Ala and Urban, Ale{\v s} and Schneider, Alexandra and Entezari, Alireza and Vicedo-Cabrera, Ana Maria and Zeka, Ariana and Tobias, Aurelio and Nunes, Baltazar and Alahmad, Barrak and Forsberg, Bertil and Pan, Shih-Chun and {\'I}{\~n}iguez, Carmen and Ameling, Caroline and De la Cruz Valencia, C{\'e}sar and {\r A}str{\"o}m, Christofer and Houthuijs, Danny and Van Dung, Do and Samoli, Evangelia and Mayvaneh, Fatemeh and Sera, Francesco and Carrasco-Escobar, Gabriel and Yadong Lei and Orru, Hans and Kim, Ho and Holobaca, Iulian-Horia and Kysel{\'y}, Jan and Teixeira, Jo{\~a}o Paulo and Madureira, Joana and Katsouyanni, Klea and Hurtado-D{\'\i}az, Magali and Maasikmets, Marek and Ragettli, Martina S and Hashizume, Masahiro and Stafoggia, Massimo and Pascal, Mathilde and Scortichini, Matteo and de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Co{\^e}lho, Micheline and Vald{\'e}s Ortega, Nicol{\'a}s and Ryti, Niilo R I and Noah Scovronick and Matus, Patricia and Goodman, Patrick and Garland, Rebecca M and Abrutzky, Rosana and Garcia, Samuel Osorio and Rao, Shilpa and Fratianni, Simona and Dang, Tran Ngoc and Colistro, Valentina and Huber, Veronika and Lee, Whanhee and Seposo, Xerxes and Honda, Yasushi and Guo, Yue Leon and Ye, Tingting and Yu, Wenhua and Abramson, Michael J and Samet, Jonathan M and Li, Shanshan}
}
