Authors: Maurílio Daros, Iara Costa Leite, Vitelio Brustolin. International partnerships have been fundamental to Embraer’s technological advancement. The very creation of the company was only possible due to prior support received from specialized institutions in countries such as the United States, with governmental support. Even so, academic works on Embraer focus very little on its international agreements. This article maps and systematizes literature on international partnerships involving Embraer retrieved by Scopus, Scielo and the CAPES Thesis and Dissertation Catalog. In addition to presenting quantitative data that corroborates the finding on low participation of specific literature on international partnerships involving Embraer, this article demonstrates that almost none of the articles retrieved by the search are from the field of International Relations. In general, concepts and theories on which the mapped literature relies assume a purely transnational component in the partnerships without taking into account, for instance, the role of states in supervising international knowledge flows. Contributions made by the literature, while relevant to understanding business partnerships involving knowledge flows, do not necessarily consider the uniqueness of such flows when they cross national borders. Further- more, it is demonstrated that the mapped literature does not take the partnership axis (North-South or South-South) as a relevant variable for effectiveness. Keywords: Embraer; Brazil; Airplane manufacturers; Science, technology and innovation; International partnerships. ISSN 2317-773X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2022v10n4p55-71. Publisher: International Studies, v. 10, n. 4, p. 55-71.

Author: Vitelio Brustolin. The Brazilian National Confederation of Industry (CNI) published a book with a chapter that I had the joy of writing. The book " An Overview of Brazil's Defense and Security Industry Challenges" was organized by Professor Ronaldo Gomes Carmona and has 27 chapters written by esteemed and competent colleagues. I wrote chapter 21: "The US Military-Industrial-Academic Complex and the Role of DARPA". For those who want to know how much of the equipment we use every day was developed for military use in the United States, perhaps the chapter I wrote will help a little. Technologies such as the electronic computer, the Internet, the cellphone, optical fiber, bactericidal drugs, numerical control machines, drones, the microwave oven, anatomical sneakers, GPS, and many others, were developed for military use, but were authorized for civilian use and helped develop industries such as Boeing, AT&T, General Dynamics, General Electric and others in the process, as well as boosting universities such as Harvard, Columbia, Caltech, Stanford, Berkeley and others. The book, which is an initiative of CNI and Embraer Defense and Security, also outlines prospects for the defense industry, geopolitical transformations, the future of war and Brazil's role in a changing world. Keywords: Military Industrial Complex; Dual Use Techmology Defense Industry; Defense and Strategic Studies; Armaments and Defense Industry, Brazil; United States. Publisher: Brazilian Confederation of Industry - CNI, p. 375-407.

Authors: Vitelio Brustolin, Ronaldo Gomes Carmona, et al. This collective work, written by professors and researchers in the field of Defense and National Security, is the result of an organized reflection on the scenario of geopolitical transformations that the world is currently experiencing. The book was also designed to help Brazilian society, with analyses on the modernization of the Defense and National Security structure. As a collective reflection, it offers a map of some of the major themes in Defense and National and International Security, in 25 policy papers, which were written especially for this book. I wrote chapter 21: "The US Military-Industrial-Academic Complex and the Role of DARPA". For those who want to know how much of the equipment we use every day was developed for military use in the United States, perhaps the chapter I wrote will help a little. Technologies such as the electronic computer, the Internet, the cellphone, optical fiber, bactericidal drugs, numerical control machines, drones, the microwave oven, anatomical sneakers, GPS, and many others, were developed for military use, but were authorized for civilian use and helped develop industries such as Boeing, AT&T, General Dynamics, General Electric and others in the process, as well as boosting universities such as Harvard, Columbia, Caltech, Stanford, Berkeley and others. Keywords: Military Industrial Complex; Dual Use Techmology Defense Industry; Defense and Strategic Studies; Armaments and Defense Industry, Brazil; United States. Publisher: Brazilian Confederation of Industry - CNI, 500p.

Authors: Carolina Ambinder, Vitelio Brustolin. In this article, we mapped the main actors of the defense equipment procurement systems in Brazil and Sweden, using a comparative analysis methodology, through literature review, interviews and document analysis. To this end, we initially discuss fundamental concepts such as power, capability and governance, as well as the theoretical aspects of the procurement system itself, the triple helix model and the area of public policy. Next, we contextualize the formation of the Brazilian and Swedish defense industries in order to produce considerations on the current stage of development of these systems. In the conclusions, we note that, despite initiatives for greater integration in the Brazilian defense sector, such as the creation of the Ministry of Defense (MD) and the Secretariat of Defense Products (SEPROD), the country’s procurement system is still decentralized. In Sweden, on the other hand, the defense acquisition system is promoted by the three Forces, jointly, relying on other determining actors in the process. Keywords: Procurement System; Brazil; Sweden; Triple Helix; Public Policy; Defense Industry. ISSN: 1809-3191. DOI: https://10.21544/2359-3075.v29n1.c | Publication Name: Journal of the Naval War College, v. 29, n. 1, jan./apr. 2023, p. 46-84.

Authors: Vitelio Brustolin, Israel Aono Nunes, Juliana Zaniboni de Assunção. With the continued use of the Internet, more and more countries are producing cybersecurity strategies. In this context it is common to compare documents published by different States in order to find points of convergence and aspects that can be improved. Brazil published its first National Cybersecurity Strategy (E-Ciber), in February 2020. It is, therefore, a recently released document, with little analysis on it thus far. In turn, the National Cyber Strategy of the United States (NCS) was published in September 2018, being presented as “it’s first fully articulated cyber strategy in 15 years”. In this article we make a structural comparison between the Brazilian and American documents. In addition, we carry out an analysis based on the framework proposed by Luijiif et al. (2013). This framework is based on the evaluation of 19 national cybersecurity strategies from 18 countries, from which Luijiif et al. produced a minimal structural model for strategies. This is, therefore, an exploratory research which uses comparative policy methodology with indirect data collection technique and qualitative data analysis. In the final remarks, we demonstrate that the Brazilian Strategy was developed with a bottom-up methodology based on diagnostic meetings, debates, and public consultations. In contrast, the American Strategy was structured with a top-down methodology, meaning that before the document was developed, the objectives to be achieved were already defined. We also found that the Brazilian Strategy has all the topics proposed by Luijiif et al., except the glossary, while the US document has only 4 of the 9 topics proposed. Despite this structural difference there is a convergence in the actions defined by both strategies. Keywords: Cybersecurity Strategy; Cyber Defense Strategy; Brazil; United States; Cyber Security; Cyber Defence. ISSN 2358-3932. DOI: https://10.26792/RBED.v9n2.2022.75246 | Publication Name: Brazilian Journal of Defense Studies. v. 9, n. 2, jul./dez. 2022, p. 227–250.

Author: Vitelio Brustolin. The defense industry is part of a country’s industrial base and often has multiple uses, serving both civilian and military purposes. It does not stand alone and is a significant part of the country’s industry. From this perspective, this article demonstrates the Brazilian military’s influence on industrialization policies. Such influence has not always been vested with legitimacy, as in the 1964 coup d’état and the subsequent military government (1964-1985), nor has it always been due to internal reasons. Political-military events, such as World War I and especially World War II, have directly affected the country’s industrialization policies. The methodology employed in this article is a review of policies, institutions, laws, and historical facts. The conclusions highlight that during the 20th century Brazil went from the stage of not producing defense equipment to the status of one of the largest exporters in the world. This role underwent profound changes in the 1990s, and 2000s. However, there are threats that a new dictatorship could be established in Brazil. If the country suffers another democratic-era coup d’état, what happened in the 1990s could repeat itself. That is, deindustrialization and the subsequent dismantling of what remains of the defense industry, which would also affect the civilian industry. Keywords: Brazilian industry; Brazilian defense industrial base; military influence in Brazil; defense industry; civil-military relations. ISSN: 2245-4373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25160/bjbs.v10i2.128359 | Publication Name: Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies, Vol.10, No. 2, 2021, p. 70-95.

Authors: Vitelio Brustolin, Dennison de Oliveira, Alcides Peron. In this article, we explore how the United States developed an intelligence strategy that, since the Cold War, has been based on relationships with private high-tech companies. Specifically, we analyse documents that demonstrate that the Swiss company Crypto AG – a supplier of cryptographic equipment to more than 120 countries – was controlled by the CIA. We analyse the implications of this for Brazil, in a comparative perspective with the experience of these other nations. Our methodology includes: (1) analysis of documents recently declassified by the US and Brazil; (2) analysis of budget expenditure data; (3) information made available by Crypto AG on its international operations. In our conclusion, we highlight the irrefutability of the relationship established between the CIA and Crypto AG, which lasted from the 1950s to 2018. Finally, we present documents that show that Brazil continued to buy cryptographic equipment from Crypto AG for its Armed Forces until 2019. Keywords: Cryptography; Espionage; Intelligence; Crypto AG; Brazil; United States. ISSN: 0955-7571 (print) 1474-449X (web). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2020.1842328 | Publication Name: Cambridge Review of International Affairs.

In this article we compare the main regulations employed by the United States and Brazil for their respective cybersecurity and cyber defence. From this comparison we produced four main conclusions. First, the absence of an effective public policy for cybersecurity and cyber defence in the United States left the country vulnerable to Russian cyber-attacks that influenced the course of the 2016 Presidential Election. Second, the Cybersecurity Act of 2012, which was supported by Barack Obama, who was President at the time, would have increased US protection against cyber-attacks. However, the bill did not become law because it was defeated in the US Senate. Third, if Brazil had enacted legislation similar to the Cybersecurity Act of 2012, the country would have prevented most of the fake news and cyber-attacks that occurred in its own 2018 Presidential Election. Fourth, the main initiatives of the Cybersecurity Act of 2012 can still be implemented by both the United States and Brazil. To reach these conclusions, we compared intended purpose of the Cybersecurity Act of 2012, with facts that highlight the consequent failures in cybersecurity and cyber defence in the United States and Brazil. Keywords: cybersecurity; cyber defence; cyber-attacks; Cybersecurity Act of 2012; Internet regulation; cyber safety in the United States; cyber safety in Brazil. ISSN: 1809-3191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26792/RBED.v6n2.2019.75149 | Publication Name: RBED, v. 25, n. 3, p. 643-673.

The definition of terrorism and its differentiation from war and guerrilla warfare has been a problem for science, international relations and legal systems for decades. This article posits that defining terrorism requires also the definition of other warlike phenomena, so as not to conflate the acts or events. Therefore, the proposed criteria for defining terrorism and guerrilla warfare are presented as a means to differentiate their definitions from that of war. The methodology is a review of the concepts of the nature and essence of war, as described in the Carl von Clausewitz book, Vom Kriege (in the standard German edition of Hahlweg and its widely accepted English translation by Howard and Paret). These concepts were cross-analyzed with recent scientific discoveries about the behavior of social animals, with a focus on humans. The resulting classification allows historical or contemporary events to be evaluated to determine what kind of conflicts they are. Keywords: Definition of terrorism. Definition of guerrilla warfare. Definition of war. Carl von Clausewitz. International law. ISSN: 1809-3191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21544/1809-3191.v25n3.p643-673 | Publication Name: Journal of the Naval War College, v. 25, n. 3, p. 643-673.

Authors: Vitelio Brustolin, Luiz Pedone, Cesar Martins. Jurgen Brauer and Paul Dunne detect in Military Malthusianism a vulnerability in the occurrence of offsets. This vulnerability is perceived from the fact that the unit cost of large arms systems increases faster than government budget revenues. One of the consequences of this fact is the governments’ search for greater economic efficiency through the globalization of the production and acquisition of arms. If on one hand this theory affirms that we will see more and more unconventional conflicts, on the other it justifies the construction of strategic partnerships in the production of weapons systems, such as the Brazil-Sweden Strategic Partnership, under the FX-2 Program. Thus, this article seeks to evaluate the presence of Military Malthusianism in the Brazilian case, the compliance of the Brazil-Sweden Strategic Partnership with the National Defense Strategy (END, in Portuguese), and analyzes the role of this Partnership in the FX-2 Program. Keywords: Military Malthusianism, Strategic Partnership, FX-2 Program, National Defense Strategy. ISSN: 1809-3191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22491/1809-3191.v24n2.p276-300 | Publication Name: Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval. 

In this study historical and economic data about the international use of military offset agreements are presented. Then, aspects of the offset policy in defense equipment acquisition in Brazil are analyzed. On such analysis, a systematic model of relations between stakeholders is presented, allowing the establishment of four offset strategies for an Armed Force contractor. It is also drawn a dynamic categorization and prioritization of technologies of interest. In addition, necessary processes for the operation of the offset activities are suggested, specifically in the period prior to the negotiation of offset agreements. Besides, the proposed processes are analyzed under the orientation of a Brazilian Court of Accounts report on the offset activities. The methodology used is a literature review, as well as a mapping of the Brazilian legislation and regulations. In the Conclusion, considerations about the relevance of offsets for the absorption of military and civilian technologies in Brazil are presented, taking into account the guidelines contained in the Brazilian National Defense Strategy. Keywords: Acquisition of defense products; Military offsets; Management processes in the Navy of Brazil; Industrial, technological or commercial offsets; Offsets in the acquisition of dual use technologies. ISSN: 1809-3191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21544/1809-3191/regn.v22n1p169-196 | Publication Name: Journal of the Naval War College.