@article {156866,
	title = {Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policy on Financial Institutions},
	journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
	volume = {(Spring)},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {155-204},
	abstract = {Monetary policy affects the real economy in part through its effects on financial institutions. High frequency event studies show the introduction of unconventional monetary policy in the winter of 2008-09 had a strong, beneficial impact on banks and especially on life insurance companies. I interpret the positive effects on life insurers as expansionary policy recapitalizing the sector by raising the value of legacy assets. Expansionary policy had small positive or neutral effects on banks and life insurers through 2013. The interaction of low nominal interest rates and administrative costs forced money market funds to waive fees, producing a possible incentive to reach for yield to reduce waivers. I show money market funds with higher costs reached for higher returns in 2009-11, but not thereafter. Some private defined benefit pension funds increased their risk taking beginning in 2009, but again such behavior largely dissipated by 2012. In sum, unconventional monetary policy helped to stabilize some sectors and provoked modest additional risk taking in others. I do not find evidence that the riskiness of the financial institutions studied fomented a tradeoff between expansionary policy and financial stability at the end of 2013.},
	url = {https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2014a_ChodorowReich.pdf},
	author = {Gabriel Chodorow-Reich}
}
