@article {GOH2020100487,
	title = {Transforming exploitative land-based economy: The case of Borneo},
	journal = {Environmental Development},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {100487},
	abstract = {Large-scale land exploitation to jumpstart backward economies is often accompanied by massive environmental impacts. The broad concepts of productivity-oriented {\textquoteleft}bio-economy{\textquoteright} and conservation-oriented {\textquoteleft}eco-economy{\textquoteright} were proposed to transform exploitative land-based economies. Taking cases in Borneo as core examples, this paper explores 10 transformative strategies for sustainability: boosting upstream productivity of cash crops, activating under-utilised low carbon (ULC) land for production, upgrading and diversifying downstream activities, branding for more values (industrial), establishing new domestic demand for bio-resources, creating values for carbon and ecosystem services, enhancing agro-ecological resilience, establishing eco-based tertiary sectors, branding for more values (smallholders), and encouraging self-sufficient farming. Generally, utility-based development strategies with wealth creation as the centre of policymaking are inadequate to repair the previous environmental damage. Likewise, strategies that prioritise restoration have shown a limited contribution to economic growth as observed in the case of Borneo. The interconnected nature of economic productivity and conservation means that no single strategy is a perfect solution but a combination of them may produce a better outcome. While integrated landscape analysis that combines land-use models and economic analyses can facilitate understanding of the systems, in-depth area studies are necessary to capture the more subtle {\textquoteleft}human factors{\textquoteright} like socio-political dynamics. The existence of multiple stakeholders with different interests and values means that an {\textquoteleft}optimal{\textquoteright} combination would be a result of political negotiations rather than scientific investigations. To design and also effectively execute the strategies, communication, collaboration and co-production of knowledge between scientific communities and various stakeholders is imperative.},
	keywords = {Bio-economy, Borneo, Eco-economy, Land-use, Palm Oil, Transformation},
	issn = {2211-4645},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2019.100487},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211464519301137},
	author = {Goh, Chun Sheng}
}
