@article {357091,
	title = {Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.},
	journal = {JAMA},
	volume = {314},
	number = {22},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 Dec 8},
	pages = {2373-83},
	abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Physicians in training are at high risk for depression. However, the estimated prevalence of this disorder varies substantially between studies.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a summary estimate of depression or depressive symptom prevalence among resident physicians.

DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: Systematic search of EMBASE, ERIC, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO for studies with information on the prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms among resident physicians published between January 1963 and September 2015. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were published in the peer-reviewed literature and used a validated method to assess for depression or depressive symptoms.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Information on study characteristics and depression or depressive symptom prevalence was extracted independently by 2 trained investigators. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Differences by study-level characteristics were estimated using meta-regression.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Point or period prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms as assessed by structured interview or validated questionnaire.

RESULTS: Data were extracted from 31 cross-sectional studies (9447 individuals) and 23 longitudinal studies (8113 individuals). Three studies used clinical interviews and 51 used self-report instruments. The overall pooled prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms was 28.8\% (4969/17,560 individuals, 95\% CI, 25.3\%-32.5\%), with high between-study heterogeneity (Q = 1247, τ2 = 0.39, I2 = 95.8\%, P ,
	issn = {1538-3598},
	doi = {10.1001/jama.2015.15845},
	author = {Mata, Douglas A and Ramos, Marco A and Bansal, Narinder and Khan, Rida and Guille, Constance and Di Angelantonio, Emanuele and Sen, Srijan}
}
