@workingpaper {665999, title = {Household Financial Fragility during COVID-19: Rising Inequality and Unemployment Insurance Benefit Reductions}, year = {Working Paper}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Peter Tufano and Annamaria Lusardi. 2020} } @report {660575, title = {Poverty, Precarity and Privilege in the Bay Area}, year = {Forthcoming}, institution = {Taking Count Survey Report, Tipping Point Community.}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Ben Bowyer and Jamie Austin and Jacob Leos-Urbel} } @report {660398, title = {Precarious and Unequal: Job Quality in the Bay Area}, year = {Forthcoming}, institution = {Taking Count Survey Report, Tipping Point Community}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kim Voss and Payal Hathi} } @article {708921, title = {Introduction to The Socioeconomic Impacts of Covid-19.}, journal = {The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences }, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2023}, pages = {1-30}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has exacted a historic toll on Americans{\textquoteright} health and longevity. It has also shaped socioeconomic inequalities along the lines of gender, race, ethnicity, nativity, and class in America. The effects of COVID-19 are evident in the stratified experiences of Americans in work, unemployment, and unpaid labor; in stark inequalities in wealth and income; in the historic expansions and retrenchments in social welfare spending; and in the increase in violence and changes in the criminal justice system. While there has been an outpouring of research on the social and economic consequences of COVID-19, far less work draws together research across these varied, but interrelated, domains. In this introduction, we provide a broad narrative of how the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded in America and reshaped, in some instances fleetingly and in others more permanently, the landscape of socioeconomic inequality in America.}, url = {https://www.rsfjournal.org/content/9/3/1}, author = {Steve Raphael and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {708916, title = {The Politics of Prevention: Polarization in How Workplace COVID-19 Safety Practices Shaped the Well-Being of Frontline Service Sector Workers.}, journal = {Work and Occupations }, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2023}, pages = {130-162}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically reshaped the labor market, especially for service sector workers. Frontline service sector workers, already coping with precarious working conditions, faced proximate risks of COVID-19 transmission on the job and navigated new workplace safety measures, including masking, social distancing, and staying home while sick, all in a polarized political environment. We examine polarization in the effects of COVID-19 workplace safety measures on workers{\textquoteright} feelings of safety and well-being. Specifically, we examine how support for former President Trump moderates the relationship between COVID-19 safety practices (masking, social distancing, staying home while sick) and workers{\textquoteright} feelings of safety and well-being. To do so, we draw on novel data collected by The Shift Project from 2,039 service sector workers at 89 large firms during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that workplace safety measures are positively associated with workers{\textquoteright} self-assessments of feeling safe and with mental health, but only for Biden voters.}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07308884221125821}, author = {Tyler Woods and Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {708911, title = {The Gender Wage Gap, Between-Firm Inequality, and Devaluation: Testing a New Hypothesis in the Service Sector}, journal = {Work and Occupations}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Unequal sorting of men and women into higher and lower-wage firms contributes significantly to the gender wage gap according to recent analysis of national labor markets. We confirm the importance of this between-firm gender segregation in wages and examine a second outcome of hours using unique employer{\textendash}employee data from the service sector. We then examine what explains the relationship between firm gender composition and wages. In contrast to prevailing economic explanations that trace between-firm differences in wages to differences in firm surplus, we find evidence consistent with devaluation and potentially a gender-specific use of {\textquotedblleft}low road{\textquotedblright} employment strategies.}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07308884221141072}, author = {Carmen Brick and Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {708906, title = {Mandates Narrow Gender Gaps In Paid Sick Leave Coverage For Low-Wage Workers In The US}, journal = {Health Affairs}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, year = {2022}, pages = {1575-1582}, abstract = {Paid sick leave helps workers recover from illness and manage care obligations and protects public health. Yet access to paid sick leave remains limited and unequal in the United States. Drawing on surveys of 61,223 service-sector workers collected during the period 2017{\textendash}21 by the Shift Project, we documented limited access to paid sick leave and stark gender inequality, with women less likely than men to have paid sick leave. Part-time employment and gender segregation by industry subsector each explain part, but not all, of the gender disparity. However, in states and localities that mandate paid sick leave for workers, workers are far more likely to report access to this benefit, and the gender gap is eliminated. Guaranteeing paid sick leave to all workers would offer a range of benefits for workers, employers, and public health while also offering the further benefit of reducing gender inequality.}, url = {https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00727}, author = {Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {708901, title = {Parenting Without Predictability: Precarious Schedules, Parental Strain, and Work-Life Conflict.}, journal = {The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, year = {2022}, pages = {24-44}, abstract = {Against the backdrop of dramatic changes in work and family life, this article draws on survey data from 2,971 mothers working in the service sector to examine how unpredictable schedules are associated with three dimensions of parenting: difficulty arranging childcare, work-life conflict, and parenting stress. Results demonstrate that on-call shifts, shift timing changes, work hour volatility, and short advance notice of work schedules are positively associated with difficulty arranging childcare and work-life conflict. Mothers working these schedules are more likely to miss work. We consider how family structure and race moderate the relationship between schedule instability and these dimensions of parenting. Unstable work schedules, we argue, have important consequences for mothers working in the service industry.}, url = {https://www.rsfjournal.org/content/8/5/24}, author = {Sigrid Luhr and Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {708896, title = {Older Workers With Unpredictable Schedules: Implications for Well-Being and Job Retention}, journal = {The Gerontologist}, volume = {62}, number = {10}, year = {2022}, pages = {1443-1453}, abstract = {Background and Objectives A substantial portion of the service sector workforce is middle-aged or older, but little is known about the scheduling conditions of these older workers. This study describes the quality of work schedules in the service sector by age and tests associations of unpredictable schedules with well-being and job retention among workers ages 50-80. Research Design and Methods The Shift Project collected survey data on detailed working conditions and health from 121,408 service sector workers, recruited in 2017-2020 using social media advertisements. Survey weights aligned sample demographics with the American Community Survey, and multiple imputation addressed missingness. Ordinary least squares regression models were used to examine associations between age and schedule stability, and ordinary least squares, ordinal logit, and logit regression models tested associations between schedule stability and well-being and job retention outcomes for older workers. Results Scheduling conditions were more stable and predictable for older compared to younger workers; however, more than 80\% of workers ages 50-80 experienced one or more types of routine schedule instability. Among workers ages 50-80, unpredictable schedules were associated with psychological distress, poor-quality sleep, work-family conflict, economic insecurity, job dissatisfaction, and intentions to look for a new job. Canceled and back-to-back closing and opening ("clopening") shifts were most strongly associated with negative outcomes. Discussion and Implications Policies aimed at improving scheduling conditions hold promise to benefit older service workers{\textquoteright} well-being. As the population ages, improving work schedules in the years approaching retirement may be important to longer working lives.}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/62/10/1443/6588123?login=true}, author = {Leah R Abrams and Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {708891, title = {Schedule Unpredictability and the Use of High-Cost Financial Services: The Case of Service Workers}, journal = {Sociological Science }, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2022}, pages = {102-135}, abstract = {High-cost financial services allow economically insecure families to make ends meet but often contribute to additional financial strain in the long run. This study uses novel data from the Shift Project to describe the link between schedule unpredictability and high-cost debt (i.e., payday loans, pawnshop loans, auto-title loans, overdrafts, and problematic credit card debt) among service workers. First, it compares the relative magnitude of the associations between high-cost debt, schedule unpredictability, and levels of income. Second, it investigates whether income volatility mediates the relationship between schedule unpredictability and high-cost debt. Finally, it describes whether the link between schedule unpredictability and high-cost debt varies by institutional and policy contexts. Results indicate that schedule unpredictability is a substantively meaningful, independent, and understudied dimension of inequality in financial outcomes.}, url = {https://sociologicalscience.com/articles-v9-5-102/}, author = {Mariana Amorin and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {688197, title = {Public Investments and Class Gaps in Parents{\textquoteright} Developmental Expenditures}, journal = {American Sociological Review }, volume = {87}, number = {1}, year = {2022}, pages = {105-142}, abstract = {Families and governments are the primary sources of investment in children, providing access to basic resources and other developmental opportunities. Recent research identifies significant class gaps in parental investments that contribute to high levels of inequality by family income and education. State-level public investments in children and families have the potential to reduce class inequality in children{\textquoteright}s developmental environments by affecting parents{\textquoteright} behavior. Using newly assembled administrative data from 1998 to 2014, linked to household-level data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we examine how public-sector investment in income support, health, and education is associated with the private expenditures of low- and high-SES parents on developmental items for children. Are class gaps in parental investments in children narrower in contexts of higher public investment for children and families? We find that more generous public spending for children and families is associated with significantly narrower class gaps in private parental investments. Furthermore, we find that equalization is driven by bottom-up increases in low-SES households{\textquoteright} developmental spending in response to progressive state investments of income support and health, and by top-down decreases in high-SES households{\textquoteright} developmental spending in response to universal state investment in public education.}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00031224211069975}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Margot I. Jackson} } @article {688196, title = {Who Cares if Parents have Unpredictable Work Schedules?: Just-in-Time Work Schedules and Child Care Arrangements }, journal = {Social Problems}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, year = {2022}, pages = {164-183}, abstract = {Working parents must arrange some type of care for their young children when they are away at work. For parents with unstable and unpredictable work schedules, the logistics of arranging care can be complex. In this paper, we use survey data from the Shift Project, collected in 2017 and 2018 from a sample of 3,653 parents who balance work in the retail and food service sector with parenting young children from infants to nine years of age. Our results demonstrate that unstable and unpredictable work schedules have consequences for children{\textquoteright}s care arrangements. We find that parents{\textquoteright} exposure to on-call work and last-minute shift changes are associated with more numerous care arrangements, with a reliance on informal care arrangements, with the use of siblings to provide care, and with young children being left alone without adult supervision. Given the well-established relationship between quality of care in the early years and child development, just-in-time scheduling practices are likely to have consequences for children{\textquoteright}s development and safety and to contribute to the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage.}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/socpro/article-abstract/69/1/164/5905573?redirectedFrom=fulltext\&login=false}, author = {Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel and Sigrid Luhr} } @article {688195, title = {What{\textquoteright}s to Like? Facebook as a Tool for Survey Data Collection}, journal = {Sociological Methods and Research}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, year = {2022}, pages = {108-140}, abstract = {In this article, we explore the use of Facebook targeted advertisements for the collection of survey data. We illustrate the potential of survey sampling and recruitment on Facebook through the example of building a large employee{\textendash}employer linked data set as part of The Shift Project. We describe the workflow process of targeting, creating, and purchasing survey recruitment advertisements on Facebook. We address concerns about sample selectivity and apply poststratification weighting techniques to adjust for differences between our sample and that of {\textquotedblleft}gold standard{\textquotedblright} data sources. We then compare univariate and multivariate relationships in the Shift data against the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Finally, we provide an example of the utility of the firm-level nature of the data by showing how firm-level gender composition is related to wages. We conclude by discussing some important remaining limitations of the Facebook approach, as well as highlighting some unique strengths of the Facebook targeted advertisement approach, including the ability for rapid data collection in response to research opportunities, rich and flexible sample targeting capabilities, and low cost, and we suggest broader applications of this technique.}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0049124119882477}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {688194, title = {Maternal Exposure to work schedule unpredictability and child behavior }, journal = {Journal of Marriage and Family }, volume = {84}, number = {1}, year = {2022}, pages = {187-209}, abstract = { Objective This article estimates the association between maternal exposure to unpredictable work schedules in the service sector and child internalizing and externalizing behavior. Background Precarious work is widespread and characterized by low wages, few benefits, and nonstandard schedules. But working parents, especially in the service sector, contend with unpredictable work schedules as well. These schedules have negative consequences for workers, but may also perpetuate inequality across generations by negatively affecting children. Method This article takes advantage of novel survey data from The Shift Project, covering 2,613 mothers (surveyed 2017{\textendash}2019) working in the service sector with children (mean child age of 7.5), to examine the association between maternal work schedules and child behavior as well as the mediators of this relationship. Results Maternal exposure to unpredictable work schedules is associated with children{\textquoteright}s externalizing and internalizing behavior. Mediation analysis shows that for parents with the most unpredictable schedules, this aspect of job quality operates on children{\textquoteright}s behavior by increasing household economic insecurity, reducing developmental parenting time, and diminishing maternal well-being. Conclusion These results demonstrate that work scheduling conditions may have consequences not just for workers themselves but also for their children. }, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12800}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {688198, title = {Uncertain Time: Precarious Schedules and Job Turnover in the US Service Sector}, journal = {Industrial \& labor relations review}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The authors develop a model of cumulative disadvantage relating three axes of disadvantage for hourly workers in the US retail and food service sectors: schedule instability, turnover, and earnings. In this model, exposure to unstable work schedules disrupts workers{\textquoteright} family and economic lives, straining the employment relation and increasing the likelihood of turnover, which can then lead to earnings losses. Drawing on new panel data from 1,827 hourly workers in retail and food service collected as part of the Shift Project, the authors demonstrate that exposure to schedule instability is a strong, robust predictor of turnover for workers with relatively unstable schedules (about one-third of the sample). Slightly less than half of this relationship is mediated by job satisfaction and another quarter by work{\textendash}family conflict. Job turnover is generally associated with earnings losses due to unemployment, but workers leaving jobs with moderately unstable schedules experience earnings growth upon re-employment.}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00197939211048484}, author = {Joshua Choper and Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {688193, title = {Evaluating the Impacts of the Seattle Secure Scheduling Ordinance}, journal = {Department of Labor, Labor Research and Evaluation Grants}, year = {2021}, abstract = {To evaluate the impacts of Seattle{\textquoteright}s Secure Scheduling legislation on the work schedule experiences of Seattle workers, we surveyed a set of workers paid by the hour and employed at businesses covered by the Secure Scheduling Ordinance. We collected pre-implementation, baseline survey data from Seattle workers in the Spring of 2017. We then collected follow-up survey data from Seattle workers between Fall of 2017 and Spring of 2018, after the law had gone into effect. For the short-term follow-up period covered in this report, our goal was to generate rigorous estimates of the impacts of the Secure Scheduling Ordinance on workers{\textquoteright} reports of their work schedules. To accomplish this goal, it is essential to understand how work schedules might have changed over time even in the absence of the Secure Scheduling Ordinance. Therefore, we also collected survey data from workers employed by the same set of businesses in comparison cities that did not have any scheduling regulations in place. The data from comparison cities provides the best available gauge of whether and how scheduling conditions would have changed in the absence of the Seattle ordinance, and allow us to isolate any effects of the law from general trends in work schedules unrelated to the law. This report describes the experiences of 755 Seattle workers before the Secure Scheduling Ordinance took effect as well as the experiences of 624 Seattle workers after the Secure Scheduling Ordinance was in place for a short period. We compare the experiences of Seattle workers to that of 5,402 workers in comparison cities in the baseline period and 7,328 workers in comparison cities in the follow-up period. We use this survey data to estimate the impact that the Secure Scheduling Ordinance had on several dimensions of the work schedule experiences reported by the workers themselves.}, url = {https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/evaluating-impacts-seattle-secure-scheduling-ordinance}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett and Veronique Irwin} } @article {688192, title = {The association of paid medical and caregiving leave with the economic security and wellbeing of service sector workers}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {21}, year = {2021}, abstract = { Background Service-sector workers in the U.S. face extremely limited access to paid family and medical leave, but little research has examined the consequences for worker wellbeing. Our objective was to determine whether paid leave was associated with improved economic security and wellbeing for workers who needed leave for their own serious health condition or to care for a seriously ill loved one. Methods We analyzed data collected in 2020 by the Shift Project from 11,689 hourly service-sector workers across the US. We estimated the impact of taking paid leave on economic insecurity and wellbeing relative to taking unpaid leave, no leave, or not experiencing a need to take leave. Results Twenty percent of workers needed medical or caregiving leave in the reference period. Workers who took paid leave reported significantly less difficulty making ends meet, less hunger and utility payment hardship, and better sleep quality than those who had similar serious health or caregiving needs but did not take paid leave. Conclusions Access to paid leave enables front line workers to take needed leave from work while maintaining their financial security and wellbeing. }, url = {https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-11999-9}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Julia M Goodman} } @article {688191, title = {Olive Garden{\textquoteright}s Expansion Of Paid Sick Leave During COVID-19 Reduced The Share Of Employees Working While Sick}, journal = {Health Affairs }, volume = {40}, number = {8}, year = {2021}, pages = {1328-1336}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has focused public and policy attention on the acute lack of paid sick leave for service-sector workers in the United States. The lack of paid sick leave is potentially a threat not only to workers{\textquoteright} well-being but also to public health. However, the literature on the effects of paid sick leave in the US is surprisingly limited, in large part because instances of paid sick leave expansion are relatively uncommon. We exploit the fact that large firms in the US were not required to expand paid sick leave during the COVID-19 pandemic but that one casual dining restaurant in particular, Olive Garden, faced intense public pressure to do so. We drew on data collected from 2017 through fall 2020 from 10,306 food service{\textendash}sector workers in the US by the Shift Project, which include employer identifiers. Using a difference-in-differences design, we found strong evidence of an increase in paid sick leave coverage among Olive Garden workers, as well as evidence that this expansion reduced the incidence of working while sick among front-line food service workers.}, url = {https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02320}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett and Elmer Vivas-Portillo} } @article {688190, title = {Class Inequality in Parental Childcare Time: Evidence from Synthetic Couples in the ATUS}, journal = {Social Forces}, volume = {100}, number = {2}, year = {2021}, pages = {680-705}, abstract = {The time that parents spend teaching and playing with their young children has important consequences for later life achievement and attainment. Previous research suggests that there are significant class inequalities in how much time parents devote to this kind of developmental childcare in the United States. Yet, due in part to data limitations, prior research has not accounted for how class inequalities in family structure, assortative mating, and specialization between partners may exacerbate or ameliorate these gaps. We match parental respondents within the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) to generate synthetic parental dyads, which we use to estimate, in turn, the contributions of family structure, assortative mating, and specialization to class gaps in parental time spent in developmental care of children aged 0{\textendash}6. We find some evidence that accounting for class differences in family structure widens income gaps in total parental time in developmental childcare of young children. Further, we show that assortative mating of parents widens educational gaps in developmental childcare, whereas specialization between partners marginally widens these class divides. Although the net effect of these three processes on income-based gaps in childcare time is modest, accounting for these three processes more than doubles education-based gaps in total parental developmental childcare as compared to maternal time alone. Our findings from this novel empirical approach provide a more holistic view of the extent and sources of inequality in parental time investments in young children{\textquoteright}s cognitive and social development.}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/100/2/680/6121633}, author = {Joe LaBriola and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {688189, title = {Inequalities at Work and the Toll of COVID-19}, journal = {Health Affairs }, year = {2021}, url = {https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hpb20210428.863621/full/}, author = {Rebecca Wolfe and Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {688188, title = {Family Structure and Financial Investments in Children: Commitment and Resources}, journal = {Journal of Marriage and Family }, volume = {83}, number = {3}, year = {2021}, pages = {717-736}, abstract = {This study examines family structure differences in parents{\textquoteright} financial investments in children. Background Family structure in the United States is undergoing important change and continued stratification with increases in single parenting and cohabiting unions. These transformations in family demography have important implications for social mobility as theory and empirical research suggest family structure plays an important role in shaping children{\textquoteright}s life chances, in part through the differential financial investments that parents make for their children{\textquoteright}s development. Method Drawing from the 2003{\textendash}2018 Consumer Expenditure Surveys, this study examined differences by family structure in parental financial investments in children{\textquoteright}s childcare, schooling, and enrichment activities using data on 44,930 households in 123,862 household-quarters. The study compared differences between married, cohabiting, and single parents, and it tested the extent to which disparities in economic resources account for associations between family structure and financial investments in children. Results Single and cohabiting parents made smaller financial investments in children than married parents. Income explained the entire difference for single parents but about 60\% of the gap for cohabiting parents. These gaps in expenditures by family structure were smallest among Hispanic households and largest among highly educated households. Conclusion This study shows that family structure is a source of familial inequalities in parental investments in children. Explanations for the lower levels of investment (compared with married parents) are different between single and cohabiting parents, which has implications for how to reduce these inequalities}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12741}, author = {Orestes Hastings and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {688187, title = {What Explains Race/Ethnic Inequality in Job Quality in the Service Sector? }, journal = {American Sociological Review }, volume = {85}, number = {4}, year = {2020}, pages = {537-572}, abstract = {White workers experience significant advantages in the labor market both in hiring and in compensation compared to their non-white peers. Human capital differences and occupational segregation are commonly offered as partial explanations for these racial inequalities. To further explain the gap, some scholars have pointed toward firm and intra-organizational dynamics, yet such inquires have been constrained by a lack of suitable data. The lack of data has also precluded an examination of key aspects of job quality beyond wages and benefits, in particular exposure to precarious scheduling practices. We draw on innovative matched employer-employee data from The Shift Project to estimate race/ethnic gaps in these temporal dimensions of job quality and examine the contribution of firm-level sorting and intra-organizational dynamics to these gaps. Results from regression and decomposition analyses show significant race/ethnic gaps in exposure to precarious scheduling that disadvantage non-white workers. Going beyond standard explanations such as human capital differences, we provide novel evidence that both firm segregation and racial discordance between workers and managers play significant roles in explaining race/ethnic gaps in job quality, though a portion of the gap remains unexplained. Notably, we find that race/ethnic gaps are larger but more explicable for women than for men.}, url = {https://equitablegrowth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/WP-Storer-Schneider-and-Harknett-What-Explains-RaceEthnic-Inequality-in-Job-Quality-in-the-Service-Sector.pdf}, author = {Adam Storer and Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {688186, title = {Losing Sleep over Work Scheduling? The Relationship between Work Schedules and Sleep Quality for Service Sector Workers}, journal = {SSM Population Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In the retail and food service sectors, work schedules change from day-to-day and week-to-week, often with little advance notice, posing a potential impediment to healthy sleep patterns. In this article, we use data from the Shift Project collected in 2018 and 2019 for a sample of over 16,000 hourly workers employed in the service sector to examine relationships between unstable and unpredictable work schedules and sleep quality. We extend prior research on shift work and sleep disruption, which has often focused on the health care sector, to the retail and food service sector, which comprises nearly 20 percent of jobs in the U.S. We find that the unstable and unpredictable schedules that are typical in the service sector are associated with poor sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep, waking during sleep, and waking up feeling tired. As a benchmark, we compare unstable and unpredictable work schedules with two well-known predictors of sleep quality {\textendash} having a young child and working the night shift. The strength of the associations between most types of unstable and unpredictable work schedules and sleep quality are stronger than those of having a pre-school aged child or working a regular night shift. Chronic uncertainty about the timing of work shifts appears to have a pernicious influence on sleep quality, and, given its prevalence for low-wage workers, potentially contributes to stark health inequalities by socioeconomic status.}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827320303189}, author = {Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel and Rebecca Wolfe} } @article {688180, title = {Hard Times: Routine Schedule Unpredictability and Material Hardship among Service Sector Workers }, journal = {Social Forces}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, year = {2020}, pages = {1682-1709}, abstract = {American policymakers have long focused on work as a key means to improve economic wellbeing. Yet, work has become increasingly precarious and polarized. This precarity is manifest in low wages but also in unstable and unpredictable work schedules that often vary significantly week to week with little advance notice. We draw on new survey data from The Shift Project on 37,263 hourly retail and food service workers in the United States. We assess the association between routine unpredictability in work schedules and household material hardship. Using both cross-sectional models and panel models, we find that workers who receive shorter advanced notice, those who work on-call, those who experience last minute shift cancellation and timing changes, and those with more volatile work hours are more likely to experience hunger, residential, medical, and utility hardships as well as more overall hardship. Just-in-time work schedules afford employers a great deal of flexibility but at a heavy cost to workers{\textquoteright} economic security.}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/sf/article/99/4/1682/5890832?login=false}, author = {Daniel Schnieder and Kristen Harknett} } @article {661450, title = { Precarious Work Schedules and Population Health}, journal = {Health Affairs}, year = {2020}, url = {https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200213.315417/full/}, author = {Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel} } @report {661444, title = {Working in the Service Sector in New Jersey}, year = {2020}, institution = {Shift Project Research Brief}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett and Megan Collins} } @report {661441, title = {Close to the Edge: Service Workers and Their Children at the Front Lines of a Crisis}, year = {2020}, institution = {William T. Grant Foundation Blog}, url = {http://wtgrantfoundation.org/close-to-the-edge-service-workers-and-their-children-at-the-front-lines-of-a-crisis}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @report {661440, title = {Estimates of Workers Who Lack Access to Paid Sick Leave at 91 Large Service Sector Employers}, year = {2020}, institution = {Shift Project Research Brief}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @report {661438, title = {Essential and Vulnerable: Service Sector Workers and Paid Sick Leave}, year = {2020}, institution = {Shift Project Research Brief}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @newspaperarticle {661437, title = {Essential and Unprotected: While CA Leads the Way, America{\textquoteright}s Grocery, Retail and Food Service Workers Still Lack Paid Sick Leave Amid Pandemic}, journal = {Sacramento Bee}, year = {2020}, url = {https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/california-forum/article242406011.html}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @report {661436, title = {Essential and Unprotected: COVID-19-related Health and Safety Procedures for Service-Sector Workers}, year = {2020}, institution = {Shift Project Research Brief}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @report {661435, title = {Taking Count: A Study on Poverty in the Bay Area }, year = {2020}, institution = {Taking Count Survey Report, Tipping Point Community}, author = {Irene Bloemraad and Benjamin Bowyer and Taeku Lee and Schneider, Daniel and Kim Voss and Jamie Austin and Jacob Leos-Urbel} } @article {660682, title = {Paid Sick Leave in Washington State: Evidence on Employee Outcomes}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, year = {2020}, pages = {499-504}, url = {https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305481}, author = {Schneider, Daniel} } @article {660574, title = {What Explains Racial/Ethnic Inequality in Job Quality in the Service Sector? }, journal = {American Sociological Review}, year = {2020}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0003122420930018}, author = {Adam Storer and Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {660573, title = {Who Cares if Parents have Unpredictable Work Schedules?: Just-in-Time Work Schedules and Child Care Arrangements }, journal = {Social Problems}, year = {2020}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/socpro/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/socpro/spaa020/5905573?redirectedFrom=fulltext}, author = {Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel and Sigrid Luhr} } @article {660554, title = {Hard Times: Routine Schedule Unpredictability and Material Hardship among Service Sector Workers}, journal = {Social Forces}, year = {2020}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sf/soaa079/5890832?searchresult=1}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @report {660429, title = {Essential Changes Needed for Essential Workers: Job Quality for California{\textquoteright}s Service Sectors}, year = {2020}, institution = {Shift Project/Irvine Foundation Research Brief}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett.} } @newspaperarticle {660414, title = {Essential Workers Should Be Treated with More Respect}, journal = {San Francisco Chronicle}, year = {2020}, author = {Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel} } @report {661751, title = {Working in the Service Sector in Boston}, year = {2019}, institution = {Shift Project Research Brief}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett and Megan Collins} } @report {661750, title = {Consequences of Routine Work Schedule Instability for Worker Health and Wellbeing}, year = {2019}, institution = {Shift Project Research Brief}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett and Megan Collins} } @newspaperarticle {661749, title = {For Job Quality, Time is More than Money }, journal = {The Hill. February 1}, year = {2019}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @newspaperarticle {661748, title = {The Brutal Psychological Toll of Erratic Work Schedules}, journal = {The Washington Post. June 27}, year = {2019}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @report {661746, title = {"Passing and Implementing Secure Scheduling in Seattle." In Taking Action: Positioning Low-Income Workers to Succeed in a Changing Economy}, year = {2019}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @report {661539, title = {It{\textquoteright}s About Time: How Work Schedule Instability Matters for Workers, Families, and Racial Inequality}, year = {2019}, institution = {Shift Project Research Brief}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @report {661538, title = {A Quarter of US Parents are Unmarried - and that Changes How Much They Invest in Their Kids}, year = {2019}, institution = {The Conversation}, author = {Orestes Hastings and Schneider, Daniel} } @report {661537, title = {The Evaluation of Seattle{\textquoteright}s Secure Scheduling Ordinance: Year-1 Report}, year = {2019}, institution = {West Coast Poverty Center. Report to the City of Seattle}, author = {Anna Haley-Lock and Kristen Harknett and Susan Lambert and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {660914, title = {Bail and Pre-Trial Detention:Contours and Causes of Temporal and County Variation}, journal = {RSF Journal of the Social Sciences }, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2019}, pages = {126-149}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2019.5.1.06}, author = {Katherine Hood and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {660913, title = {Job Quality and the Educational Gradient in Entry into Marriage and Cohabitation}, journal = {Demography }, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {2019}, pages = {451-476.}, url = {10.1007/s13524-018-0749-5}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett and Matt Stimpson} } @article {660897, title = {Worker Power and Class Polarization in Intra-Year Work Hour Volatility}, journal = {Social Forces}, year = {2019}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz032}, author = {Joe LaBriola and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {660896, title = {What{\textquoteright}s to Like? Facebook as a Tool for Survey Data Collection}, journal = {Sociological Methods and Research}, year = {2019}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124119882477}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {660895, title = {Consequences of Routine Schedule Instability for Worker Health and Wellbeing}, journal = {American Sociological Review }, volume = {84}, number = {1}, year = {2019}, pages = {82-114.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418823184}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @report {661757, title = {Working in the Service Sector in Philadelphia }, year = {2018}, institution = {Shift Project Research Brief}, author = {Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel} } @webarticle {661756, title = {How Unpredictable Work Scheduling Hurts Retail Workers -- and What Might Change}, journal = {Scholars Strategy Network: Key Findings}, year = {2018}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @report {661755, title = {Working in the Service Sector in Connecticut }, year = {2018}, institution = {Shift Project Research Brief}, author = {Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel} } @hearing {661754, title = {Working in the Service Sector in Philadelphia}, journal = {Testimony to the Philadelphia, PA City Council, March 6}, year = {2018}, author = {Kristen Harknett and Schneider, Daniel} } @report {661753, title = {The Evaluation of Seattle{\textquoteright}s Secure Scheduling Ordinance: Baseline Report}, year = {2018}, institution = {West Coast Poverty Center. Report to the City of Seattle}, author = {Anna Haley-Lock and Kristen Harknett and Shannon Harper and Susan Lambert and Jennifer Romich and Schneider, Daniel} } @report {661752, title = { Working in the Service Sector in Washington State}, year = {2018}, institution = {Shift Project Research Brief}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett and Megan Collins} } @article {661152, title = {Income Inequality and Class Divides in Parental Investment}, journal = {American Sociological Review }, volume = {83}, number = {3}, year = {2018}, pages = {475-507}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772034}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Orestes Hastings and Joe LaBriola} } @article {661151, title = {What Explains the Decline in First Marriage in the United States? Evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1969 to 2013}, journal = {Journal of Marriage and Family }, volume = {80}, number = {4}, year = {2018}, pages = {791-811}, url = { https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12481}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett and Matt Stimpson} } @report {661763, title = {The Great Recession Reduced Fertility among Unmarried and Teen Women}, year = {2017}, institution = {IRLE Policy Brief}, author = {Schneider, Daniel} } @report {661759, title = {Income Volatility in the Service Sector: Contours, Causes, and Consequences}, year = {2017}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {661156, title = {The Effects of the Great Recession on American Families}, journal = { Sociology Compass }, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-11}, url = { https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12463}, author = {Schneider, Daniel} } @article {661155, title = {Instability of Work and Care: How Work Schedules Shape Child-Care Arrangements for Parents Working in the Service Sector}, journal = {Social Service Review }, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {422-455}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/693750}, author = {Dani Carillo and Kristen Harknett and Allison Logan and Sigrid Luhr and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {661154, title = { Inequality and Household Labor}, journal = {Social Forces }, volume = {96}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, pages = {481-506}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sox061}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Orestes Hastings} } @article {661153, title = {How Did the Great Recession Reduce Fertility?}, journal = {RSF: The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences. }, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {126-144}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/rsf.2017.3.3.06}, author = {Schneider, Daniel} } @article {661769, title = {Review of Unequal Time: Gender, Class, and Family In Employment Schedules}, journal = {European Journal of Sociology. }, volume = {57}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, pages = { 491-494}, author = {Schneider, Daniel} } @hearing {661766, title = {Schedule Instability and Unpredictability and Worker and Family Health and Wellbeing}, journal = {Testimony to the Washington, D.C. City Council, COW Subcommittee on Workforce, November 3}, year = {2016}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett} } @article {661185, title = {Intimate Partner Violencein the Great Recession}, journal = {Demography }, volume = {53}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {471-505.}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs13524-016-0462-1}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristen Harknett and Sara McLanahan} } @inbook {661183, title = {The Great Recession and Parental Relationships}, booktitle = {Children of the Great Recession eds. Irv Garfinkel, Sara McLanahan, and Chris Wimer}, year = {2016}, publisher = {New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press}, organization = {New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press}, url = {https://www.russellsage.org/sites/default/files/children-recession-full-book.pdf}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Sara McLanahan and Kristen Harknett} } @article {661182, title = {Incarceration and Household Wealth }, journal = {Demography. }, volume = {53}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {2075-2103}, url = {RePEc:spr:demogr:v:53:y:2016:i:6:d:10.1007_s13524-016-0519-1}, author = {Kristin Turney and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {661178, title = {The Surprising Decline in the Non-Marital Fertility Rate: Description and Preliminary Explanation }, journal = {Population and Development Review}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {627-649}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12013}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Alison Gemmill} } @article {661262, title = {The Economic Crisis and Medical Care Usage}, journal = {Social Science Quarterly}, volume = {96}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {202-213}, url = { https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12076}, author = {Annamaria Lusardi and Schneider, Daniel and Peter Tufano} } @article {661261, title = {Incarceration and Black-White Inequality in Homeownership : A State-level Analysis}, journal = {Social Science Research}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, pages = {403-414}, url = {https://daneshyari.com/article/preview/955680.pdf}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Kristin Turney} } @article {661259, title = {The Great Recession, Fertility, and Uncertainty: Evidence from the States}, journal = {Journal of Marriage and Family }, volume = {77}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {1144-1156}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12212}, author = {Schneider, Daniel} } @article {661258, title = {Lessons Learned from Non-Marriage Experiments}, journal = {Future of Children 25(2): 155-178.}, volume = {Future of Children}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {155-178}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2015.0017}, author = {Schneider, Daniel} } @article {661256, title = {Socio-Economic Variation in the DemographicResponse to Economic Shocks: Evidence from the Great Recession}, journal = {Demography 52(6): 1893-1915.}, volume = {Demography}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1893-1915.}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/43699142}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Orestes Hastings} } @article {661263, title = {Marrying Ain{\textquoteright}t Hard When You Got a Union Card? Labor Union Membership and First Marriage}, journal = {Social Problems }, volume = {61}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {625-643}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2014.12316}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Adam Reich} } @article {661267, title = {Eat, Drink, Man, Woman: Gender, Earnings Share, and Household Expenditure in South Africa}, journal = {Social Forces }, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {813-836}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/23361122}, author = {Gummerson, Elizabeth and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {661264, title = { The Causal Effect of Father Absence}, journal = {Annual Review of Sociology }, volume = {Vol. 39}, year = {2013}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145704}, author = {Sara McLanahan and Laura Tach and Schneider, Daniel} } @article {661268, title = {Gender Deviance and Household Work: The Role of Occupation}, journal = {American Journal of Sociology. }, volume = {117}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {1029-1072. [Lead Article]}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/662649}, author = {Schneider, Daniel} } @article {661271, title = {Wealth and the Marital Divide}, journal = {American Journal of Sociology }, volume = {117}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {627-667}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/661594}, author = {Schneider, Daniel} } @article {661270, title = {Financially Fragile Households: Evidence and Implications}, journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity }, year = {2011}, pages = {Spr: 83-134}, url = {https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/2011a_bpea_lusardi.pdf}, author = {Annamaria Lusardi and Schneider, Daniel and Peter Tufano} } @article {661269, title = {Market Earnings and Household Work: New Tests of Gender Performance Theory}, journal = {Journal of Marriage and Family }, volume = {73}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {845-860}, url = { https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00851.x}, author = {Daniel Schneider.} } @inbook {661272, title = {Using Financial Innovation to Support Savers: From Coercion to Excitement}, booktitle = {Insufficient Funds: Savings, Assets, Credit and Banking Among Low-Income Households eds. R. Blank and M. Barr}, year = {2009}, publisher = {New York: Russell Sage}, organization = {New York: Russell Sage}, author = {Daniel Schneider. and Peter Tufano} } @inbook {661274, title = {H\&R Block{\textquoteright}s Refund Anticipation Loans: Perilous Profits at the Bottom of the Pyramid?}, booktitle = {Business Solutions for the Global Poor, ed. V.K. Ranga n, J. Quelch and G. Herrero}, year = {2007}, publisher = {New York: Jossey-Bass}, organization = {New York: Jossey-Bass}, author = {David Rose and Schneider, Daniel and Peter Tufano} } @inbook {661273, title = {New Savings from Old Innovations: Asset Building for the Less Affluent}, booktitle = {Financing Low-Income Communities: Models, Obstacles, and Future Directions, ed. J.S. Rubin}, year = {2007}, publisher = {New York: Russell Sage}, organization = {New York: Russell Sage}, author = {Schneider, Daniel and Peter Tufano} } @article {661275, title = {Splitting Tax Refunds and Building Savings: An Empirical Test}, journal = {Tax Policy and the Economy }, volume = {20}, year = {2006}, pages = {111-162}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/tpe.20.20061906}, author = {Sondra Beverly and Schneider, Daniel and Peter Tufano} }