@book {651476,
	title = {Baghdad and Isfahan A Dialogue of Two Cities in an Age of Science ca. 750{\textendash}1750},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {296},
	publisher = {I.B. Tauris Bloomsbury},
	organization = {I.B. Tauris Bloomsbury},
	edition = {First},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Renowned as great centres of learning, the cities of Baghdad and Isfahan were at the heart of the Islamic {\textquoteright}age of science{\textquoteright}. Their distinct cultural voices inspired a unique historical dialogue, which finds new expression in Baghdad and Isfahan: A Dialogue of Two Cities in an Age of Science, the story of how knowledge was transmitted and transformed within Islamic lands, and then spread across the globe. Charting the history of Baghdad and Isfahan from 750 to 1750, Elaheh Kheirandish draws on the voices of court astronomers, mathematicians, scientists, mystics, jurists, statesmen and Arabic and Persian translators and scholars. Telling the story of the rise of Baghdad and the decline of Isfahan, as capital cities and as centres of intellectual thought, this unique book addresses Islamic culture{\textquoteright}s extensive and lasting contribution to the history of science. Kheirandish bases her narrative on a unique medieval manuscript and other historical sources and the result is more than a thousand-year {\textquotedblleft}tale of two cities{\textquotedblright}-it is a city by city, and century by century, look at what it took to change the world. In a feat of travelogue and time travel, Kheirandish creates parallel stories with modern and historical characters, crossing cities worldwide, and capturing changes through time.},
	url = {https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/baghdad-and-isfahan-a-dialogue-of-two-cities-in-an-age-of-science-ca-7501750/},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@inbook {650805,
	title = { From Maragha to Samarqand and Beyond: Revisiting a Quartet of Scientific Traditions in Greater Persia (ca. 1300s{\textendash}1500s)},
	booktitle = {The Timurid  Century},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {161-87},
	publisher = {I.B. Tauris},
	organization = {I.B. Tauris},
	edition = {The Idea of Iran},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {The century after the conquests of Timur witnessed the division of eastern and western Iran between his Turko-Mongol successors, and a flowering of Persian culture in the great cities of Herat, Samarqand and Tabriz, among others. In this, the ninth volume in The Idea of Iran series, leading scholars analyse the ways that Timurid contemporaries viewed their traditions and their environment, asking questions such as: what was the view of outsiders, and how does modern scholarship define the distinctive aspects of the period? Essential reading for scholars, students, and all those interested in the history of Iran, the book considers the political, religious and cultural history of this rich and highly productive interval that was the springboard for the formation of new imperial Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal and Ozbek orders of succeeding centuries.},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {Charles Melville}
}
@inbook {650804,
	title = {Looking Back as We Move Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the History of Science, Liber amicorum for Jed Z. Buchwald on his 70th Birthday},
	booktitle = {Looking Back as We Move Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the History of Science},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Ink Inc.,},
	organization = {Ink Inc.,},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {Jed Z. Buchwald and Diana Cormos-Buchwald}
}
@inbook {647518,
	title = {Books on Mathematical and Mixed-Mathematical Sciences: Arithmetic, Geometry, Optics and Mechanics,{\textquotedblright} in Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4), 2 vols.},
	booktitle = {Muqarnas Supplements: Studies and Sources in Islamic Art and Architecture},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {857-868},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	address = {London, Boston},
	abstract = {CONTENTS VOLUME I: ESSAYS PREFACE BY THE EDITORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   XI Overview and Significance of the Palace Library Inventory 1. G{\"u}lru Nec{\.I}po{\u g}lu, The Spatial Organization of Knowledge in the Ottoman Palace Library: An Encyclopedic Collection and Its Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     1 2. Cemal Kafadar, Between Amasya and Istanbul: Bayezid II, His Librarian, and the Textual Turn of the Late Fifteenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   79 3. Cornell H. Fleischer, Learning and Sovereignty in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries . . . . . . . . . .  155 The Palace Library as a Collection and the Book Arts 4. Zeynep Atba{\c s}, Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II{\textquoteright}s Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkap{\i} Palace Museum Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   161 5. Zeren Tan{\i}nd{\i}, Arts of the Book: The Illustrated and Illuminated Manuscripts Listed in ʿAtufiji{\textquoteright}s Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  213 6. Judith Pfeiffer, {\textquotedblleft}The Ottoman Muse Fluttered, but Poorly Winged{\textquotedblright}: M{\"u}eyyedzade, Bayezid II, and the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Literary Canon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  241 Book Titles and Their Disciplines in the Palace Library Inventory 7. Mohsen Goudarzi, Books on Exegesis (tafsir) and Qurʾanic Readings (qir{\={a}}ʾ{\={a}}t): Inspiration, Intellect, and the Interpretation of Scripture in Post-Classical Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   267 8. Recep G{\"u}rkan G{\"o}kta{\c s}, On the Hadith Collection of Bayezid II{\textquoteright}s Palace Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   309 9. Guy Burak, The Sectio n on Prayers, Invocations, Unique Qualities of the Qurʾan, and Magic Squares in the Palace Library Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   341 10. Abdurrahman At{\c c}{\i}l, The kal{\={a}}m (Rational Theology) Section in the Palace Library Inventory . . . . . . .  367 Inhoud Contents v G{\"u}lru Nec{\.I}po{\u g}lu 1 In Memory of Alpay {\"O}zdural and his Unrealized Book Project 1 G{\"u}lru Nec{\.I}po{\u g}lu 11 Ornamental Geometries: A Persian Compendium at the Intersection of the Visual Arts and Mathematical Sciences 11 74 Elaheh Kheirandish 79 An Early Tradition in Practical Geometry: The Telling Lines of Unique Arabic and Persian Sources 79 139 JAN P. HOGENDIJK 145 A MATHEMATICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONTENTS OF AN ANONYMOUS PERSIAN COMPENDIUM ON DECORATIVE PATTERNS 145 162 Alpay {\"O}zdural 163 Preliminaries 163 174 Facsimile 1 vi Contents 11. H{\.I}mmet Ta{\c s}k{\"o}m{\"u}r, Books on Islamic Jurisprudence, Schools of Law, and Biographies of Imams from the Hanafiji School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  389 12. M{\"u}rteza Bed{\.I}r, Books on Islamic Legal Theory (uṣul al-fijiqh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  423 13. Cemal Kafadar and Ahmet Karamustafa, Books on Sufijism, Lives of Saints, Ethics, and Sermons    439 14. H{\"u}sey{\.I}n Y{\i}lmaz, Books on Ethics and Politics: The Art of Governing the Self and Others at the Ottoman Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  509 15. N{\"u}khet Varl{\i}k, Books on Medicine: Medical Knowledge at Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   527 16. Aleksandar Shopov, {\textquotedblleft}Books on Agriculture (al-fijil{\={a}}ḥa) Pertaining to Medical Science{\textquotedblright} and Ottoman Agricultural Science and Practice around 1500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   557 17. Cornell H. Fleischer and Kaya {\c S}ah{\.I}n, On the Works of a Historical Nature in the Bayezid II Library Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  569 18. P{\i}nar Em{\.I}ral{\.I}o{\u g}lu, Books on the Wonders of Creation and Geography in ʿAtufiji{\textquoteright}s Inventory . . . . . . . .  597 19. Tahera Qutbuddin, Books on Arabic Philology and Literature: A Teaching Collection Focused on Religious Learning and the State Chancery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   607 20. Sooyong Kim, An Ottoman Order of Persian Verse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  635 21. Christopher Markiewicz, Books on the Secretarial Arts and Literary Prose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  657 22. Ferenc Csirk{\'e}s, Turkish/Turkic Books of Poetry, Turkish and Persian Lexicography: The Politics of Language under Bayezid II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   673 23. Noah Gardiner, Books on Occult Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   735 24. A. Tun{\c c} {\c S}en and Cornell H. Fleischer, Books on Astrology, Astronomical Tables, and Almanacs in the Library Inventory of Bayezid II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  767 25. Jamil Ragep, Sally Ragep, Sajjad Nikfahm-Khubravan, Fateme Savadi, and Hasan Umut (McGill Team), Astronomical and Other Mathematical Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   823 26. Elaheh Kheirandish, Books on Mathematical and Mixed-Mathematical Sciences: Arithmetic, Geometry, Optics, and Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  857 27. Khaled El-Rouayheb, Books on Logic (manṭiq) and Dialectics (jadal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   891 28. Dimitri Gutas, Philosophical Manuscripts: Two Alternative Philosophies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  907 Contents vii APPENDICES Appendix I-III: Some Identified Manuscripts Stamped with Bayezid II{\textquoteright}s Seal APPENDIX I: Zeynep Atba{\c s}, Preliminary List of Manuscripts Stamped with Bayezid II{\textquoteright}s Seal in the Topkap{\i} Palace Museum Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   937 APPENDIX II: Zeren Tan{\i}nd{\i}, Preliminary List of Manuscripts Stamped with Bayezid II{\textquoteright}s Seal and Transferred from the Topkap{\i} Palace Inner Treasury to Other Library Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    983 APPENDIX III WITH PLATES FROM MANUSCRIPTS AT THE TOPKAPI PALACE MUSEUM LIBRARY: G{\"u}lru Nec{\.I}po{\u g}lu, Some Books Bearing the Seal of Bayezid II and/or Dedications to Him: A Comparison of Titles Inscribed by His Librarian and Corresponding Entries in the Library Inventory . . .    1011 Appendix IV-V: English Translations of the Librarian ʿAtufi{\textquoteright}s Ottoman Turkish and Arabic Prefaces to the Palace Library Inventory APPENDIX IV: G{\"u}lru Nec{\.I}po{\u g}lu, Translation of ʿAtufiji{\textquoteright}s Ottoman Turkish Preface to the Palace Library Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1077 APPENDIX V: Mohsen Goudarzi, Translation of ʿAtufiji{\textquoteright}s Arabic Preface to the Palace Library Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1079 VOLUME VOLUME II: TRANSLITERATION AND FACSIMILE REGISTER OF BOOKS (KITAB AL-KUTUB) MS T{\"o}r{\"o}k F. 59, Magyar Tudom{\'a}nyos Akad{\'e}mia K{\"o}nyvt{\'a}ra Keleti Gy{\"u}jtem{\'e}ny (Oriental Collection of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) Principles Observed in Transliterating MS T{\"o}r{\"o}k F. 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     1 Transliterated Text of MS T{\"o}r{\"o}k F. 59, prepared by H{\.I}mmet Ta{\c s}k{\"o}m{\"u}r and Hesna Ergun Ta{\c s}k{\"o}m{\"u}r . . .     5 Facsimile of MS T{\"o}r{\"o}k F. 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  243},
	url = {https://agakhan.fas.harvard.edu/supplements-muqarnas},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@inbook {647517,
	title = {Optics and Perspective in and beyond the Islamic Middle Ages: A Study of Transmission through Multidisciplinary Sources in Arabic and Persian},
	booktitle = {Perspective As Practice: Renaissance Cultures of Optics},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {205-39},
	publisher = {Brepols},
	organization = {Brepols},
	edition = {2019},
	address = {Turnhout},
	abstract = {This book is about the development of optics and perspective between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. The point of departure of this book is the recognition of the polysemy of perspective, that is, the plurality of meanings of perspective. To bring forward the polysemy of perspective, this book explores the history of\&nbsp;perspectiva\&nbsp;in terms of practices, a conglomerate of material, social, literary and reproductive practices, through which knowledge claims in perspective were produced, promoted, legitimated and circulated in and through a variety of sites and institutions. The ways optical knowledge was used by different groups in different places (such as the university classroom, the anatomist{\textquoteright}s dissection table, the goldsmith{\textquoteright}s workshop, and the astronomer{\textquoteright}s observatory) defined the meanings of Renaissance perspective. As this period was characterized by widespread {\textquoteright}optical literacy{\textquoteright}, perspective was defined in different ways in different places and sites by various groups of practitioners. Most interestingly, sites such as the theatre, the instrument maker{\textquoteright}s workshop and the courtly garden were home to practices of perspective which have remained on the margin, or even completely invisible, in the historiographies of optics and perspective. The book also brings out the differences between codifications of\&nbsp;perspectiva\&nbsp;and practice. There were a variety of non-Albertian constructions to create the illusion of space, and other types of optical knowledge were as important to artists as the geometry of perspective.},
	url = {https://www.brepolsonline.net/action/showBook?doi=10.1484\%2FM.TECHNE.5.116014\&},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@inbook {647519,
	title = {An Early Tradition in Practical Geometry: The Telling Lines of Unique Arabic and Persian Sources},
	booktitle = {Muqarnas Supplements: Studies and Sources in Islamic Art and Architecture},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {79-144},
	publisher = {Supplements to Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World},
	organization = {Supplements to Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World},
	address = {Leiden and Boston},
	abstract = {CONTENTS INTRODUCTION G{\"u}lru Nec{\.I}po{\u g}lu, In Memory of Alpay {\"O}zdural and His Unrealized Book Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1 CHAPTER 1 G{\"u}lru Nec{\.I}po{\u g}lu, Ornamental Geometries: A Persian Compendium at the Intersection of the Visual Arts and Mathematical Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   11 CHAPTER 2 Elaheh Kheirandish, An Early Tradition in Practical Geometry: The Telling Lines of Unique Arabic and Persian Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   79 CHAPTER 3 Jan P. Hogendijk, A Mathematical Classifijication of the Contents of an Anonymous Persian Compendium on Decorative Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  145 CHAPTER 4 Alpay {\"O}zdural, Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  163 TRANSLATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND DRAWINGS An English translation by Alpay {\"O}zdural of Fi tad{\={a}}khul al-ashk{\={a}}l al-mutash{\={a}}biha aw al-mutaw{\={a}}fijiqa (On Similar and Complementary Interlocking Figures), edited and revised by Wheeler M. Thackston, with contributions by the other authors; accompanied by Wheeler M. Thackston{\textquoteright}s transcription of the Persian text and Alpay {\"O}zdural{\textquoteright}s drawings, with commentaries by G{\"u}lru Necipo{\u g}lu (based on {\textquotedblleft}Analyses,{\textquotedblright} the second chapter in Alpay {\"O}zdural{\textquoteright}s unpublished book) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  179 FACSIMILE A reduced-scale reproduction of Fi tad{\={a}}khul al-ashk{\={a}}l al-mutash{\={a}}biha aw al-mutaw{\={a}}fijiqa (Biblioth{\`e}que nationale de France, Ms. Persan 169, fols. 180r{\textendash}199r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  376},
	url = {https://agakhan.fas.harvard.edu/supplements-muqarnas},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@inbook {647577,
	title = {Astronomical Poems from the {\textquoteleft}Four Corners{\textquoteright} of Persia (c. 1000{\textendash}1500 CE), Essays in Islamic Philology, History, and Philosophy},
	booktitle = {Studies in the History and Culture of the Middle East},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {51-90},
	publisher = {De Walter de Gruyter GmbH},
	organization = {De Walter de Gruyter GmbH},
	address = {Berlin  },
	abstract = {The articles in this volume are dedicated to Professor Ahmad Mahdavi Damghani for the breadth and depth of his interests and his influence on those interests. They attest to the fact that his fervor and rigorously surgical attention to detail have found fertile ground in a wide variety of disciplines, including (among others) Persian literature and philology; Islamic history and historiography; Arabic literature and philology; and Islamic philosophy and jurisprudence. The volume has brought together some of the most respected scholars in the fields of Islamic studies and Islamic literatures, all his prior students, to contribute with articles that touch on the fields Professor Mahdavi Damghani has so permanently touched with his astonishing scholarship and attention to detail. A. Korangy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA; R. P. Mottahedeh and W. Granara, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@inbook {647578,
	title = {Light and Dark: The {\textquoteleft}Checkered History{\textquoteright} of Early Optics},
	booktitle = {In God Is the Light of the Heavens and the Earth: Light in Islamic Art and Culture},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {61-85},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	organization = {Yale University Press},
	address = {New Haven},
	abstract = {The Qur{\textquoteright}an makes rich references to light, tying it to revelation, and light consequently permeates the culture and visual arts of the Islamic lands.\&nbsp;God Is the Light of the Heavens and the Earth\&nbsp;explores the integral role of light in Islamic civilization across a wide range of media, from the Qur{\textquoteright}an and literature to buildings, paintings, performances, photography, and other works produced over the past 14 centuries. A team of international experts conveys current scholarship on Islamic art in a manner that is engaging and accessible to the general reader. The objects discussed include some of the first identifiable works of Islamic art{\textemdash}modest oil lamps inscribed in Arabic, which developed into elaborately decorated metal and glass lamps and chandeliers. Later, photography, which creates images with light, was readily adopted in Islamic lands, and it continues to provide inspiration for contemporary artists. Generously illustrated with specially commissioned, sumptuous color photographs, this book shows the potential of light to reveal color, form, and meaning.\&nbsp;\&nbsp;Jonathan Bloom\&nbsp;and\&nbsp;Sheila Blair\&nbsp;share the Hamad bin Khalifa Endowed Chair of Islamic Art at Virginia Commonwealth University and the Norma Jean Calderwood University Professorship in Islamic and Asian Art at Boston College.},
	url = {https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300215281/god-light-heavens-and-earth},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@article {647579,
	title = {Eloge A.I. Sabra (8 June 1924 {\textendash} 18 December 2013)},
	journal = {Early Science and Medicine: A Journal for the Study of Science, Technology and Medicine in the Pre-modern Period},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {281-86},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24269371},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@inbook {647580,
	title = {The Mixed Mathematical Sciences: Optics and Mechanics in the Islamic Middle Ages},
	booktitle = {The Cambridge History of Science},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {84-108},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9780511974007.005},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank}
}
@article {647581,
	title = {Optics, History of   },
	journal = {Encyclopaedia Iranica: A Comprehensive Research Tool Dedicated to the study of Iranian Civilization in the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Indian Subcontinent, Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University},
	year = {2010},
	url = {http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/optics},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@article {647583,
	title = {Footprints of {\textquoteleft}Experiment{\textquoteright} in Early Arabic Optics},
	journal = {Early Science and Medicine: A Journal for the Study of Science, Technology and Medicine in the Pre-modern Period},
	volume = {14},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {79-104},
	abstract = {This study traces the early developments of the concept of experiment with a view of extending the subject in both content and approach. It extends the content of the subject slightly backward, prior to the methodological breakthroughs of the Optics of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen or Alhacen, d. ca. 1040), which are credited as a "significant landmark in the history of experimental science." And it extends the approach to the subject slightly forward, from the premise that early science was "largely carried out in books," to a close examination of the books through which the footprints of {\textquoteright}experiment{\textquoteright} may be traced. The point of departure is the Optics of Ahmad ibn {\textquoteright}I;s{\={a}}, a revealing text for the early developments of concepts such as {\textquoteright}demonstration{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}experiment{\textquoteright}, and one through which some modern discussions are examined and extended with reference to this and other historical sources.},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/esm/14/1-3/esm.14.issue-1-3.xml},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@inbook {647584,
	title = {Science and {\textquoteleft}Mithal{\textquoteright}: Demonstrations in Arabic and Persian Scientific Traditions},
	booktitle = {Sciences, Crafts, and the Production of Knowledge: Iran and Eastern Islamic Lands (ca. 184-1153 AH/800-1740 CE)},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {465-489},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	edition = {4, 433},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/660768?seq=1},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {Najma al-Din Yousefi and Carol Bier}
}
@inbook {647585,
	title = {Qusṭ{\={a}} Ibn Luq{\={a}} al-Baʿlabakki},
	booktitle = {The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Qusṭ{\={a}} ibn Luq{\={a}} (Constantine, son of Loukas), a scholar of Greek Christian origin working in Islamic lands in the 9th century, did work in astronomy that included translations of Greek astronomical works and original compositions. In addition, he composed and translated mathematical, medical, and philosophical works. Qusṭ{\={a}}{\textquoteright}s scholarly reputation extended far and wide, and he was noted for his scientific achievements (especially in medicine, where his authority surpassed Ḥunayn ibn Isḥ{\={a}}q according to the bibliographer Ibn al-Nadim [died: circa 990]). He reportedly collected Greek scientific manuscripts from Byzantine lands; his translations and revisions of these formed an important part of his scholarly activities. Qusṭ{\={a}} was fluent in Greek (as well as Syriac), as demanded by his scientific translations, and he also mastered Arabic, a language in which he produced many original scientific compositions. Qusṭ{\={a}}{\textquoteright}s scholarly career, which was centered in Baghdad, is notable for his association with numerous patrons, who are particularly important for establishing his biography as well as the chronology of his work. These include various members of the ʿAbb{\={a}}sid caliphal family, government officials, and a Christian patriarch; the most likely interpretation of the evidence places the bulk of his work in the second half of the 9th century.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1138},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {Thomas Hockey et al.}
}
@inbook {647587,
	title = {Organizing Scientific Knowledge: The {\textquoteleft}Mixed{\textquoteright} Sciences in Early Classifications},
	booktitle = {Organizing Knowledge: Encyclopaedic Activities in the Pre-Eighteenth Century Muslim World},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {135-154},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	address = {Leiden},
	url = {https://issuu.com/uomodellarinascita/docs/iptsts_061_-_gerhard_endress__abdou},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {Gerhard Endress}
}
@inbook {647589,
	title = {The Puzzle of Ṭusi{\textquoteright}s Optical Works},
	booktitle = {Les sciences dans la monde Iranien, },
	year = {2004},
	pages = {197-213},
	publisher = {Institut Fran{\c c}ais de Recherche en Iran (IFRI)},
	organization = {Institut Fran{\c c}ais de Recherche en Iran (IFRI)},
	address = {Tehran},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {N. Pourjavady et. Z. Vesel}
}
@inbook {647588,
	title = {The Puzzle of Ṭusi{\textquoteright}s Optical Works},
	booktitle = {Les sciences dans la monde Iranien, },
	year = {2004},
	pages = {197-213},
	publisher = {Institut Fran{\c c}ais de Recherche en Iran (IFRI)},
	organization = {Institut Fran{\c c}ais de Recherche en Iran (IFRI)},
	address = {Tehran},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {N. Pourjavady et. Z. Vesel}
}
@inbook {647590,
	title = {The Many Aspects of Appearances: Arabic Optics to 950 A.D.,},
	booktitle = {The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {55-83},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	url = {https://archive.org/stream/TheEnterpriseOfScienceInIslamByHogendijkAndSabra/The\%20Enterprise\%20ofScience\%20in\%20Islam\%20by\%20Hogendijk\%20and\%20Sabra_djvu.txt},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {Jan P. Hogendijk and AbdelHamid Sabra}
}
@article {647592,
	title = {Optics: Highlights from Islamic Lands},
	journal = {The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture, Volume Four: Science and Technology in Islam, part I. UNESCO},
	year = {2001},
	url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134503},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@inbook {647591,
	title = {What {\textquoteright}Euclid Said{\textquoteright} to His Arabic Readers: The Case of the Optics},
	booktitle = {De Diversis Artibus (tome 55: N.S. 18): Proceedings of the XXth International Congress of History of Science},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {17-28},
	publisher = {Brepols},
	organization = {Brepols},
	edition = {18},
	address = {Turnhout},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/385181?journalCode=isis},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {Gerard Simon and Suzanne Debarbat}
}
@book {647516,
	title = {The Arabic Version of Euclid{\textquoteright}s Optics: Kitab Uqlidis fi Ikhtilaf al-manazir Edited and Translated with Historical Introduction and Commentary (revised dissertation), 2 volumes, Springer-Verlag: Sources in the History of Mathematics},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	edition = {First},
	address = {Leiden},
	abstract = {Like all classical Greek texts on science, Euclid{\textquoteright}s works on optics initially came to the West mainly through medieval Arabic texts and commentaries. While several Greek versions of the Optika were discovered and translated as early as the sixteenth century, sorting out what may have been Euclid{\textquoteright}s original has not been easy. This book presents a critical translation of an Arabic texts and of Arabic commentaries on the text, and places the whole in a historical context. The Optics is particularly interesting in that Euclid{\textquoteright}s text was considerably transformed in the process of translation into Arabic "equivalents"; in addition, several of the Arabic editions of Euclid{\textquoteright}s text (c. 300 BC) contained liberal admixtures of a much later book by Ptolemy (c. 200 AD) of the same title. What was referred to as "Euclid{\textquoteright}s Optics," the "Kitab Uqlidis fi Ikhtilaf al-manazir," thus became as much an exposition of an Arabic version of a visual theory as a translation of Euclid{\textquoteright}s ideas on the subject. In preparing this edition, Dr. Kheirandish has thus not only sorted out the various manuscript versions of Al-Manazir, but also related and unrelated texts that were often confused with it.},
	url = {https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387985237},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish}
}
@article {647594,
	title = {The {\textquoteleft}Man{\={a}}ẓir{\textquoteright} Tradition through Persian Sources},
	journal = {Les sciences dans le monde iranien, Institut Fran{\c c}ais de Recherche en Iran (IFRI)},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {125-45},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/36969},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {Z. Vesel, H. Beikbaghban et B. Thierry}
}
@article {647593,
	title = {A Report on Iran{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteright}Jewel{\textquoteright} Codices of Ṭusi{\textquoteright}s Kutub al-Mutawasiṭ{\={a}}t, Naṣir al-Din al-Ṭusi: philosophe et savant de x111e si{\`e}cle,},
	journal = {Institut Fran{\c c}ais de Recherche en Iran (IFRI)},
	year = {1998},
	url = {https://ifriran.org/1997/03/01/bi54-nasrollah-pourjavady-et-ziva-vesel-nasir-al-din-tusi-1997/},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {N. Pourjavady et Ziva Vesel}
}
@inbook {647595,
	title = {The Arabic {\textquoteright}Version{\textquoteright} of Euclidean Optics: Transformations as Linguistic Problems in Transmission},
	booktitle = {Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-modern Science Held at the University of Oklahoma},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {227-243},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	address = {Leiden},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1163/18778372-04401002},
	author = {Elaheh Kheirandish},
	editor = {F. Jamil Ragep and Sally P. Ragep with Steven Livesey}
}
