@workingpaper {632961,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}The Twin Track Model of Employee Voice: An Anglo-American Perspective on Union Decline and the Rise of Alternative Forms of Voice,{\textquotedblright} IZA DP 11223, December 2017.},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {We present a simple framework for analyzing decline in union voice in the Anglo-American world and its replacement by non-union, often direct, forms of worker voice. We argue that it is a decline in the in-flow to unionisation among employers and workers, rather than an increase in the outflow rate, that accounts for this decline.\&nbsp; We show how union decline is predicted by experience good and cost-disease models of trade unionism and is linked to specific institutional and policy constraints on union organizing in the Anglo-American world. We show how the co-existence of union and non-union forms of worker voice is predicted by transaction cost economics, while the growth in non-union forms of worker voice is aided by declining costs of employers {\textquotedblleft}making{\textquotedblright} voice mechanisms. We draw on {\textquotedblleft}spurt{\textquotedblright} theories of unionisation to help understand factors underpinning union decline, including falling costs of employer opposition to unionisation as density falls, as discuss possibilities for {\textquotedblleft}bottom-up{\textquotedblright} growth in union-like forms of worker voice implied by {\textquotedblleft}spurt{\textquotedblright} theories.},
	url = {https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/11223/the-twin-track-model-of-employee-voice-an-anglo-american-perspective-on-union-decline-and-the-rise-of-alternative-forms-of-voice},
	author = {Alex Bryson and Richard Freeman and Rafael Gomez and Paul Willman}
}
