@workingpaper {608694,
	title = {Enhancing the Efficacy of Teacher Incentives through Framing: A Field Experiment},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {In a field experiment, we provide financial incentives to teachers framed either as gains, received at the end of the year, or as losses, in which teachers receive upfront bonuses that must be paid back if their students do not improve sufficiently. Pooling two waves of the experiment, loss-framed incentives improve math achievement by an estimated 0.124 standard deviations (σ) with large effects in the first wave and no effects in the second wave. Effects for gain framed incentives are smaller and not statistically significant, approximately 0.051σ. We find suggestive evidence that effects on teacher value added persist post-treatment. },
	author = {Roland G. Fryer, Jr. and Steven D. Levitt and John List and Sally Sadoff}
}
