@workingpaper {618820,
	title = {The Role of Industry, Occupation, and Location-Specific Knowledge in the Survival of New Firms},
	year = {Working Paper},
	author = {C. Jara Figueroa and Bogang Jun and Edward L. Glaeser and Cesar Hidalgo}
}
@workingpaper {611336,
	title = {Jobs for the Heartland: Place-Based Policies in 21st Century America},
	year = {Working Paper},
	author = {Benjamin A. Austin and Edward L. Glaeser and Lawrence H. Summers}
}
@workingpaper {611335,
	title = {Nowcasting the Local Economy: Using Yelp Data to Measure Economic Activity},
	year = {Working Paper},
	author = {Edward Glaeser and Hyunjin Kim and Michael Luca}
}
@workingpaper {611334,
	title = {Water, Health and Wealth},
	year = {Working Paper},
	author = {Nava Ashraf and Edward Glaeser and Abraham Holland and Bryce Millett Steinberg}
}
@workingpaper {611333,
	title = {The Economic Implications of Housing Supply},
	year = {Working Paper},
	author = {Edward Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko}
}
@workingpaper {611332,
	title = {The Political Economy of Transportation Investment},
	year = {Working Paper},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto}
}
@workingpaper {611331,
	title = {Fundamental Errors in the Voting Booth},
	year = {Working Paper},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto}
}
@workingpaper {554836,
	title = {Urban Productivity in the Developing World},
	year = {2017},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Wentao Xiong}
}
@workingpaper {554831,
	title = {Real Estate Bubbles and Urban Development},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@workingpaper {554826,
	title = {Transforming Cities: Does Urbanization Promote Democratic Change?},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Bryce Millett Steinberg}
}
@workingpaper {554821,
	title = {A Real Estate Boom with Chinese Characteristics},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Edward Glaeser and Wei Huang and Yueran Ma and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@workingpaper {554816,
	title = {Securing Property Rights},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@workingpaper {554811,
	title = {Crowdsourcing City Government: Using Tournaments to Improve Inspection Accuracy},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Andrew Hillis and Scott Duke Kominers and Michael Luca}
}
@workingpaper {554806,
	title = {What is Different About Urbanization in Rich and Poor Countries? Cities in Brazil, China, India and the United States},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Juan Pablo Chauvin and Edward Glaeser and Yueran Ma and Kristina Tobio}
}
@workingpaper {554801,
	title = {Infrastructure, Incentives and Institutions},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Nava Ashraf and Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto}
}
@workingpaper {554791,
	title = {Urban Networks: Connecting Markets, People, and Ideas},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto and Yimei Zou}
}
@workingpaper {554786,
	title = {Big Data and Big Cities: The Promises and Limitations of Improved Measures of Urban Life},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Scott Duke Kominers and Michael Luca and Nikhil Naik}
}
@workingpaper {554781,
	title = {Do People Shape Cities, or Do Cities Shape People? The Co-evolution of Physical, Social, and Economic Change in Five Major U.S. Cities},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Nikhil Naik and Scott Duke Kominers and Ramesh Raskar and Edward L. Glaeser and Cesar A. Hidalgo}
}
@workingpaper {554771,
	title = {A Theory of Civil Disobedience},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Cass R. Sunstein}
}
@workingpaper {554766,
	title = {An Extrapolative Model of House Price Dynamics},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Charles G. Nathanson}
}
@workingpaper {554761,
	title = {Preserving History or Hindering Growth? The Heterogeneous Effects of Historic Districts on Local Housing Markets in New York City},
	year = {2014},
	author = {Vicki Been and Ingrid Gould Ellen and Michael Gedal and Edward L. Glaeser and Brian J. McCabe}
}
@workingpaper {554746,
	title = {Housing Bubbles},
	year = {2014},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Charles G. Nathanson}
}
@workingpaper {554736,
	title = {Unhappy Cities},
	year = {2013},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joshua D. Gottlieb and Ziv, Oren}
}
@workingpaper {554731,
	title = {A World of Cities: The Causes and Consequences of Urbanization in Poorer Countries},
	year = {2013},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@workingpaper {554726,
	title = {The Supply of Environmentalism},
	year = {2013},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@workingpaper {554596,
	title = {The Supply of Gender Stereotypes and Discriminatory Beliefs},
	year = {2013},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Yueran Ma}
}
@workingpaper {554591,
	title = {Clusters of Entrepreneurship and Innovation},
	year = {2013},
	author = {Aaron Chatterji and Edward L. Glaeser and William R. Kerr}
}
@workingpaper {554586,
	title = {Why Does Balanced News Produce Unbalanced Views?},
	year = {2013},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Cass R. Sunstein}
}
@workingpaper {554581,
	title = {Shrouded Costs of Government: The Political Economy of State and Local Public Pensions},
	year = {2013},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto}
}
@workingpaper {554576,
	title = {A Nation of Gamblers: Real Estate Speculation and American History},
	year = {2013},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@workingpaper {554571,
	title = {Entrepreneurship and Urban Growth: An Empirical Assessment with Historical Mines},
	year = {2012},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Sari Pekkala Kerr and William R. Kerr}
}
@workingpaper {553221,
	title = {Urban Public Finance},
	year = {2012},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@workingpaper {33750,
	title = {The Political Risks of Fighting Market Failures: Subversion, Populism and the Government Sponsored Enterprises},
	year = {2012},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@workingpaper {33749,
	title = {Housing Booms and City Centers},
	year = {2012},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joshua D. Gottlieb and Kristina Tobio}
}
@workingpaper {33748,
	title = {Identification and Inference with Many Invalid Instruments.},
	year = {2011},
	author = {Michal Kolesar and R Chetty and John N. Friedman and Edward L. Glaeser and Guido M. Imbens}
}
@workingpaper {28148,
	title = {The Complementarity Between Cities and Skills},
	year = {2009},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Matthew G. Resseger}
}
@workingpaper {28147,
	title = {Yet Another Tale of Two Cities: Buenos Aires and Chicago},
	year = {2009},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Filipe Campante}
}
@workingpaper {28145,
	title = {Clusters of Entrepreneurship},
	year = {2009},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Wililam R. Kerr and Giacomo A.M. Ponzetto}
}
@workingpaper {28143,
	title = {Urban Economics and Entrepreneurship},
	year = {2009},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange}
}
@workingpaper {34363,
	title = {The Greenness of Cities: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Urban Development},
	year = {2008},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Matthew E. Kahn}
}
@workingpaper {34359,
	title = {A Case for Quantity Regulation},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@workingpaper {34358,
	title = {Decentralized Employment and the Transformation of the American City},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Matthew Kahn}
}
@workingpaper {34357,
	title = {Education and Religion},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Bruce Sacerdote}
}
@workingpaper {38046,
	title = {The Social Consequences of Housing},
	year = {2000},
	url = {http://info.worldbank.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/etools/docs/library/156603/housing/pdf/GlaeserSacerdote_2000.pdf},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Bruce Sacerdote}
}
@workingpaper {38045,
	title = {Non-market Interactions},
	year = {2000},
	url = {http://www.nber.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/papers/w8053.pdf?new_window=1},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Jose Scheinkman}
}
@workingpaper {38063,
	title = {What is Social Capital? The Determinants of Trust and Trustworthiness},
	year = {1999},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and David Laibson and Jose A. Scheinkman and Christine L. Soutter}
}
@webarticle {28140,
	title = {Cities, Skills, and Regional Change},
	year = {2011},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A.M. Ponzetto and Kristina Tobio}
}
@webarticle {28142,
	title = {Can Cheap Credit Explain the Housing Boom},
	year = {2010},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joshua Gottleb and Joseph Gyourko}
}
@webarticle {28150,
	title = {The Wealth of Cities: Agglomeration Economies and Spatial Equilibrium in the United States},
	year = {2009},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joshua D. Gottlieb}
}
@webarticle {28149,
	title = {The Causes and Consequences of Land use Regulation: Evidence from Greater Boston},
	year = {2009},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Bryce A. Ward}
}
@webarticle {28146,
	title = {Social Capital and Urban Growth},
	year = {2009},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Charles Redlick}
}
@webarticle {28144,
	title = {Local Industrial Conditions and Entrepreneurship: How Much of the Spatial Distribution Can We Explain?},
	year = {2009},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and William R. Kerr}
}
@webarticle {28153,
	title = {Housing Supply and Housing Bubbles},
	year = {2008},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko and Albert Saiz}
}
@webarticle {28152,
	title = {The Greeness of Cities: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Urban Development},
	year = {2008},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Matthew E. Kahn}
}
@webarticle {28151,
	title = {Urban Inequality},
	year = {2008},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Matt Resseger and Kristina Tobio}
}
@webarticle {34362,
	title = {Why does democracy need education?},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
	year = {2007},
	month = {31 May 2007},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A.M. Ponzetto and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@webarticle {28165,
	title = {Do Regional Economies Need Regional Coordination?},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28162,
	title = {What Causes Industry Agglomeration? Evidence from Coagglomeration Patterns},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Glenn Ellison and Edward L. Glaeser and William Kerr}
}
@webarticle {28161,
	title = {Aggregation Reversals and the Social Formation Beliefs},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Bruce Sacerdote}
}
@webarticle {28160,
	title = {The Rise of the Sunbelt},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Kristina Tobio}
}
@webarticle {28159,
	title = {Housing Dynamics},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko}
}
@webarticle {28158,
	title = {Entrepreneurship and the City},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28157,
	title = {Extremism and Social Learning},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Cass Sunstein}
}
@webarticle {28156,
	title = {The Economic Approach to Cities},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28155,
	title = {Arbitrage in Housing Markets},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko}
}
@webarticle {28154,
	title = {Did the Death of Distance Hurt Detroit and Help New York?},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A.M. Ponzetto}
}
@webarticle {28171,
	title = {Myths and Realities of American Political Geography},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Bryce A. Ward}
}
@webarticle {28170,
	title = {Urban Resurgence and the Consumer City},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joshua D. Gottlieb}
}
@webarticle {28169,
	title = {Appendices to Housing Cycles},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko}
}
@webarticle {28168,
	title = {Researcher Incentives and Empirical Methods},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28167,
	title = {The Causes and Consequences of Land Use Regulation: Evidence from Greater Boston},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Bryce A. Ward}
}
@webarticle {28166,
	title = {The Political Economy of Warfare},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28179,
	title = {Urban Growth and Housing Supply},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko and Raven E. Saks}
}
@webarticle {28178,
	title = {What Explains Differences in Smoking, Drinking and Other Health-Related Behaviors?},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and David Cutler}
}
@webarticle {28177,
	title = {Work and Leisure in the U.S. and Europe: Why So Different},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Alberto Alesina and Bruce Sacerdote}
}
@webarticle {28176,
	title = {Is the Melting Pot Still Hot? Explaining the Resurgence of Immigrant Segregation},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and David Cutler and Jacob L. Vigdor}
}
@webarticle {28175,
	title = {Urban Colossus: Why is New York America{\textquoteright}s Largest City?},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28174,
	title = {Inequality},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28173,
	title = {The Divergence of Human Capital Levels across Cities},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Christopher R. Berry}
}
@webarticle {28172,
	title = {Paternalism and Psychology},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28190,
	title = {Opportunities, Race, and Urban Location: The Influence of John Kain},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Eric A. Hanushek and John M. Quigley}
}
@webarticle {28189,
	title = {Book Review of Richard Florida{\textquoteright}s "The Rise of the Creative Class"},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28188,
	title = {The Political Economy of Hatred},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Edward Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28187,
	title = {Do Institutions Cause Growth?},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Edward L. Glaese and Rafael LaPorta and Florencio Lopez de Silanes and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@webarticle {28186,
	title = {Technical Appendix to Urban Decline and Durable Housing},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko}
}
@webarticle {28184,
	title = {Why Is Manhattan So Expensive? Regulation and the Rise in House Prices},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko and Raven Saks}
}
@webarticle {28182,
	title = {Corruption in America},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Raven Saks}
}
@webarticle {28181,
	title = {Strategic Extremism: Why Republicans and Democrats Divide on Religious Values},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A.M. Ponzetto and Jesse Shapiro}
}
@webarticle {28180,
	title = {Why Have Housing Prices Gone Up?},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko and Raven E. Saks}
}
@webarticle {28200,
	title = {Why Have Americans Become More Obese?},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and David M Cutler and Jesse M. Shapiro}
}
@webarticle {28199,
	title = {The Rise of the Regulatory State},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@webarticle {28197,
	title = {Sprawl and Urban Growth},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Matthew E. Kahn}
}
@webarticle {28196,
	title = {Cities, Regions and the Decline of Transport Costs},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Janet E. Kohlhase}
}
@webarticle {28194,
	title = {Reinventing Boston: 1640-2003},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28192,
	title = {Psychology and the Market},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28191,
	title = {The Rise of the Skilled City},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Albert Saiz}
}
@webarticle {28209,
	title = {Education and Religion},
	year = {2002},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Bruce I. Sacerdote}
}
@webarticle {28208,
	title = {The Impact of Zoning on Housing Affordability},
	year = {2002},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko}
}
@webarticle {28206,
	title = {The Governance of Not-for-Profit Firms},
	year = {2002},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28205,
	title = {The Social Multiplier},
	year = {2002},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Bruce I. Sacerdote and Jose A. Scheinkman}
}
@webarticle {28204,
	title = {The Injustice of Inequality},
	year = {2002},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Jose A. Scheinkman and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@webarticle {28202,
	title = {The Benefits of the Home Mortgage Interest Deduction},
	year = {2002},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Jesse M. Shapiro}
}
@webarticle {28201,
	title = {Does Rent Control Reduce Segregation?},
	year = {2002},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28216,
	title = {Legal Origins},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@webarticle {28215,
	title = {Is There a New Urbanism? The Growth of U.S. Cities in the 1990s},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Jesse Shapiro}
}
@webarticle {28214,
	title = {Public Ownership in the American City},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28213,
	title = {The Economics of Location-Based Tax Incentives},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@webarticle {28212,
	title = {Why Doesn{\textquoteright}t the U.S. Have a European-Style Welfare State?},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Alberto Alesina and Edward L. Glaeser and Bruce Sacerdote}
}
@webarticle {28211,
	title = {Cities and Warfare: The Impact of Terrorism on Urban Form},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Jesse M. Shapiro}
}
@webarticle {28220,
	title = {Why Do The Poor Live In Cities?},
	year = {2000},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Matthew E. Kahn and Jordan Rappaport}
}
@webarticle {28219,
	title = {The Determinants of Punishment: Deterrence, Incapacitation and Vengeance},
	year = {2000},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Bruce Sacerdote}
}
@webarticle {28218,
	title = {Consumer City},
	year = {2000},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Jed Kolko and Albert Saiz}
}
@article {696662,
	title = {The 15-Minute City Quantified Using Mobility Data},
	journal = {NBER Working Paper No, w30752},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {Americans travel 7 to 9 miles on average for shopping and recreational activities, which is far longer than the 15-minute (walking) city advocated by ecologically-oriented urban planners. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of local trip behavior in US cities using GPS data on individual trips from 40 million mobile devices. We define local usage as the share of trips made within 15-minutes walking distance from home, and find that the median US city resident makes only 12\% of their daily trips within such a short distance. We find that differences in access to local services can explain eighty percent of the variation in 15-minute usage across metropolitan areas and 74 percent of the variation in usage within metropolitan areas. Differences in historic zoning permissiveness within New York suggest a causal link between access and usage, and that less restrictive zoning rules, such as permitting more mixed-use development, would lead to shorter travel times. Finally, we document a strong correlation between local usage and experienced segregation for poorer, but not richer, urbanites, which suggests that 15-minute cities may also exacerbate the social isolation of marginalized communities.},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4306706},
	author = {Timur Abbiasov and Cate Heine and Edward Ludwig Glaeser and Ratti, Carlo and Sadegh Sabouri and Arianna Salazar Miranda and Paolo Santi}
}
@article {679916,
	title = {When Innovation Goes Wrong: Technological Regress and the Opioid Epidemic},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economics },
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {The fivefold increase in opioid deaths between 2000 and 2017 rivals even the COVID-19 pandemic as a health crisis for America. Why did it happen? Measures of demand for pain relief {\textendash} physical pain and despair {\textendash} are high but largely unchanging. The primary shift is in supply, primarily of new forms of allegedly safer narcotics. These new pain relievers flowed mostly to areas with more pain, but since their apparent safety was an illusion, opioid deaths followed. By the end of the 2000s, restrictions on legal opioids led to further supply-side innovations which created the burgeoning illegal market that accounts for the bulk of opioid deaths today. Because opioid use is easier to start than end, America{\textquoteright}s opioid epidemic is likely to persist for some time.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28873/w28873.pdf},
	author = {David M. Cutler and Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@article {679915,
	title = {Securing Property Rights},
	journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
	volume = {129},
	number = {4},
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {A central challenge in securing property rights is the subversion of justice. We present a model of a polluter whose discharges harm multiple owners, and we compare property rules, liability rules, and regulation on efficiency grounds. We provide conditions under which property rules are preferred to liability rules, thus verifying the Calabresi-Melamed conjecture. Regulation that enforces partial abatement may be preferred to either of the extreme rules. An empirical analysis of water quality in the United States before and after the Clean Water Act shows that the effects of regulation are consistent with several predictions of the model.},
	url = {journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/712733},
	author = {A. Patrick Behrer and Edward L. Glaeser and Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@article {679909,
	title = {Property Rights and Urban Form},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {How do the different elements in the standard bundle of property rights, including those of possession and transfer, influence the shape of cities? This paper incorporates insecure property rights into a standard model of urban land prices and density, and makes predictions about investment in land and property, informality, and the efficiency of land use. Our empirical analysis links data on institutions for land titling and transfer with multiple urban outcomes, in 190 countries. The evidence is generally consistent with the model{\textquoteright}s predictions, and more broadly with the Demsetz{\textquoteright}s (1967) approach to property rights institutions. Indeed, we document world-wide improvements in the quality of institutions facilitating property transfer over time.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w28793},
	author = {Simeon Djankov and Edward L. Glaeser and Valeria Perotti and Andrei Schleifer}
}
@article {679914,
	title = {Gentrification and Neighborhood Change: Evidence From Yelp},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {How does gentrification transform neighborhoods? Gentrification can harm current residents by increasing rental costs and by eliminating old amenities, including distinctive local stores. Rising rents represent redistribution from tenants to landlords and can therefore be offset with targeted transfers, but the destruction of neighborhood character can {\textendash} in principle {\textendash} reduce overall social surplus. Using Census and Yelp data from five cities, we document that while gentrification is associated with an increase in the number of retail establishments overall, it is also associated with higher rates of business closure and higher rates of transition to higher price points. In Chicago and Los Angeles especially, non-gentrifying poorer communities have dramatically lower turnover than richer or gentrifying communities. However, the primary transitions appear to the replacement of stores that sell tradable goods with stores that sell non-tradable services. That transition just seems to be slower in poor communities that do not gentrify. Consequently, the business closures that come with gentrification seem to reflect the global impact of electronic commerce more than the replacement of idiosyncratic neighborhood services with generic luxury goods.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28271/w28271.pdf},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Michael Luca and Erica Moszkowski}
}
@article {679913,
	title = {Economic Analysis and Infrastructure Investment},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economic Resarch},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {This paper summarizes economic research on investment in public infrastructure and introduces the findings of several new studies on this topic. It begins with a review of several potential justifications for the public sector{\textquoteright}s involvement in building, financing, and operating infrastructure, including limitations of private capital markets, externalities, and the control of natural monopolies. It then describes the conditions that characterize an optimal infrastructure investment program, emphasizing the need to extend project-based microeconomic cost-benefit analysis to incorporate the value of economy-wide macroeconomic and other externalities. It notes the importance of efficient use of infrastructure capital, and discusses three areas {\textendash} procurement, project management, and expenditure on externality mitigation {\textendash} where further research could identify paths to efficiency improvement. It concludes by identifying several trends that have emerged since outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic that may have long-term effects on the role of both physical and digital infrastructure in the U.S. economy.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28215/w28215.pdf},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and James M. Poterba}
}
@article {679900,
	title = {Urbanization and Its Discontents},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {American cities have experienced a remarkable renaissance over the past 40 years, but in recent years, cities have experienced considerable discontent. Anger about high housing prices and gentrification has led to protests. The urban wage premium appears to have disappeared for less skilled workers. The cities of the developing world are growing particularly rapidly, but in those places, the downsides of density are acute. In this essay, I review the causes of urban discontent and present a unified explanation for this unhappiness. Urban resurgence represents private sector success, and the public sector typically only catches up to urban change with a considerable lag. Moreover, as urban machines have been replaced by governments that are more accountable to empowered residents, urban governments do more to protect insiders and less to enable growth. The power of insiders can be seen in the regulatory limits on new construction and new businesses, the slow pace of school reform and the unwillingness to embrace congestion pricing.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w26839},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@article {679899,
	title = {The (Non-)Effect of Opportunity Zones on Housing Prices},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Will the Opportunity Zone program, America{\textquoteright}s largest new place-based policy in decades, generate neighborhood change? We compare single-family housing price growth in Opportunity Zones with price growth in areas that were eligible but not included in the program. We also compare Opportunity Zones to their nearest geographic neighbors. All estimates rule out price impacts greater than 1.3 percentage points with 95\% confidence, suggesting that, so far, home buyers don{\textquoteright}t believe that this subsidy will generate major neighborhood change. Opportunity Zone status reduces prices in areas with little employment, perhaps because buyers think that subsidizing new investment will increase housing supply.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w26587},
	author = {Jiafeng Chen and Edward L. Glaeser and Wessel, David}
}
@article {679898,
	title = {Rule of Law and Female Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Commerce requires trust, but trust is difficult when one group consistently fears expropriation by another. If men have a comparative advantage at violence and there is little rule-of-law, then unequal bargaining power can lead women to segregate into low-return industries and avoid entrepreneurship altogether. In this paper, we present a model of female entrepreneurship and rule of law that predicts that women will only start businesses when they have both formal legal protection and informal bargaining power. The model{\textquoteright}s predictions are supported both in cross-national data and with a new census of Zambian manufacturers. In Zambia, female entrepreneurs collaborate less, learn less from fellow entrepreneurs, earn less and segregate into industries with more women, but gender differences are ameliorated when women have access to adjudicating institutions, such as Lusaka{\textquoteright}s {\textquotedblleft}Market Chiefs{\textquotedblright} who are empowered to adjudicate small commercial disputes. We experimentally induce variation in local institutional quality in an adapted trust game, and find that this also reduces the gender gap in trust and economic activity.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w26366},
	author = {Nava Ashraf and Alexia Delfino and Edward Glaeser}
}
@article {679897,
	title = {Cities in the Developing World},
	journal = {Natioanl Bureau of Economic Research},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {The fast and often chaotic urbanization of the developing world generates both economic opportunity and challenges, like contagious disease and congestion, because proximity increases both positive and negative externalities. In this paper, we review the expanding body of economic research on developing world cities. One strand of this literature emphasizes the economic benefits of urban connection, typically finding that agglomeration benefits are at least as high in poor countries as they are in rich countries. Yet there remains an ongoing debate about whether slums provide a path to prosperity or an economic dead end. A second strand analyzes the negative externalities associated with urban density, and the challenges of building and maintaining infrastructure to moderate those harms. Researchers are just beginning to understand the links between institutions (such as Public Private Partnerships), incentives (such as congestion pricing) and the effectiveness of urban infrastructure spending. A third line of research addresses the spatial structure of cities directly with formal, structural models. These structural models seem particularly valuable when analyzing land use and transportation systems in the far more fluid cities of the developing world.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w26390/w26390.pdf},
	author = {Gharad Bryan and Edward Glaeser and Nick Tsivanidis}
}
@article {679896,
	title = {The Spatial Mismatch Between Innovation and Joblessness},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {American technological creativity is geographically concentrated in areas that are generally distant from the country{\textquoteright}s most persistent pockets of joblessness. Could a more even spatial distribution of innovation reduce American joblessness? Could Federal policies disperse innovation without significant costs? If research funding is already maximizing knowledge production, then spatial reallocation of that funding will reduce America{\textquoteright}s overall innovation unless that reallocation comes with greater spending. Without any spatial reallocation, the primarily inventive parts of innovation policy, such as N.I.H. grants, can potentially aid underperforming areas by targeting the problems of those areas, like widespread disability. The educational aspects of innovation policy, such as Pell Grants, work-study, vocational training, and Federal overhead reimbursement on grants, currently have multiple objective and could focus more on employability in distressed areas. Lifting the cap on H1B visas in poorer places could attract outside human capital to those places. Geographically targeted entrepreneurship policies, such as eliminating the barriers to new business formation near universities and in distressed places, could potentially enhance employment growth in those regions. Spatially targeted employment subsidies will increase the returns to labor-intensive innovation in depressed areas, but we know little about how much innovation will respond to such subsidies.},
	url = {https://economics.harvard.edu/files/economics/files/glaeser-and-hausman_the_spatial_mismatch_between_innovation_and_joblessness_nberwp25913_ec3118_22nov2019.pdf$\#$:~:text=\%20\%20\%20Title\%20\%20\%20The\%20Spatial,Created\%20Date\%20\%20\%205\%2F29\%2F2019\%2012\%3A40\%3A},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Naomi Hausman}
}
@article {679895,
	title = {Computer Vision and Real Estate: Do Looks Matter and Do Incentives Determine Looks},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {How much does the appearance of a house, or its neighbors, impact its price? Do events that impact the incentives facing homeowners, like foreclosure, impact the maintenance and appearance of a home? Using computer vision techniques, we find that a one standard deviation improvement in the appearance of a home in Boston is associated with a .16 log point increase in the home{\textquoteright}s value, or about $68,000 at the sample mean. The additional predictive power created by images is small relative to location and basic home variables, but external images do outperform variables collected by in-person home assessors. A home{\textquoteright}s value increases by .4 log points, when its neighbor{\textquoteright}s visually predicted value increases by one log point, and more visible neighbors have a larger price impact than less visible neighbors. Homes that went through foreclosure during the 2008-09 financial crisis experienced a .04 log point decline in their appearance-related value, relative to comparable homes, suggesting that foreclosures reduced the incentives to maintain the housing stock. We do not find more depreciation of appearance in rental properties, or more upgrading of appearance by owners before resale.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w25174$\#$:~:text=Real\%20Estate\%3A\%20Do\%E2\%80\%A6-,Computer\%20Vision\%20and\%20Real\%20Estate\%3A\%20Do\%20Looks,and\%20Do\%20Incentives\%20Determine\%20Looks\&text=04\%20log\%20point\%20decline\%20in,to\%20maintain\%20the\%20housing\%20stock.},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Michael Kincaid and Nikhil Naik}
}
@article {679894,
	title = {Computer Vision and Real Estate: Do Looks Matter and Do Incentives Determine Looks},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {How much does the appearance of a house, or its neighbors, impact its price? Do events that impact the incentives facing homeowners, like foreclosure, impact the maintenance and appearance of a home? Using computer vision techniques, we find that a one standard deviation improvement in the appearance of a home in Boston is associated with a .16 log point increase in the home{\textquoteright}s value, or about $68,000 at the sample mean. The additional predictive power created by images is small relative to location and basic home variables, but external images do outperform variables collected by in-person home assessors. A home{\textquoteright}s value increases by .4 log points, when its neighbor{\textquoteright}s visually predicted value increases by one log point, and more visible neighbors have a larger price impact than less visible neighbors. Homes that went through foreclosure during the 2008-09 financial crisis experienced a .04 log point decline in their appearance-related value, relative to comparable homes, suggesting that foreclosures reduced the incentives to maintain the housing stock. We do not find more depreciation of appearance in rental properties, or more upgrading of appearance by owners before resale.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w25174$\#$:~:text=Real\%20Estate\%3A\%20Do\%E2\%80\%A6-,Computer\%20Vision\%20and\%20Real\%20Estate\%3A\%20Do\%20Looks,and\%20Do\%20Incentives\%20Determine\%20Looks\&text=04\%20log\%20point\%20decline\%20in,to\%20maintain\%20the\%20housing\%20stock.},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Michael Kincaid and Nikhil Naik}
}
@article {679893,
	title = {Computer Vision and Real Estate: Do Looks Matter and Do Incentives Determine Looks},
	journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {How much does the appearance of a house, or its neighbors, impact its price? Do events that impact the incentives facing homeowners, like foreclosure, impact the maintenance and appearance of a home? Using computer vision techniques, we find that a one standard deviation improvement in the appearance of a home in Boston is associated with a .16 log point increase in the home{\textquoteright}s value, or about $68,000 at the sample mean. The additional predictive power created by images is small relative to location and basic home variables, but external images do outperform variables collected by in-person home assessors. A home{\textquoteright}s value increases by .4 log points, when its neighbor{\textquoteright}s visually predicted value increases by one log point, and more visible neighbors have a larger price impact than less visible neighbors. Homes that went through foreclosure during the 2008-09 financial crisis experienced a .04 log point decline in their appearance-related value, relative to comparable homes, suggesting that foreclosures reduced the incentives to maintain the housing stock. We do not find more depreciation of appearance in rental properties, or more upgrading of appearance by owners before resale.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w25174$\#$:~:text=Real\%20Estate\%3A\%20Do\%E2\%80\%A6-,Computer\%20Vision\%20and\%20Real\%20Estate\%3A\%20Do\%20Looks,and\%20Do\%20Incentives\%20Determine\%20Looks\&text=04\%20log\%20point\%20decline\%20in,to\%20maintain\%20the\%20housing\%20stock.},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Michael Kincaid and Nikhil Naik}
}
@article {679906,
	title = {Urban productivity in developing world},
	journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
	volume = {33},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {373-404},
	abstract = {Africa is urbanizing rapidly, and this creates both opportunities and challenges. Labour productivity appears to be much higher in developing-world cities than in rural areas, and historically urbanization is strongly correlated with economic growth. Education seems to be a strong complement to urbanization, and entrepreneurial human capital correlates strongly with urban success. Immigrants provide a natural source of entrepreneurship, both in the US and in Africa, which suggests that making African cities more livable can generate economic benefits by attracting talent. Reducing the negative externalities of urban life requires a combination of infrastructure, incentives, and institutions. Appropriate institutions can mean independent public authorities, public{\textendash}private partnerships, and non-profit entities, depending on the setting.},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/33/3/373/3926161},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Wentao Xiong}
}
@article {679904,
	title = {Urban productivity in developing world},
	journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
	volume = {33},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {373-404},
	abstract = {Africa is urbanizing rapidly, and this creates both opportunities and challenges. Labour productivity appears to be much higher in developing-world cities than in rural areas, and historically urbanization is strongly correlated with economic growth. Education seems to be a strong complement to urbanization, and entrepreneurial human capital correlates strongly with urban success. Immigrants provide a natural source of entrepreneurship, both in the US and in Africa, which suggests that making African cities more livable can generate economic benefits by attracting talent. Reducing the negative externalities of urban life requires a combination of infrastructure, incentives, and institutions. Appropriate institutions can mean independent public authorities, public{\textendash}private partnerships, and non-profit entities, depending on the setting.},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/33/3/373/3926161},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Wentao Xiong}
}
@article {679903,
	title = {Urban productivity in developing world},
	journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
	volume = {33},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {373-404},
	abstract = {Africa is urbanizing rapidly, and this creates both opportunities and challenges. Labour productivity appears to be much higher in developing-world cities than in rural areas, and historically urbanization is strongly correlated with economic growth. Education seems to be a strong complement to urbanization, and entrepreneurial human capital correlates strongly with urban success. Immigrants provide a natural source of entrepreneurship, both in the US and in Africa, which suggests that making African cities more livable can generate economic benefits by attracting talent. Reducing the negative externalities of urban life requires a combination of infrastructure, incentives, and institutions. Appropriate institutions can mean independent public authorities, public{\textendash}private partnerships, and non-profit entities, depending on the setting.},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/33/3/373/3926161},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Wentao Xiong}
}
@article {679902,
	title = {Urban productivity in developing world},
	journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
	volume = {33},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {373-404},
	abstract = {Africa is urbanizing rapidly, and this creates both opportunities and challenges. Labour productivity appears to be much higher in developing-world cities than in rural areas, and historically urbanization is strongly correlated with economic growth. Education seems to be a strong complement to urbanization, and entrepreneurial human capital correlates strongly with urban success. Immigrants provide a natural source of entrepreneurship, both in the US and in Africa, which suggests that making African cities more livable can generate economic benefits by attracting talent. Reducing the negative externalities of urban life requires a combination of infrastructure, incentives, and institutions. Appropriate institutions can mean independent public authorities, public{\textendash}private partnerships, and non-profit entities, depending on the setting.},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/33/3/373/3926161},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Wentao Xiong}
}
@article {679901,
	title = {Urban productivity in developing world},
	journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
	volume = {33},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {373-404},
	abstract = {Africa is urbanizing rapidly, and this creates both opportunities and challenges. Labour productivity appears to be much higher in developing-world cities than in rural areas, and historically urbanization is strongly correlated with economic growth. Education seems to be a strong complement to urbanization, and entrepreneurial human capital correlates strongly with urban success. Immigrants provide a natural source of entrepreneurship, both in the US and in Africa, which suggests that making African cities more livable can generate economic benefits by attracting talent. Reducing the negative externalities of urban life requires a combination of infrastructure, incentives, and institutions. Appropriate institutions can mean independent public authorities, public{\textendash}private partnerships, and non-profit entities, depending on the setting.},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/33/3/373/3926161},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Wentao Xiong}
}
@article {34360,
	title = {The Curley Effect: The Economics of Shaping the Electorate},
	journal = {The Journal of Law, Economics, \& Organization},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1-19},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@article {28185,
	title = {Urban Decline and Durable Housing},
	journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
	volume = {113},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {345-375},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko}
}
@article {34361,
	title = {The new comparative economics},
	journal = { Journal of Comparative Economics},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {595-619},
	author = {Simeon Djankov and Edward L. Glaeser and Rafael LaPorta and Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@article {38058,
	title = {Not-for-Profit Entrepreneurs},
	journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
	volume = {81},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {99-115},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Andrei Shleifer}
}
@article {38057,
	title = {The Future of Urban Research: Nonmarket Interactions},
	journal = {Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {101-149},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser}
}
@article {38049,
	title = {The Economic Approach to Social Capital},
	journal = {The Economic Journal},
	volume = {112},
	number = {November},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {F437{\textendash}F458},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and David Laibson and Bruce Sacerdote}
}
@conference {679912,
	title = {How Much Does COVID-19 Increase With Mobility? Evidence from New York and Four Other US Cities},
	booktitle = {Centre for Economic Policy Research},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {How effective are restrictions on geographic mobility in limiting the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic? Using zip code data for Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, New York (NYC), and Philadelphia, we estimate that total COVID-19 cases per capita decrease on average by approximately 20 percent for every ten percentage point fall in mobility between February and May 2020. To address endogeneity concerns, we instrument for travel by the share of workers in remote work friendly occupations, and find a somewhat larger average decline of COVID-19 cases per capita of 27 percent. Using weekly data by zip code for NYC and a panel data specification including week and zip code fixed effects, we estimate a similar average decline of around 17 percent, which becomes larger when we measure mobility using NYC turnstile data rather than cellphone data. We find substantial heterogeneity across both space and over time, with stronger effects for NYC, Boston and Philadelphia than for Atlanta and Chicago, and the largest estimated coefficients for NYC in the early stages of the pandemic.},
	url = {https://repec.cepr.org/repec/cpr/ceprdp/DP15050.pdf},
	author = {Stephen J. Redding and Edward L. Glaeser and Caitlin Gorback}
}
@inbook {38052,
	title = {Explaining the Rise in Youth Suicide},
	booktitle = {Risky Behavior among Youths: An Economic Analysis},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {219 - 270},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago},
	author = {David M Cutler and Karen Norberg and Edward L. Glaeser},
	editor = {Jonathan Gruber}
}
