@workingpaper {708931,
	title = {"Why Women Won"},
	year = {Working Paper},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w31762/w31762.pdf},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@workingpaper {704231,
	title = {"What Did UWE Do for Economics?"},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {
	Economics is among the most popular undergraduate majors. However, even at the best research universities and liberal arts colleges men outnumber women by two to one, and overall there are about 2.5 males to every female economics major. The Undergraduate Women in Economics (UWE) Challenge was begun in 2015 for one year as a randomized controlled trial with 20 treatment and 68 control schools to evaluate the impact of light-touch interventions to recruit and retain female economics majors. Treatment schools received funding, guidance, and access to networking with other treatment schools to implement programs such as providing better information about the application of economics, exposing students to role models, and updating course content and pedagogy. Using 2001-2021 data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) on graduating BAs, we find that UWE was effective in increasing the fraction of female BAs who majored in economics relative to men in liberal arts colleges. Large universities did not show an impact of the treatment, although those that implemented their own RCTs showed moderate success in encouraging more women to major in economics. We speculate on the reasons for differential treatment impact. 

},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w31432/w31432.pdf},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Tatyana Avilova}
}
@workingpaper {692614,
	title = {When the Kids Grow Up: Women{\textquoteright}s Earnings and Employment across the Family Life Cycle},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we estimate three earning gaps: the {\textquotedblleft}motherhood penalty,{\textquotedblright} the {\textquotedblleft}price of being female,{\textquotedblright} and the {\textquotedblleft}fatherhood premium.{\textquotedblright} When added together these three produce the {\textquotedblleft}parental gender gap,{\textquotedblright} defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We estimate earnings gaps for two education groups (college graduates and high school graduates who did not complete college) using longitudinal data from the NLSY79 that tracks respondents from their twenties to their fifties. As the children grow up and as women work more hours, the motherhood penalty is greatly reduced, especially for the less-educated group. But fathers manage to expand their relative gains, particularly among college graduates. The parental gender gap in earnings remains substantial for both education groups.},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Sari Pekkala Kerr and Claudia Olivetti}
}
@unpublished {662236,
	title = {The Incubator of Human Capital: The NBER and the Rise of the Human Capital Paradigm},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {The human capital construct is deep in the bones of economics and finds reference by many classical economists, even if they did not use the phrase. The term {\textquotedblleft}human capital,{\textquotedblright} seldom mentioned in economics before the 1950s, increased starting in the 1960s and blossomed in the 1990s. The upsurge in NBER publications was even greater. Using EconLit codes from 1990 to 2019, the use of human capital among NBER books increased from 5\% to 25\%, whereas all economics books changed from 3\% to 6\%. For NBER working papers, 3\% referenced human capital around 1990, but 10\% have more recently. The figures for all economics articles are 4\% and 6\%. The NBER played an outsized role in the rise of the concept of human capital mainly because of the emphasis on empiricism at the NBER. We explore how the NBER was an incubator of human capital research and the ways human capital theory brought the NBER into the modern era of economics.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w26909},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@workingpaper {448671,
	title = {How Japan and the US Can Reduce the Stress of Aging},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {
	The Japanese are becoming older. Americans are also becoming older. Demographic stress in Japan, measured by the dependency ratio (DR), is currently about 0.64. In the immediate pre-WWII era it was even higher because Japan{\textquoteright}s total fertility rate (TFR) was in the 4 to 5 range. As the TFR began to decline in the post-WWII era, the DR fell and hit a nadir of 0.44 in 1990. But further declining fertility and rising life expectancy caused the DR to shoot up after 1995.



	In this short note I simulate the DR under various conditions and make comparisons with the US. Japan has experienced a large increase in its DR because its fertility rate is low, its people are long lived and it has little immigration. Fertility is the largest of the contributors in Japan. If there are no demographic changes in Japan, the DR will be 0.88 by 2050. I also assess the role of the {\textquotedblleft}baby boom{\textquotedblright} of the late 1940s and show that it was compensatory, unlike that in the US. The good news is that healthier older longer-lived people will continue to be employed for many more years than previously and that is one way to reduce demographic stress.

},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@webarticle {694815,
	title = {When the Kids Grow Up: Women{\textquoteright}s Employment and Earnings across the Family Lifecycle},
	journal = {VOX Eu CEPR},
	number = {Oct. 7 2022},
	year = {2022},
	url = {https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/when-kids-grow-womens-employment-and-earnings-across-family-lifecycle},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Sari Pekkala Kerr and Claudia Olivetti}
}
@article {694045,
	title = {Understanding the Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Women},
	journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
	number = {Spring},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022},
	pages = {65-110},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@book {682377,
	title = {Career \&amp; Family: Women{\textquoteright}s Century-Long Journey toward Equity},
	year = {2021},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	address = {Princeton NJ},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@conference {684930,
	title = {Assessing Five Statements about the Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Women},
	booktitle = {National Academy of Sciences, Societal Experts Action Network},
	year = {2021},
	address = {Washington D.C. (online)},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@newspaperarticle {684811,
	title = {"How the Pandemic Could Make the Future Brighter for Women in the Workplace"},
	journal = {Wall Street Journal},
	year = {2021},
	url = {https://www.wsj.com/articles/pandemic-women-workplace-future-11638302927},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {684148,
	title = {Data Extract Appendix to: "The Other Side of the Mountain," IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities},
	year = {2021},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Sari Pekkala Kerr and Claudia Olivetti}
}
@inbook {684146,
	title = {The Other Side of the Mountain: Women{\textquoteright}s Employment and Earnings over the Family Cycle},
	booktitle = {IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities},
	year = {2021},
	publisher = {Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)},
	organization = {Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)},
	address = {London, England},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Sari Pekkala Kerr and Claudia Olivetti}
}
@article {682178,
	title = {"Journey across a Century of Women"},
	journal = {Milken Institute Review},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {36-45},
	url = {https://www.milkenreview.org/articles/journey-across-a-century-of-women?IssueID=40},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@inbook {667062,
	title = {What Can UWE Do for Economics?},
	booktitle = {Women in Economics},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {43-50},
	publisher = {CEPR Press},
	organization = {CEPR Press},
	address = {London},
	url = {https://cepr.org/publications/books-and-reports/women-economics},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Tatyana Avilova}
}
@article {662238,
	title = {Extending the Race between Education and Technology},
	journal = {American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings},
	volume = {110},
	number = {May},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {347-51},
	abstract = {The race between education and technology provides a canonical framework that does a remarkable job of explaining US wage structure changes across the twentieth century. The framework involves secular increases in the demand for more-educated workers from skill-biased technological change, combined with variations in the supply of skills from changes in educational access. We expand the analysis backward and forward. The framework helps explain rising skill differentials in the nineteenth and twenty-first centuries but needs to be augmented to illuminate the recent convexification of education returns and implied slowdown in the growth of the relative demand for college workers.},
	url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20201061},
	author = {David Autor and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@inbook {662237,
	title = {Why Firms Offer Paid Parental Leave: An Exploratory Study},
	booktitle = {Paid Leave for Caregiving: Issues and Answers},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {66-92},
	publisher = {Brookings Institution},
	organization = {Brookings Institution},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	abstract = {Why do competitive firms in the US provide paid parental leave (PPL)? Which firms do and to what extent? We use several firm- and individual-level data sets to answer these questions. These include the BLS-Employee Benefit Survey (EBS) for 2010 to 2018 and an extensive firm-level data collection that we compiled. Our work is undergirded by a two-period model with competitive firms whose workers vary by their optimal firm-specific training and the probability that each will remain on the job after PPL is taken. We find that firm-provided PPL has greatly increased in the last two decades and generally covers new fathers. The levels of provision differ greatly by the industry, firm size, and the degree of firm-specific training. But even the top-of-the-line firm in the US provides fewer fully paid parental weeks than does the median OECD nation.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w26617},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Sari Pekkala Kerr and Claudia Olivetti}
}
@article {638822,
	title = {XX\&gt;XY?: The Changing Female Advantage in Life Expectancy},
	journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
	year = {2019},
	note = {See a summary of this work in Our World in Data.},
	abstract = {
	Females live a lot longer than males in most parts of the world today. But that was not always the case. We ask when and why the female advantage emerged. We show that reductions in maternal mortality and fertility are only partial reasons. Rather, the sharp reduction in infectious disease in the early twentieth century played a role. Those who survive most infectious diseases carry a health burden that affects organs and impacts general well-being. We use newly collected data from Massachusetts containing information on cause of death since 1887 to show that females between the ages of 5 and 25 were disproportionately affected by infectious diseases. Both males and females lived longer as the burden of infectious disease fell, but women were more greatly impacted. Our explanation does not tell us precisely why women live longer than men, but it does help understand the timing of their relative increase.

},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Adriana Lleras-Muney}
}
@article {233321,
	title = {Watersheds in Child Mortality: The Role of Effective Water and Sewerage Infrastructure, 1880 to 1920},
	journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
	volume = {127},
	number = {2},
	year = {2019},
	note = {See a summary of this work in Our World In Data},
	pages = {586-638},
	abstract = {
	We explore the first period of sustained decline in child mortality in the U.S. and provide estimates of the independent and combined effects of clean water and effective sewerage systems on under-five mortality. Our case is Massachusetts, 1880 to 1920, when authorities developed a sewerage and water district in the Boston area. We find the two interventions were complementary and together account for approximately one-third of the decline in log child mortality during the 41 years. Our findings are relevant to the developing world and suggest that a piecemeal approach to infrastructure investments is unlikely to significantly improve child health.

},
	author = {Marcella Alsan and Claudia Goldin}
}
@book {610876,
	title = {Women Working Longer: Increased Employment at Older Ages},
	series = {Women Working Longer},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	abstract = {Today, more American women than ever before stay in the workforce into their sixties and seventies. This trend emerged in the 1980s, and has persisted during the past three decades, despite substantial changes in macroeconomic conditions. Why is this so? Today{\textquoteright}s older American women work full-time jobs at greater rates than women in other developed countries.\&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; In\&nbsp;Women Working Longer, editors Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz assemble new research that presents fresh insights on the phenomenon of working longer. Their findings suggest that education and work experience earlier in life are connected to women{\textquoteright}s later-in-life work.\&nbsp; Other contributors to the volume investigate additional factors that may play a role in late-life labor supply, such as marital disruption, household finances, and access to retirement benefits.\&nbsp; A pioneering study of recent trends in older women{\textquoteright}s labor force participation, this collection offers insights valuable to a wide array of social scientists, employers, and policy makers.},
	url = {http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo27532510.html},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@inbook {638883,
	title = {Women Working Longer: Facts and Some Explanations},
	booktitle = {Women Working Longer: Increased Employment at Older Ages},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {11-54},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago},
	abstract = {
	American women are working more, through their sixties and even into their seventies. Their increased participation at older ages started in the late 1980s before the turnaround in older men{\textquoteright}s labor force participation and the economic downturns of the 2000s. The higher labor force participation of older women consists disproportionately of those working at full-time jobs. Increased labor force participation of women in their older ages is part of the general increase in cohort labor force participation. Cohort effects, in turn, are mainly a function of educational advances and greater prior work experience. But labor force participation rates of the most recent cohorts in their forties are less than those for previous cohorts. These factors may suggest that employment at older ages will stagnate or even decrease. But several other factors will be operating in an opposing direction and leads us to conclude that women are likely to continue to work even longer.

},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {602909,
	title = {What Can UWE Do for Economics?},
	journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2018},
	month = {May 2018},
	pages = {186-190},
	abstract = {Men outnumber women as undergraduate economics majors by three to one nationwide. Even at the best research universities and liberal arts colleges men outnumber women by two to one or more. The Undergraduate Women in Economics Challenge was begun in 2015 as an RCT with 20 treatment schools and at least 30 control schools to evaluate whether better course information, mentoring, encouragement, career counseling, and more relevant instructional content could move the needle. Although the RCT is still in the field, results from several within treatment-school randomized trials demonstrate that uncomplicated and inexpensive interventions can substantially increase the interest of women to major in economics},
	author = {Tatyana Avilova and Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {537076,
	title = {The Expanding Gender Earnings Gap: Evidence from the LEHD-2000 Census},
	journal = { American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings},
	volume = {107},
	number = {5},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {110-114},
	abstract = {The gender earnings gap is an expanding statistic over the lifecycle. We use the LEHD Census 2000 to understand the roles of industry, occupation, and establishment 14 years after leaving school. The gap for college graduates 26 to 39 years old expands by 34 log points, most occurring in the first 7 years. About 44 percent is due to disproportionate shifts by men into higher-earning positions, industries, and firms and about 56 percent to differential advances by gender within firms. Widening is greater for married individuals and for those in certain sectors. Non-college graduates experience less widening but with similar patterns.},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Sari Pekkala Kerr and Claudia Olivetti and Erling Barth}
}
@journal {468726,
	title = {The New Lifecycle of Women{\textquoteright}s Employment: Disappearing Humps, Sagging Middles, Expanding Tops},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {161-182},
	url = {https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/jep.31.1.161},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Joshua Mitchell}
}
@article {379636,
	title = {A Most Egalitarian Profession: Pharmacy and the Evolution of a Family Friendly Occupation},
	journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
	volume = {34},
	number = {3},
	year = {2016},
	month = {July 2016},
	pages = {705-745},
	abstract = {
	Pharmacy has become a highly remunerated female-majority profession with a small gender earnings gap and low earnings dispersion relative to other occupations. Using extensive surveys of pharmacists for 2000, 2004, and 2009 as well as the U.S. Census of Population, American Community Surveys and the Current Population Surveys, we explore the gender earnings gap, penalty to part-time work, demographics of pharmacists relative to other college graduates and evolution of the profession during the last half century. We conclude that technological changes increasing the substitutability among pharmacists, the growth of pharmacy employment in retail chains and hospitals, and the related decline of independent pharmacies reduced the penalty to part-time work and have contributed to the narrow gender earnings gap in pharmacy. Our findings on earnings, hours of work and the part-time work wage penalty are more consistent with a shift in technology than a shift in demand preferences on the part of workers in a model of equalizing differences. The position of pharmacist is among the most egalitarian of all U.S. professions today.

},
	url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/685505},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {379616,
	title = {The Value of Postsecondary Credentials in the Labor Market: An Experimental Study},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {106},
	number = {3},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {778-806},
	abstract = {\&nbsp;We study employers{\textquoteright} perceptions of the value of postsecondary degrees using a field experiment. We randomly assign the sector and selectivity of institutions to fictitious resumes and apply to real vacancy postings for business and health jobs on a large online job board. We find that a business bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree from a for-profit online institution is 22 percent less likely to receive a callback than one from a nonselective public institution. In applications to health jobs, we find that for-profit credentials receive fewer callbacks unless the job requires an external quality indicator such as an occupational license.},
	url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.20141757},
	author = {David J. Deming and Noam Yuchtman and Amira Abulafi and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@inbook {150766,
	title = {Human Capital},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Cliometrics},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Springer Verlag},
	organization = {Springer Verlag},
	address = {Heidelberg, Germany},
	abstract = {Human capital is the stock of skills that the labor force possesses. The flow of these skills is forthcoming when the return to investment exceeds the cost (both direct and indirect). Returns to these skills are private in the sense that an individual{\textquoteright}s productive capacity increases with more of them. But there are often externalities that increase the productive capacity of others when human capital is increased. This essay discusses these concepts historically and focuses on two major components of human capital: education and training, and health. The institutions that encourage human capital investment are discussed, as is the role of human capital in economic growth. The notion that the study of human capital is inherently historical is emphasized and defended.},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {610867,
	title = {Hours Flexibility and the Gender Gap in Pay},
	journal = {Center for American Progress},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {312976,
	title = {"How to Achieve Gender Equality"},
	journal = {Milken Institute Review},
	volume = {July},
	number = {Q3},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {24-33},
	author = {C. Goldin}
}
@article {228121,
	title = {Can Online Learning Bend the Cost Curve of Higher Education?},
	journal = {American Economic Review: Papers \& Proceedings},
	volume = {105},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {496-501},
	abstract = {We examine whether online learning technologies have led to lower prices in higher education. Using data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, we show that online education is concentrated in large for-profit chains and less-selective public institutions. Colleges with a higher share of online students charge lower tuition prices. We present evidence that real and relative prices for full-time undergraduate online education declined from 2006 to 2013. Although the pattern of results suggests some hope that online technology can {\textquotedblleft}bend the cost curve{\textquotedblright} in higher education, the impact of online learning on education quality remains uncertain.},
	url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.p20151024},
	author = {David Deming and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz and Noam Yuchtman}
}
@inbook {74836,
	title = {A Pollution Theory of Discrimination: Male and Female Differences in Occupations and Earnings},
	booktitle = {Human Capital in History: The American Record.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {313-348},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	abstract = {
	Occupations are segregated by sex today, but were far more segregated in the early to mid-twentieth century. It is difficult to rationalize sex segregation and {\textquotedblleft}wage discrimination{\textquotedblright} on the basis of men{\textquoteright}s taste for distance from women in the same way differences between other groups in work and housing have been explained. Rather, this paper constructs a {\textquotedblleft}pollution{\textquotedblright} theory model of discrimination in which occupations are defined by the level of a single-dimensional productivity characteristic. Because there is asymmetric information regarding the value of the characteristic of an individual woman, a new female hire may reduce the prestige of a previously all-male occupation. The predictions of the model include that occupations requiring a level of the characteristic above the female median will be segregated by sex and those below the median will be integrated. The historical record reveals numerous cases of the model{\textquoteright}s predictions. For example in 1940 the greater is the productivity characteristic of an office and clerical occupation, the higher the occupational segregation by sex. {\textquotedblleft}Credentialization{\textquotedblright} that spreads information about individual women{\textquoteright}s productivities and shatters old stereotypes can help expunge {\textquotedblleft}pollution.{\textquotedblright}

},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {137486,
	title = {A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {104},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1091-1119},
	abstract = {The converging roles of men and women are among the grandest advances in society and the economy in the last century. These aspects of the grand gender convergence are figurative chapters in a history of gender roles. But what must the {\textquotedblleft}last{\textquotedblright} chapter contain for there to be equality in the labor market? The answer may come as a surprise. The solution does not (necessarily) have to involve government intervention and it need not make men more responsible in the home (although that wouldn{\textquoteright}t hurt). But it must involve changes in the labor market, in particular how jobs are structured and remunerated to enhance temporal flexibility. The gender gap in pay would be considerably reduced and might vanish altogether if firms did not have an incentive to disproportionately reward individuals who labored long hours and worked particular hours. Such change has taken off in various sectors, such as technology, science and health, but is less apparent in the corporate, financial and legal worlds.},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {33056,
	title = {Does Federal Student Aid Raise Tuition? New Evidence on For-Profit Colleges},
	journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
	volume = {6},
	number = {November},
	year = {2014},
	note = {NBER Working Paper no. 17827},
	pages = {174-206},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Stephanie Riegg Cellini}
}
@magazinearticle {156596,
	title = {Notes on Women and the Undergraduate Economics Major},
	journal = {CSWEP Newsletter},
	number = {Summer},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {4-6, 15},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {101221,
	title = {Shocking Labor Supply: A Reassessment of the Role of World War II on Women{\textquoteright}s Labor Supply},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {103},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {257-262},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Claudia Olivetti}
}
@article {86681,
	title = {For-Profit Colleges},
	journal = {Future of Children},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {137-63},
	author = {David J. Deming and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {28479,
	title = {The For-Profit Postsecondary School Sector: Nimble Critters or Agile Predators?},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {Winter 2012, v.26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	note = {NBER Working Paper no. 17710},
	pages = {139-64},
	author = {David Deming and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@inbook {28481,
	title = {Mass Secondary Schooling and the State: The Role of State Compulsion in the High School Movement},
	booktitle = {Understanding Long Run Economic Growth},
	year = {2011},
	note = {forthcoming
},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz},
	editor = {D. Costa and N. Lamoreaux}
}
@article {28455,
	title = {The Cost of Workplace Flexibility for High-Powered Professionals},
	journal = {The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
	volume = {638},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {45-67},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {28454,
	title = {Putting the {\textquotedblleft}Co{\textquotedblright} in Education: Timing, Reasons, and Consequences of College Coeducation from 1835 to the Present},
	journal = {Journal of Human Capital},
	volume = {5},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {377-417},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {28456,
	title = {Dynamics of the Gender Gap for Young Professionals in the Financial and Corporate Sectors},
	journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
	volume = {2},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {228-255},
	author = {Marianne Bertrand and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@inbook {28480,
	title = {Why the United States Led in Education: Lessons from Secondary School Expansion, 1910 to 1940},
	booktitle = {Human Capital and Institutions: A Long-Run View},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz},
	editor = {D. Eltis and F. Lewis and K. Sokoloff}
}
@article {28453,
	title = {The Future of Inequality},
	journal = {Milken Institute Review},
	volume = {Q3},
	year = {2009},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@book {28452,
	title = {The Race Between Education and Technology.},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Belknap Press for Harvard University Press},
	organization = {Belknap Press for Harvard University Press},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {28457,
	title = {Transitions: Career and Family Lifecycles of the Educational Elite},
	journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
	volume = {May 2008},
	number = {98},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {363-369},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {28483,
	title = {Long-Run Changes in the U.S. Wage Stucture: Narrowing, Widening, Polarizing},
	journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@workingpaper {28482,
	title = {The Race between Education and Technology: The Evolution of U.S. Educational Wage Differentials, 1890 to 2005},
	year = {2007},
	note = {NBER Working Paper No. 12984
},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@book {638971,
	title = {Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America{\textquoteright}s Economic History},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {386},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago},
	abstract = {Despite recent corporate scandals, the United States is among the world{\textquoteright}s least corrupt nations. But in the nineteenth century, the degree of fraud and corruption in America approached that of today{\textquoteright}s most corrupt developing nations, as municipal governments and robber barons alike found new ways to steal from taxpayers and swindle investors. In\&nbsp;Corruption and Reform,\&nbsp;contributors explore this shadowy period of United States history in search of better methods to fight corruption worldwide today.Contributors to this volume address the measurement and consequences of fraud and corruption and the forces that ultimately led to their decline within the United States. They show that various approaches to reducing corruption have met with success, such as deregulation, particularly {\textquotedblleft}free banking,{\textquotedblright} in the 1830s. In the 1930s, corruption was kept in check when new federal bureaucracies replaced local administrations in doling out relief.\&nbsp; Another deterrent to corruption was the independent press, which kept a watchful eye over government and business. These and other facets of American history analyzed in this\&nbsp;volume make it indispensable as background for anyone interested in corruption today.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/books/glae06-1},
	author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Claudia Goldin}
}
@inbook {28512,
	title = {The Rise of the Fourth Estate: How Newspapers Became Informative and Why It Mattered},
	booktitle = {Corruption and Reform},
	year = {2006},
	note = {NBER Working Paper no. 10791
},
	pages = {187-230},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Matthew Gentzkow and Edward Glaeser and Claudia Goldin}
}
@inbook {28511,
	title = {Corruption and Reform: An Introduction},
	booktitle = {Corruption and Reform},
	year = {2006},
	note = {NBER Working Paper no. 10775
},
	pages = {3-22},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Edward Glaeser and Claudia Goldin}
}
@inbook {28463,
	title = {The Rising (and then Declining) Significance of Gender},
	booktitle = {The Declining Significance of Gender?},
	year = {2006},
	note = {NBER Working Paper no. 8915, (April 2002)
},
	pages = {67-101},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation Press},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation Press},
	author = {Claudia Goldin},
	editor = {F. Blau and M. Brinton and D. Grusky}
}
@article {28459,
	title = {The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the Gender Gap in College},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {133-156},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz and Ilyana Kuziemko}
}
@article {28458,
	title = {The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women{\textquoteright}s Employment, Education, and Family},
	journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
	volume = {May},
	year = {2006},
	note = {
	2006 Ely Lecture, American Economic Asssociation Meetings, Boston MA (Jan. 2006)

},
	pages = {1-21},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@inbook {28509,
	title = {A Brief History of Education in the United States},
	booktitle = {Historical Statistics of the United States},
	year = {2005},
	note = {NBER Working Paper, Historical Series no. 119
},
	publisher = {Cambridge Univeristy Press},
	organization = {Cambridge Univeristy Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {28461,
	title = {From the Valley to the Summit: The Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women{\textquoteright}s Work},
	journal = {Regional Review},
	volume = {Q1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {5-12},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {33055,
	title = {Making a Name: Women{\textquoteright}s Surnames at Marriage and Beyond},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {143-60},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Maria Shim}
}
@article {28460,
	title = {The Long Road to the Fast Track: Career and Family},
	journal = {The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
	volume = {November},
	number = {596},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {20-35},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@inbook {28485,
	title = {Sustaining U.S. Economic Growth},
	booktitle = {Agenda for the Nation},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {17-60},
	publisher = {The Brookings Institution},
	organization = {The Brookings Institution},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {J. Bradford Delong and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz},
	editor = {Henry J. Aaron and James M. Lindsay and Pietro S. Nivola}
}
@workingpaper {28484,
	title = {The "Virtues" of the Past: Education in the First Hundred Years of the New Republic},
	year = {2003},
	note = {NBER Working Paper no. 9958
},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {28466,
	title = {The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women{\textquoteright}s Career and Marriage Decisions},
	journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
	volume = {August},
	year = {2002},
	note = {
	revised version of NBER Working Paper no. 7527

},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@workingpaper {28462,
	title = {A Pollution Theory of Discrimination: Male and Female Occupations and Earnings},
	year = {2002},
	note = {NBER Working Paper no. 8985
},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@inbook {35811,
	title = {Decreasing ( and then Increasing) Inequality in America: A Tale of Two Half Centuries},
	booktitle = {The Causes and Consequences of Increasing Inequality},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {37-82},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago},
	author = {C. Goldin and Katz, LF},
	editor = {F. Welch}
}
@article {28505,
	title = {The Human Capital Century and American Leadership: Virtues of the Past},
	journal = {Journal of Economic History},
	volume = {June 2001},
	year = {2001},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2698021.pdf?casa_token=UUKCA_k0yZwAAAAA:tNv2aszmhgMi2yTHrB2Vpdza3KElw-m1Ys194E09qtlT-wkbBrNqi2IJlaW4m23eRAZwUyb95vAaCRJAANhmlis3goiPVFRl_RfuZiyBxR04oqxTDTI},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {28504,
	title = {The Legacy of U.S. Educational Leadership: Notes on Distribution and Economic Growth in the 20th Century},
	journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
	volume = {May},
	year = {2001},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {28467,
	title = {On the Pill: Changing the Course of Women{\textquoteright}s Education},
	journal = {Milken Institute Review},
	volume = {3},
	number = {Q2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {12-21},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@inbook {629987,
	title = {Labor Markets in the Twentieth Century},
	booktitle = {Cambridge Economic History of the United States},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {549-623},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {28506,
	title = {Education and Income in the Early Twentieth Century: Evidence from the Prairies},
	journal = {Journal of Economic History},
	volume = {September},
	year = {2000},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {28468,
	title = {Orchestrating Impartiality: The Effect of {\textquoteright}Blind{\textquoteright} Auditions on Female Musicians},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {September 2000},
	year = {2000},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Cecilia Rouse}
}
@article {28464,
	title = {Career and Marriage in the Age of the Pill},
	journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
	volume = {May},
	year = {2000},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {35804,
	title = {Human Capital and Social Capital: The Rise of Secondary Schooling in America, 1910 to 1940},
	journal = {Journal of Interdisciplinary History XXIX},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {683-723},
	author = {C. Goldin and LF. Katz}
}
@article {33057,
	title = {The Shaping of Higher Education: The Formative Years in the United States, 1890-1940},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1999},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz}
}
@article {28507,
	title = {Egalitarianism and the Returns to Education during the Great Transformation of Education in America},
	journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
	volume = {December 1999},
	year = {1999},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {35807,
	title = {The Origins of State-Level Differences in the Public Provision of Higher Education: 1890 to 1940},
	journal = {American Economic Review Papers \& Proceedings},
	volume = {88},
	number = {2},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {303-08},
	author = {C. Goldin and Katz, LF}
}
@article {35806,
	title = {America{\textquoteright}s Graduation from High School: The Evolution and Spread of Secondary Schooling in the Twentieth Century},
	journal = {Journal of Economic History},
	volume = {58},
	number = {2},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {345-74},
	author = {C. Goldin}
}
@article {35805,
	title = {The Origins of Technology-Skill Complementarity},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
	volume = {113},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {693-732},
	author = {C. Goldin and Katz, LF}
}
@book {28515,
	title = {The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/bookstoc/definingtoc.html},
	editor = {Michael D. Bordo and Claudia Goldin and Eugene N. White}
}
@inbook {28514,
	title = {The Defining Moment Hypothesis: The Editors{\textquoteright} Introduction},
	booktitle = {The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1-20},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT: {\textquotedblleft}The Defining Moment Hypothesis: The Editors{\textquoteright} Introduction{\textquotedblright}
There is a widely held belief that the Great Depression was the {\textquotedblleft}defining moment{\textquotedblright} in the development of the American economy. According to this view, the severity and length of the depression altered the basic rules, institutions, and attitudes governing the economy. Considerable evidence bolsters this view: the growth of government as a share of GNP accelerated in the 1930s; the relationship between the federal government and state and local governments was irrevocably altered around 1935; transfer policies were adopted on a large and national scale in 1935; and after World War II the federal government declared that it would be responsible for the economic health of the nation. But was the Great Depression a {\textquotedblleft}defining moment{\textquotedblright} in the manner thought?
The volume we have edited offers testimony to the legacy of the Great Depression. Without the depression, there would not have been a flood of New Deal-style legislation. Some innovations would have occurred following the dictates of economic growth, the two world wars, and the nation{\textquoteright}s political economy. But, lacking the catalyst that jarred public attitudes and demanded action, the new economic institutions would have been more modest and different in character. The large role of today{\textquoteright}s government and its methods of intervention{\textemdash}from the pursuit of more activist monetary policy to the maintenance and the extension of a wide range of insurance for labor and business{\textemdash}derive from the crisis years of the 1930s. Not all programs inaugurated by the New Deal have survived. But the basic imprint of the defining moment is still visible.
},
	author = {Michael D. Bordo and Claudia Goldin and Eugene N. White},
	editor = {Michael D. Bordo and Claudia Goldin and Eugene N. White}
}
@inbook {28513,
	title = {A Distinctive System: Origins and Impact of U.S. Unemployment Compensation},
	booktitle = {The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century},
	year = {1998},
	note = {The manuscript is not the final version that was reviewed and edited by the publisher
NBER working paper no. 5889
},
	pages = {227-263},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT: {\textquotedblleft}A Distinctive System: Origins and Impact of U.S Unemployment Compensation{\textquotedblright}
Unemployment compensation in the United States was signed into law in August 1935 as part of the omnibus Social Security Act. Drafted in a period of uncertainty and economic distress, the portions that dealt with unemployment insurance were crafted to achieve a multiplicity of goals. Among these goals were to secure passage of the act by Congress and to guarantee its constitutionality, since much New Deal legislation had been declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court.
To guarantee is constitutionality, the UI portion of the Social Security Act was crafted as a state program, but adherence to it was guaranteed by an involved federal mandate. UI was {\textquotedblleft}experience rated,{\textquotedblright} which meant that firms with greater unemployment were to be taxed more heavily, up to some maximum. States were to add other features, such as limitations on benefits, eligibility, and the details of experience rating.
In this paper, we contend that many of the features of the UI system were products of the times, reflecting expediency more than efficiency. Thus the UI system would have been different had it been passed in a less economically trying and uncertain decade. We present evidence showing that greater seasonality in manufacturing employment by state in 1909-1929 was related to higher UI benefits from 1947 to 1969. This relationship only holds for states having a manufacturing share of employment below the national mean, since a state with mainly highly seasonal industries and a generous UI system would impose a heavy tax. Thus the lobbying activities of seasonal industries were important in states with a modicum of manufacturing employment and this relationship appears to have been important in the evolution of the parameters of the system.
In sum, the UI system would probably have been adopted nationally at some point in U.S. history even had the Great Depression not occurred, but it would likely not have the precise details of today{\textquoteright}s system.
},
	author = {Katherine Baicker and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz and Michael D. Bordo and Claudia Goldin and Eugene N. White}
}
@inbook {28510,
	title = {Labor Markets in the Twentieth Century},
	booktitle = {The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Vol. III},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {549-624},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Claudia Goldin and S. Engerman and R. Gallman}
}
@inbook {28469,
	title = {Career and Family: College Women Look to the Past},
	booktitle = {Gender and Family Issues in the Workplace},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {20-58},
	publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation Press},
	organization = {Russell Sage Foundation Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Claudia Goldin},
	editor = {R. Ehrenberg and F. Blau}
}
@article {35808,
	title = {Technology, Skill, and the Wage Structure: Insights from the Past},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {86},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {252-57},
	author = {C. Goldin and Katz, LF}
}
@article {35810,
	title = {Cliometrics and the Nobel},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {191-208},
	author = {C. Goldin}
}
@inbook {28470,
	title = {The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History},
	booktitle = {Investment in Women{\textquoteright}s Human Capital and Economic Development},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {61-90},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Claudia Goldin},
	editor = {T. P. Schultz}
}
@inbook {700981,
	title = {"The Political Economy of Immigration Restriction in the United States, 1890 to 1921"},
	booktitle = {The Regulated Economy: A Historical Approach to Political Economy},
	year = {1993},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
@article {28471,
	title = {The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women{\textquoteright}s Employment},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {September},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {741-756},
	author = {Claudia Goldin}
}
