@article {301316,
	title = {Political and Economic News in the Age of Multinationals},
	journal = {Business History Review},
	volume = {89},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {This article compares two media multinationals that supplied different genres of news, political and economic. Most media companies provided both genres, and these categories often overlapped. Still, investigating two firms founded in twentieth-century Germany shows how product differentiation affects the organization, geographical orientation, and business models of multinationals. While political news had the greatest impact when it was free and ubiquitous, economic news was most effective when it was expensive and exclusive.},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=9805560\&fileId=S0007680515000677},
	author = {Heidi J S Tworek}
}
@article {284816,
	title = {Editorial: Communicating Global Capitalism},
	journal = {Journal of Global History},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {203-211},
	abstract = {This editorial provides an introduction to a special issue in the Journal of Global History on capitalism and communications. It is free to download from Cambridge University Press{\textquoteright}\&nbsp;website.},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=9792193\&fulltextType=ED\&fileId=S1740022815000030},
	author = {Heidi J S Tworek and Simone M. M{\"u}ller}
}
@article {284811,
	title = {The Telegraph and the Bank: On the Interdependence of Global Communications and Capitalism, 1866-1914},
	journal = {Journal of Global History},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {259-283},
	abstract = {This article uses the example of submarine telegraphy to trace the interdependence between global communications and modern capitalism. It uncovers how cable entrepreneurs created the global telegraph network based upon particular understandings of cross-border trade, while economists such as John Maynard Keynes and John Hobson saw global communications as the foundation for capitalist exchange. Global telegraphic networks were constructed to support extant capitalist systems until the 1890s, when states and corporations began to lay telegraph cables to open up new markets, particularly in Asia and Latin America, as well as for strategic and military reasons. The article examines how the interaction between telegraphy and capitalism created particular geographical spaces and social orders despite opposition from myriad Western and non-Western groups. It argues that scholars need to account for the role of infrastructure in creating asymmetrical information and access to trade that have continued to the present day.},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=9792211\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S1740022815000066},
	author = {Simone M. M{\"u}ller and Heidi J S Tworek}
}
@article {268006,
	title = {Introduction to Special Issue on "The Governance of International Communications: Business, Politics, and Standard-Setting in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries"},
	journal = {Journal of Policy History},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {405-415},
	abstract = {This provides an introduction to the special issue on the governance of international communications. We have two main arguments. First, we argue that international coordination of technical standards has historically succeeded over and above any attempts to regulate content or the users of communications technology. Second, we argue that these technical standards have proven highly durable for communications, in particular because communications infrastructures are so path-dependent.},
	url = {http://bit.ly/1dMJhv3},
	author = {Heidi Tworek and Simone M. M{\"u}ller}
}
@article {268016,
	title = {The Savior of the Nation? Regulating Radio in the Interwar Period},
	journal = {Journal of Policy History},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {465-491},
	abstract = {This article compares American, German, and British radio policy in the interwar period. The three countries ended up in different places by the 1930s, but there were surprising parallels in institutions and attitudes to radio in the 1920s. By taking examples generally seen as representing three different radio systems, this article shows both why media content and national institutional arrangements briefly resembled one another, as well as how political and cultural factors led to divergent paths. Content in these three countries paralleled one another, as did ambitions for radio as a public and private space in the 1920s. The 1930s saw radio trajectories deviate. But they did so over the same issues of news provision, state intervention, and radio{\textquoteright}s place in each nation{\textquoteright}s international ambitions. Engineers and intellectuals were disappointed by radio{\textquoteright}s inability to deliver universal peace. State officials{\textquoteright} visions turned international by 1930, but they too would mostly be disappointed by broadcasting{\textquoteright}s inefficacy in influencing foreign populations and global politics. Finally, content creators moved from seeing radio as a medium of elevation through music and education to attempting to cater to more {\textquotedblleft}popular{\textquotedblright} tastes. Utopianism gave way to pragmatism and propaganda.\&nbsp;},
	url = {http://bit.ly/1GSWxtw},
	author = {Heidi Tworek}
}
@newspaperarticle {216031,
	title = {Das M{\"a}rchen vom Schicksalstag},
	journal = {Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung},
	year = {2014},
	url = {http://www.faz.net/-gqz-7w28a},
	author = {Heidi Tworek and Thomas Weber}
}
@article {216026,
	title = {Journalistic Statesmanship: Protecting the Press in Weimar Germany and Abroad},
	journal = {German History},
	volume = {32},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {559-578},
	abstract = {From August 2013, a new, controversial ancillary copyright law (Leistungsschutzrecht) permitted German publishers to charge online news aggregator, such as Google for displaying article snippets. Implementation remains contested, but this is not the first time that new technology has prompted Germans to seek intellectual property rights in news. In August 1927, a German delegation successfully pushed through its compromise resolution on the legal protection of news during a Conference of Press Experts at the League of Nations. The resolution foresaw protection for news before publication, but allowed national governments to regulate news after publication. This left space for Germany to promulgate a national law on news that Germans hoped would become a model for others. This article uses the Conference of Press Experts to argue that German approaches to media, technology and law developed from the intersection between national and international concerns. In contrast to other scholars{\textquoteright} focus on the press as a national phenomenon, the article shows that the international spotlight enabled a temporary cooperation between two groups often at odds during the Weimar Republic: the press and government officials. Officials saw law as a form of soft power to raise Germany{\textquoteright}s international profile, while the semi-official news agency, Wolff, aimed to counter domestic competition and stop radio listeners eavesdropping on its news. Yet, bureaucrats and the media only cooperated effectively on the international stage. In domestic discussions after the conference, consensus swiftly disintegrated. This interplay between national and international imperatives remains key for media policy today as well as in interwar German history.},
	url = {http://gh.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/4/559.abstract?keytype=ref\&ijkey=KCr0p2sRaf0z0Cm},
	author = {Heidi J S Tworek}
}
@webarticle {210721,
	title = {History Lessons: Why Germany{\textquoteright}s "Google Tax" Won{\textquoteright}t Work},
	journal = {Nieman Reports},
	year = {2014},
	url = {http://niemanreports.org/articles/history-lessons-why-germanys-google-tax-wont-work/},
	author = {Christopher Buschow and Heidi J S Tworek}
}
@webarticle {209961,
	title = {Does England Have the Solution to the Grade-Inflation Problem?},
	journal = {The Atlantic},
	year = {2014},
	url = {http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/10/does-england-have-the-solution-to-the-grade-inflation-problem/381571/},
	author = {Heidi Tworek}
}
@webarticle {207966,
	title = {Wireless Telegraphy, 1914-1918},
	journal = {International Encyclopedia of the First World War},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {Wireless telegraphy became an integral part of warfare on the ground, in the air, and at sea by 1918. Wireless helped to make the war global, though historians still debate its impact on the course of the war.},
	url = {http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/Wireless_Telegraphy},
	author = {Heidi J S Tworek}
}
@article {202781,
	title = {Magic Connections: German News Agencies and Global News Networks, 1905-1945},
	journal = {Enterprise \& Society},
	volume = {15},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	url = {http://es.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/22/es.khu046.full?keytype=ref\&ijkey=M3j0RJOFDudJxkT},
	author = {Heidi J S Tworek}
}
@article {192016,
	title = {Wettbewerbsvorteile durch Gesetzgebung? Debatten zum Nachrichtenschutz im Wandel der Zeit},
	journal = {Der Digitale Wandel - Magazin f{\"u}r Internet und Gesellschaft},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {14-16},
	abstract = {\&nbsp;},
	url = {http://www.collaboratory.de/index.php?action=ajax\&title=-\&rs=SecureFileStore::getFile\&f=/8/88/DerDigitaleWandelQ2-2014-collaboratory.pdf},
	author = {Christoper Buschow and Heidi Tworek}
}
@webarticle {176756,
	title = {LSR: Wiederholt sich die Geschichte?},
	journal = {Vocer},
	year = {2014},
	url = {http://www.vocer.org/lsr-wiederholt-sich-die-geschichte/},
	author = {Heidi Tworek and Christopher Buschow}
}
@webarticle {169626,
	title = {Writing a Student Evaluation Can Be Like Trolling the Internet: How a Long-Despised University Tradition Can Be a Chance to Teach Civility},
	journal = {The Atlantic},
	year = {2014},
	url = {http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/05/writing-a-student-evaluation-can-be-kind-of-like-trolling-a-comments-section/371240/},
	author = {Heidi Tworek}
}
@broadcast {168376,
	title = {A Bombing, a Neighborhood, and a Community Forever Changed},
	journal = {The Takeaway with John Hockenberry},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {www.thetakeaway.org},
	url = {http://www.thetakeaway.org/story/bombing-neighborhood-and-community-forever-changed/}
}
@broadcast {142251,
	title = {Are the Humanities in Crisis?},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {KCRW, To The Point},
	url = {http://www.kcrw.com/news/programs/tp/tp131227are_the_humanities_i},
	author = {KCRW}
}
@webarticle {136441,
	title = {The Real Reason the Humanities Are {\textquoteright}in Crisis:{\textquoteright} Women started deserting subjects like history and English decades ago.},
	journal = {The Atlantic},
	year = {2013},
	url = {http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/12/the-real-reason-the-humanities-are-in-crisis/282441/},
	author = {Heidi Tworek}
}
@article {90366,
	title = {The Creation of European News: News Agency Cooperation in Interwar Europe},
	journal = {Journalism Studies},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {This article explores the changes in news agency mechanisms that accompanied the restructuring of Europe after World War I. During the interwar period, a new form of negotiation replaced the pre-World War I conception of English, French and German spheres of influence with a more cooperative vision of the collection and dissemination of news. I argue that the private and business-oriented nature of news agency cooperation enabled it to outlast better-known political attempts at multilateralism. Indeed, it often produced more concrete results by offering different incentives for cooperation to all involved from large global agencies, such as Reuters, down to the small agencies of new Central and Eastern European nation-states. Overall, the agencies{\textquoteright} cooperation until the outbreak of World War II suggests alternative periodizations of the interwar period than the division into a fairly internationalist 1920s followed by the increasing bilateralism of the 1930s.},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2013.810908},
	author = {Tworek, HJS}
}
@website {142321,
	title = {United Nations History Project},
	year = {2012},
	url = {www.unhistoryproject.org}
}
@webarticle {142311,
	title = {Unlocking the Keys to United Nations History},
	journal = {United Nations Foundation blog},
	year = {2012},
	url = {http://www.unfoundation.org/blog/unlocking-the-keys-to-united-nations-history.html},
	author = {Heidi Tworek}
}
@webarticle {25420,
	title = {On Course: A Review of James M. Lang{\textquoteright}s Guide for Beginning College Teachers},
	journal = {The Bok Blog},
	year = {2011},
	month = {28 Sept. 2011},
	url = {http://blog.bokcenter.harvard.edu/2011/09/28/on-course-a-review/},
	author = {Heidi J S Tworek}
}
@webarticle {25423,
	title = {Review of Hachmeister, Lutz, _Nerv{\"o}se Zone: Politik und Journalismus in der Berliner Republik_.},
	journal = {H-German},
	year = {2010},
	month = {May 2010},
	url = {http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=30121},
	author = {Evans, HJS}
}
@webarticle {25422,
	title = {Review of Wurtzler, Steve J., _Electric Sounds: Technological Change and the Rise of Corporate Mass Media_.},
	journal = {JHistory},
	year = {2010},
	month = {November 2010},
	url = {https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31101},
	author = {Tworek, HJS}
}
@article {24946,
	title = {Peace through Truth? The Press and Moral Disarmament through the League of Nations},
	journal = {Medien \& Zeit},
	volume = {25},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {16-28},
	abstract = {The League of Nations Assembly passed a resolution in September 1931 to consult the press about the {\textquotedblleft}spread of false information which may threaten to disturb the peace or the good understanding between nations.{\textquotedblright} By September 1932, 16 nations and two international associations of journalists had replied with suggestions for the Third Conference of Press Experts in Madrid in 1933. This article uses these proposals from journalists as a springboard to discuss how we can use comparative and transnational history to understand the press{\textquoteright}s role during the interwar period. After analyzing the current methodological debates on comparative and transnational history, I address the uses of both for histories of the press. How can comparative or transnational history help us to investigate the press? How can scholars think about journalists{\textquoteright} associations and conceptualize their role within the interwar diplomatic framework? More specifically, how did the press fit into the League of Nations{\textquoteright} efforts towards disarmament? Ultimately, an investigation of the two methodologies shows that we cannot class the press neatly into national boxes, but rather have to recognize the messy networks that overlapped, crisscrossed, and intersected to create those apparently national press systems.
},
	author = {Heidi J S Tworek}
}
@article {24945,
	title = {"The Path to Freedom"? Transocean and Wireless Telegraphy, 1914-1922},
	journal = {Historical Social Research},
	volume = {35},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {209-236},
	abstract = {This article examines the early years of Transocean, a news agency owned and run by the German government, and its use of wire- less telegraphy from 1914 to 1922. This investigation of the infancy of wireless technology demonstrates that technology plays a constitutive role in defining news. The German government used the new possibilities innate in the medium of wireless to carve out their own sphere of operation in the seas and on continents where German telegraph news had never played a major role, in particular East Asia. Wireless telegraphy enabled the German government to circumvent the British communications blockade in World War I. Afterwards, Transocean{\textquoteright}s wireless transmissions to East Asia and ships en route caused an uproar in Britain disproportionate to its circulation. It was the Germans{\textquoteright} innovative use of wireless telegraphy that other nations, particularly the British, found most disturbing, rather than the content of the reports themselves.
},
	author = {Heidi J S Evans}
}
