Semantic priming has been studied for nearly 50 years across various experimental manipulations and theoretical frameworks. These studies provide insight into the cognitive underpinnings of semantic representations in both healthy and clinical populations; however, they have suffered from several issues including generally low sample sizes and a lack of diversity in linguistic implementations. Here, we will test the size and the variability of the semantic priming effect across ten languages by creating a large database of semantic priming values, based on an adaptive sampling procedure. Differences in response latencies between related word-pair conditions and unrelated word-pair conditions (i.e., difference score confidence interval is greater than zero) will allow quantifying evidence for semantic priming, whereas improvements in model fit with the addition of a random intercept for language will provide support for variability in semantic priming across languages.

Forecasting future trends constitutes a key process for supporting urban and territorial policy making in general. In this work, we explore how the domains of smart cities, smart transport, and smart energy will evolve until 2030 from a scientific and technological perspective, as a means to inform future policies for urban development in Europe. We started our work with an extensive review of recent and relevant research, covering policy and market reports, scientific journal articles, and other scientific publications. Then, a two-round Delphi survey with 120 field experts was conducted to assess the plausibility of the literature review findings to materialize until 2030. According to our empirical findings, there will be several speedy and structural changes in the three domains: we were able to identify a set of 18 statements that are highly probable to become reality in the next decade, whereas 17 statements were classified as plausible but not highly probable, and three statements raised controversiality. This work provides significant added value in supporting territorial policymakers' and stakeholders' decision making under uncertainty, as well as in designing highly relevant research agendas, attuned to contemporary and emerging trends.

As the world becomes more complex and uncertain, insights into how people decide are crucial. Intuition — the ability to use nonconscious information for conscious decision making — represents an invaluable trainable skill to improve decision making. However, scientific tools to measure intuition are scant, and insight into how intuition can be deliberately enhanced is even rarer.

The effect of digital transformation towards more efficient, place-based and bottom-up innovation policies at different spatial scales has proven significant, as digital technologies modify existing policy-design routines in cities and regions. Smart places (cities, districts, neighbourhoods, ecosystems) depend on the way digitalisation disrupts systems of innovation in cities, making it more open, global, participatory and experimental. We argue that the rise and interconnection of various types of intelligence (artificial, human, collective) could bring profound changes in the way smart places are being created and evolve. In this context, cyber-physical systems of innovation are deployed through multiple nodes acquiring digital companions, collaboration is deployed over physical, social, and digital spaces, and actors can use complex methods guided by software and get insights from data and analytics. The paper also presents the case study of OnlineS3, a two-year Horizon 2020 project, which developed and tested a digital platform composed of applications, datasets and roadmaps, which altogether create a digital environment for empowering the design of smart specialisation strategies for local and regional systems of innovation. The results indicate that digital transformation allows the operationalisation of multiple methodologies which have not been used earlier by policy makers, due to lack of capabilities. It can also increase the scalability of indicators facilitating decision making at different spatial scales and, therefore, better respond to the complexity of innovation systems providing dynamic and scale-diverse information.

The objective of this paper is to enrich the literature on the entrepreneurial orientation (EO)-performance relationship by introducing innovation success as an antecedent variable. By applying structural equation models, we examine a sample of 356 individuals from five organisations. The main results show that the team leader EO and firm EO are complementary and that they boost innovation success significantly, thereby having an indirect positive impact on the relationship between EO and performance. The mediating effects of innovation success imply that it is an antecedent in the EO-performance relationship at organisational levels, which adds to current theoretical discussions regarding the multilevel applicability of the EO construct. Thus, this study represents an original source for human resource departments that are shaping working groups.

Purpose: This paper aims to contribute to the literature on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) with a focus on the interplay between the individual and firm level for embedding EO pervasively within organisations. Design/methodology/approach: Comprising 356 individual employees from five companies collected from June to September 2015, this investigation uses structural equation modelling. Findings: The results show significant indirect effects from individuals' EO on firm's performance, mediated by both individuals' performance and firm's EO. Research limitations/implications: While the construct of EO is strengthened with a multi-level approach, the authors also stress the organisational homogeneity of EO. Practical implications: Consequently, the EO instrument can be used as a strategic tool to evaluate an individual's orientation towards entrepreneurship to facilitate firm performance. Originality/value: Finally, the EO instrument can be used as a strategic tool to evaluate an individual's orientation towards entrepreneurship to facilitate firm performance.

The retrospective amount of research literature dedicated to entrepreneurship education (EE) is overwhelming, which makes producing an overview difficult. However, advanced bibliometric mapping and clustering techniques can help visualize and structure complex research literature. Thus, the objective of this mapping study is to systematically explore and cluster the EE research literature to deliver a taxonomic scheme that can serve as a basis for future research. The analyzed data, which were drawn from the Web of Science and Scopus, consist of 1773 peer-reviewed documents published between 1975 and 2014. On the one hand, this taxonomy should create stronger ties to educational research; on the other, it can foster international research collaboration to boost both interdisciplinary EE and its impact on a global basis. This work reinforces our understanding of current EE research by identifying and distilling the most powerful intellectual relationships among its contributions and contributors. Consequently, this study addresses not only the academic community but also entrepreneurship educators and policymakers in an effort to boost entrepreneurial spirit, design effective policy instruments, and, ultimately, improve societal welfare.

The past decades have experienced a growing interest in social and environmental issues, which has put more pressure on companies to meet diverse stakeholder expectations. These expectations encompass both inter-industry and international differences, highlighting the context-dependence of corporate social performance (CSP). Given the increased pressure to conduct business in a socially responsible manner, managers and policy-makers must understand the institutional factors that affect CSP but are not directly controllable. Despite this need, empirical studies of institutional effects are relatively rare and have mostly concentrated on a limited number of countries or industries. Moreover, informal institutions such as postmaterialistic values have not been adequately considered in the context of institutional research, although postmaterialism represents social change resulting in new social demands, which then cause more intense pressure on companies to improve their CSP. Our study accounts for postmaterialism and examines the institutional effects on CSP at both the national and industry levels in a sample of 6211 companies from 52 countries. To conduct this study, we utilized CSP information from the CSRHub database, which allowed us to analyse overall CSP and its four dimensions: community, employees, environment and governance. Our findings based on linear regression analyses indicate that country-level institutions are most strongly associated with CSP, and that the level of economic development and postmaterialistic values are positively related with the overall CSP and most of its dimensions. Also, company size and financial performance appear to affect CSP, while the evidence for the effect of industry impact is weak. Overall, there are both similarities and significant differences in the drivers of overall CSP and its dimensions. Understanding the determinants of CSP can improve understanding of how companies can contribute to sustainable development across nations and industries via sustainable business models (SBMs). Thus, our results may highlight the roles played by national governments in stimulating sustainable development in general and alternative SBMs in particular.

Purpose: The role of entrepreneurship has changed to include issues beyond economic growth. This has turned attention toward the drivers of entrepreneurial intentions across entrepreneurship types, particularly in sustainable entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to examine the drivers of entrepreneurial intentions in sustainable entrepreneurship. In particular, the paper aims to extend the existing intention models to include work values and attitudes toward sustainability, thereby bringing the model into the context of sustainable entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach: Using a quantitative research design, data were collected in three European countries through anonymous questionnaires. The data consist of responses from 393 university students. Findings: The results show that attitude toward sustainability and perceived entrepreneurial desirability enhance sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, adding sustainability into the regression equation adds explanation power, hence suggesting that the theory of planned behavior needs to be adapted when applied to sustainable entrepreneurship. Attitudes toward sustainability are positively impacted by altruism, while perceived entrepreneurial desirability is driven by intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Research limitations/implications: The study focuses on one particular type of entrepreneurship and one particular age group. Originality/value: The paper contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by applying the entrepreneurial intention model to sustainable entrepreneurship. The results imply that it may be the time to consider the variance in entrepreneurial opportunities in intention models as well as the need to address the conflict between work values. The results show that sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial intentions are driven by attitudes toward sustainability and perceived entrepreneurial desirability. These two attitudes are driven by altruism and extrinsic rewards, and, especially, extrinsic reward plays an opposite role in both drivers of sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial intentions.

Despite the worldwide increasing interest in entrepreneurship education (EE), little attention has been paid to the game approach as a useful instrument for boosting entrepreneurial attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial behaviour. This contribution utilised a structured questionnaire to analyse a new scale tested on a first sample of 41 participants. As a primary basis for further research, this work assesses the impact of game elements in EE with 42 items. In particular, by conducting linear regression analyses the study draws special attention to significant positive impacts of key game elements in EE such as indicators of flow on entrepreneurial attitudes, intention and behaviour, whereas indicators of curiosity appear to decrease entrepreneurial intention and the probability of starting a business. Explanatory factor analyses, and Cronbach's alpha confirm the reliability and validity of the construct. In addition, the findings of this currently neglected issue call for more research to be done on web-based teaching methods in EE, which are considered to be essential not only to academia, but also to business, potential entrepreneurs and policy makers.

Explaining individual's entrepreneurial intention is a central element in entrepreneurship research. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that role models have an indirect effect on students' entrepreneurial intention. We draw on a sample of 266 individuals and apply structural equation modeling. Our results show that role models have a positive and significant influence on entrepreneurial intention via the antecedents described in the theory of planned behavior, the entrepreneurial event model, and the integrated version of these models. With our study, we aim to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the path through which role models influence entrepreneurial intention.

The main aim of this paper is to review web-based tools designed for generating and documenting business ideas. The paper first reviews related literature and then discusses useful instruments relevant for creative entrepreneurial tasks. These tools can be helpful in the initial phase of entrepreneurial activities. While several factors are crucial for successful ideas and their implementation, the discussed web-based idea generation tools might assist in creating, evaluating and selecting entrepreneurial ideas. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of such tools so that scholars and practitioners can select a tool that is appropriate for their purpose. As future work we plan an in-depth empirical investigation of these tools.

This article analyses the impact of narratives on entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. To this end, a quasi-experiment was conducted to evaluate web-based entrepreneurial narratives. The paired-sample tests and regression analysis use a sample of 466 people from Austria, Finland, and Greece and indicate that individuals' perceptions of the desirability of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention are significantly different before and after exposure to entrepreneurial narratives. Furthermore, the findings indicate that perceptions of the feasibility of entrepreneurship are more strongly affected by videos than by cases. From a policy perspective, this study raises awareness that entrepreneurship is an attractive career path.

Smart specialisation was launched as the innovation policy of European Union (EU) to foster regional innovation and economic transformation. The existence of research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3) was set as a prerequisite for European regions to be eligible for receiving funding for European structural investment funds (ESIF). Today, the focus of European Commission (EC) is to strengthen the sustainability aspect of the smart specialisation approach. It is not enough that regions develop smart specialisation strategy as a one-time effort. The regions should ensure the establishment of continuous collaboration with the entrepreneurial actors to realize smart specialisation strategy, to assess the results of the implementation efforts and to refine strategy when needed. There has been few studies in prior research related to continuous entrepreneurial discovery process and the underlying mechanisms to sustain stakeholders' engagement. Our paper explores how regional councils in Finland facilitate continuous stakeholder interaction in the context of smart specialisation. The objective is to identify key mechanisms for continuous entrepreneurial discovery process. As key findings of our semi-structured interviews with the regional councils in Finland, we identify the development of specific frameworks and tools, the establishment of horizontal and vertical innovation networks and the integration of smart specialisation in regional development cycle as key mechanisms to facilitate continuous stakeholder interaction. Our work contributes to current debate on conceptual underpinnings of continuous entrepreneurial discovery process. We also provide practical examples for other EU regions how to sustain continuous stakeholder interaction in the context of smart specialisation.

Regions in the European Union (EU) are called to design and implement Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3), as a prerequisite to receive funding for research and innovation from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). To facilitate and streamline this process, the European Commission (EC) has published a Guide to RIS3 and a handbook for implementing Smart Specialisation, providing a set of methodological steps on how to design a RIS3 strategy. Although these publications provide valuable resources to facilitate RIS3 design and implementation, their inputs are focused mostly on the methodological framework, without pointing out any operational directions that could support an undertaking of the proposed methodological tasks in a streamlined and user-friendly way. The Online-S3 project, funded under the Horizon 2020, tries to address this challenge, by developing an online platform for policy advice. This study explores the information links amongst a set of methodologies, across the six phases of RIS3 design process, highlighting underlying relationships in a logical manner, based on the information flows that are detected. The results reveal parts of the overall mechanism for RIS3 policy making processes, providing guidance to regional authorities and encouraging them to use additional methods throughout their RIS3 strategy-design process, that could be managed and delivered through online platforms and applications. This prepares the grounds for future, empirical investigations of this currently under-researched topic, which appears to be crucial for policy-makers.

Despite the notion that entrepreneurial intentions and opportunities are at the core of entrepreneurship, only limited attention has been paid to intention formation in social entrepreneurship. The goal of this paper is to examine which factors shape social entrepreneurial goals and socially-oriented entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, we compare factors that drive both socially-oriented and general entrepreneurial intentions. Our results suggest that socially-oriented entrepreneurial intentions are driven by work values and knowledge that differ from those driving general entrepreneurial intentions, hence implying a need to include entrepreneurial opportunities in entrepreneurial intention models. The findings contribute to the entrepreneurship literature by providing empirical evidence about the differences in key drivers between socially-oriented entrepreneurial intentions and general entrepreneurial intentions.