Element contents
International Norms, Moral Psychology, and Neuroscience
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 April 2021
Summary
Research on international norms has yet to answer satisfactorily some of our own most important questions about the origins of norms and the conditions under which some norms win out over others. The authors argue that international relations (IR) theorists should engage more with research in moral psychology and neuroscience to advance theories of norm emergence and resonance. This Element first provides an overview of six areas of research in neuroscience and moral psychology that hold particular promise for norms theorists and international relations theory more generally. It next surveys existing literature in IR to see how literature from moral psychology is already being put to use, and then recommends a research agenda for norms researchers engaging with this literature. The authors do not believe that this exchange should be a one-way street, however, and they discuss various ways in which the IR literature on norms may be of interest and of use to moral psychologists, and of use to advocacy communities.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108966610Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 19 August 2021
References
Acharya, A., 2004. How ideas spread: whose norms matter? norm localization and institutional change in Asian Regionalism. Int. Organ. 58, 239–275.Google Scholar
Aday, S., Farrell, H., Freelon, D., Lynch, M., Sides, J., Dewar, M., 2013. Watching from afar: media consumption patterns around the Arab Spring. Am. Behav. Sci. 57, 899–919.Google Scholar
Adler, E., Pouliot, V., 2011. International practices. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Alcock, J., 2001. The triumph of sociobiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York.Google Scholar
“Arab Spring: did social media really spark revolutions?,” 2013. Middle East Online. https://middle-east-online.com/en/arab-spring-did-social-media-really-spark-revolutions (accessed 5.2.20).Google Scholar
Arendt, H., 2006. Eichmann in Jerusalem: a report on the banality of evil, Penguin classics. Penguin Books, New York.Google Scholar
Asch, S. E., 1951. Effects of group pressure on the modification and distortion of judgments, in Guetzkow, H. (ed.), Groups, leadership and men. Carnegie Press, Pittsburgh, pp. 177–190.Google Scholar
Bakker, B. N., Schumacher, G., Gothreau, C., Arceneaux, K., 2020. Conservatives and liberals have similar physiological responses to threats. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1–9.Google Scholar
Bandes, S., Salerno, J., 2014. Emotion, proof and prejudice: the cognitive science of gruesome photos and victim impact statements. Arizona State Law Journal 46, 1006–1056.Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., 1995. The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Batson, C. D., 2009. These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena, in Decety, J., Ickes, W. (eds), The social neuroscience of empathy. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp.1–15.Google Scholar
Bayram, A. B., 2017. Due deference: cosmopolitan social identity and the psychology of legal obligation in international politics. Int. Organ. 71, S137–S163.Google Scholar
Bayram, A., Holmes, M., 2020. Feeling their pain: affective empathy and public preferences for foreign development aid. Euro J of Inter Rel. 26, 820–850.Google Scholar
Beitz, C. R., 2009. The idea of human rights. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York.Google Scholar
Bennett, A., Checkel, J. T., 2014. Process tracing. Cambridge University Press, West Nyack.Google Scholar
Berenguer, J. 2010. The effect of empathy in environmental moral reasoning. Environment and Behavior. 42, 110–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betts, A., Orchard, P., 2014. Implementation and world politics: how international norms change practice, 1st. ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Bloom, P., 2016. The perils of empathy. Wall Str. J. http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-perils-of-empathy-1480689513 (accessed 1.04.21).Google Scholar
Bloom, P., 2013. Just babies: the origins of good and evil, 1st ed. Crown Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Bob, C., 2013. The global right wing and theories of transnational advocacy. Int. Spect. 48, 71–85.Google Scholar
Bob, C., 2012. The Global Right Wing and the clash of world politics, Cambridge studies in contentious politics. Cambridge University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourbeau, P., 2011. The securitization of migration: a study of movement and order. Routledge, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, R., Richerson, P. J., 1985. Culture and the evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Bull, H., 1977. The anarchical society: a study of order in world politics. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cameron, M. A., 2018. Political institutions and practical wisdom: between rules and practice. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Checkel, J. T., 2013. Theoretical pluralism in IR: possibilities and limits, in Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T., Simmons, B. (eds.), Handbook of international relations. 2nd ed. Sage Publications, London, pp. 220–242.Google Scholar
Checkel, J. T., 1999. Norms, institutions, and national identity in contemporary Europe. Int. Stud. Q. 43, 84–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clifford, S., Jerit, J., Rainey, C., Motyl, M., 2015. Moral concerns and policy attitudes: investigating the influence of elite rhetoric. Polit. Commun. 32, 229–248.Google Scholar
Cloward, K., 2016. When norms collide: local responses to activism against female genital mutilation and early marriage. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cohen, I. G., Daniels, N., Eyal, N. M., Adler, M. D., 2015. Identified versus statistical lives: an interdisciplinary perspective, 1st ed. Population-level bioethics series. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Crawford, N., 2014. Institutionalizing passion in world politics: fear and empathy, Int. Theory 6, 535–557.Google Scholar
Crawford, N., 2013. Emotions and international security: Cave! Hic Libido. Crit. Stud. Secur. 1, 121–123.Google Scholar
Crawford, N., 2002. Argument and change in world politics: ethics, decolonization, and humanitarian intervention, Cambridge studies in international relations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; New York.Google Scholar
Crawford, N., 2009. Homo politicus and argument (nearly) all the way down: persuasion in politics. Perspect. Polit. 7, 103–124.Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R., 1994. Descartes’ error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. GP Putnam, New York.Google Scholar
Deitelhoff, N., 2009. The discursive process of legalization: charting islands of persuasion in the ICC case. Int. Organ. 63, 33–65.Google Scholar
Deitelhoff, N., Müller, H., 2005. Theoretical paradise – empirically lost? Arguing with Habermas. Rev. Int. Stud. 31, 167–179.Google Scholar
Deitelhoff, N., Zimmermann, L., 2019. Norms under challenge: unpacking the dynamics of norm robustness. J. Glob. Secur. Stud. 4, 2–17.Google Scholar
Deitelhoff, N., Zimmermann, L., 2018. Things we lost in the fire: how different types of contestation affect the robustness of international norms. Int. Stud. Rev. 22, 51–76.Google Scholar
Doidge, N., 2007. The brain that changes itself: stories of personal triumph from the frontiers of brain science. Viking, New York.Google Scholar
Duckitt, J., Sibley, C. G., 2010. Personality, ideology, prejudice, and politics: a dual-process motivational model. J. Pers. 78, 1861–1894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edmonds, D., 2014. Would you kill the fat man?: the trolley problem and what your answer tells us about right and wrong. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Faulkner, N., 2018. Put yourself in their shoes: Testing empathy’s ability to motivate cosmopolitan behavior. Pol. Psych. 39, 217–228.Google Scholar
Fearon, J., Wendt, A., 2002. Rationalism v. constructivism: a skeptical view, in Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T., Simmons, B. (eds.), Handbook of international relations. Sage Publications, London, pp. 55–72.Google Scholar
Fein, H., 1993. Genocide: a sociological perspective. Sage Publications, London; Newbury Park, CA.Google Scholar
Feinberg, M., Willer, R., 2015. From Gulf to Bridge: When Do Moral Arguments Facilitate Political Influence? Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 41, 1665–1681.Google Scholar
Finnemore, M., 2003. The purpose of intervention: changing beliefs about the use of force, Cornell studies in security affairs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Finnemore, M., 1996. National interests in international society, Cornell studies in political economy. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Finnemore, M., Sikkink, K., 1998. International norm dynamics and political change. Int. Organ. 52, 887–917.Google Scholar
Gallagher, A., 2013. Genocide and its threat to contemporary international order, New security challenges series. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York.Google Scholar
Gintis, H., 2007. A framework for the unification of the behavioral sciences. Behav. Brain Sci. 30, 1–16.Google Scholar
Glanville, L., 2016. Self-interest and the distant vulnerable. Ethics Int. Aff. 30, 335–353.Google Scholar
Goldgeier, J., Tetlock, P., 2001. Psychology and international relations theory. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 4, 67–92.Google Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S., Ditto, P., 2013. Moral foundations theory: the pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 47, 47, 55–130.Google Scholar
Greene, J. D., 2014. Beyond point-and-shoot morality: why cognitive (neuro)science matters for ethics. Ethics 124, 695–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, J. D., 2013. Moral tribes: emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them. The Penguin Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hafner-Burton, E. M., Haggard, S., Lake, D. A., Victor, D. G., 2017. The Behavioral Revolution and International Relations. Int Org. 71, S1–S31.Google Scholar
Haidt, J., 2016. When and why nationalism beats globalism. Am. Interest. www.the-american-interest.com/2016/07/10/when-and-why-nationalism-beats-globalism/ (accessed 3.04.20).Google Scholar
Haidt, J., 2012. The righteous mind: why good people are divided by politics and religion, 1st ed. Pantheon Books, New York.Google Scholar
Haidt, J., 2003. The moral emotions, in Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R., Goldsmith, H. H. (eds.), Handbook of affective sciences. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 852–870.Google Scholar
Haidt, J., Joseph, C., 2004. Intuitive ethics: how innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus 133, 55–66.Google Scholar
Hall, T. H., 2015. Emotional diplomacy: official emotion on the international stage. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Hall, T. H., Ross, A. A. G., 2015. Affective politics after 9/11. Int. Organ. 69, 847–879.Google Scholar
Hartman, A., Morse, B., 2020. Violence, empathy and altruism: evidence from the Ivorian refugee crisis in Liberia,” British Journal of Political Science 50, 731–755.Google Scholar
Hathaway, O. A., Shapiro, S. J., 2017. The internationalists: how a radical plan to outlaw war remade the world. Simon and Schuster, New York.Google Scholar
Head, N., 2016. A politics of empathy: encounters with empathy in Israel and Palestine. Review of International Studies. 42, 95–113.Google Scholar
Heath, J., 2014. Enlightenment 2.0: restoring sanity to our politics, our economy, and our lives, 1st ed. HarperCollins, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
Henrich, J. P., 2015. The secret of our success: how culture is driving human evolution, domesticating our species, and making us smarter. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Holmes, M., 2018. Face-to-face diplomacy: social neuroscience and international relations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Holmes, M., 2013. The force of face-to-face diplomacy: mirror neurons and the problem of intentions. Int. Organ. 67, 829–861.Google Scholar
Holmes, M., Yarhi-Milo, K., 2017. The psychological logic of peace summits: how empathy shapes outcomes of diplomatic negotiations. Int. Stud. Q. 61, 107–122.Google Scholar
Hooper, M., 2016. Russia’s ‘traditional values’ leadership. Foreign Policy Cent. https://fpc.org.uk/russias-traditional-values-leadership/ (accessed 4.30.20).Google Scholar
Horowitz, M., Yaworsky, W., Kickham, K., 2014. Whither the blank slate? a report on the reception of evolutionary biological ideas among sociological theorists. Sociol. Spectr. 34, 489–509.Google Scholar
Horsfjord, V.L., 2016. Negotiating traditional values: the Russian Orthodox Church at the UN Human Rights Council, in Stensvold, A. (ed.), Religion, state and the United Nations: value politics. Routledge, London, pp. 62–78.Google Scholar
Hughes, V., 2014. Emotion is not the enemy of reason. Natl. Geogr. www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2014/09/18/emotion-is-not-the-enemy-of-reason/ (accessed 4. 30.20).Google Scholar
Hutchinson, E., 2016. Affective communities in world politics: collective emotions after trauma. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Illing, S., 2019. How the media should respond to Trump’s lies: state of the union edition. Vox. www.vox.com/2018/11/15/18047360/trump-state-of-the-union-speech-2019-george-lakoff (accessed 3.04.21).Google Scholar
ILGA, 2020. State-sponsored homophobia report, Latest Edition, https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report (accessed 3.8.21).Google Scholar
Inal, T., 2013. Looting and rape in wartime: law and change in international relations, 1st ed. Pennsylvania studies in human rights. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), 2007. Yogyakarta Principles – Principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity.Google Scholar
Janoff-Bulman, R., Carnes, N.C., 2013. Surveying the moral landscape: moral motives and group-based moralities. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 17, 219–236.Google Scholar
Jeffery, R., 2014. Reason and emotion in international ethics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Jensen, S., 2016. The making of international human rights: the 1960s, decolonization, and the reconstruction of global values. Cambridge University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jervis, R., 1989. Political psychology: some challenges and opportunities. Polit. Psychol. 10, 481.Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., Nam, H. H., Amodio, D. M., Van Bavel, J. J., 2014. Political neuroscience: the beginning of a beautiful friendship. Polit. Psychol. 35, 3–42.Google Scholar
Kahane, G., 2012. On the wrong track: process and content in moral psychology. Mind Lang. 27, 519–545.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., 2011. Thinking, fast and slow, 1st ed., Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.Google Scholar
Kang, S.L., 2012. Human rights and labor solidarity: trade unions in the global economy, 1st ed., Pennsylvania studies in human rights. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Katzenstein, P., 1996a. The culture of national security: norms and identity in world politics. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Katzenstein, P., 1996b. Introduction: alternative perspectives on national security, in Katzenstein, P. (ed.), The culture of national security: norms and identity in world politics. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 1–32.Google Scholar
Keck, M. E., Sikkink, K., 1998. Activists beyond borders: advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Kenkel, K. M., Cunliffe, P. (eds.), 2016. Brazil as a rising power: intervention norms and the contestation of global order, 1st ed. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Kenyon, K., 2017. Resilience and contagion: invoking human rights in African HIV advocacy. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal.Google Scholar
Keohane, R., 1984. After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Kertzer, J., Tingley, D., 2018. Political psychology in international relations: beyond the paradigms. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 21, 319.Google Scholar
Kertzer, J. D., 2017. Microfoundations in international relations. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 34, 81–97.Google Scholar
Kertzer, J. D., Mcgraw, K. M., 2012. Folk realism: testing the microfoundations of realism in ordinary citizens. Int. Stud. Q. 56, 245–258.Google Scholar
Kertzer, Joshua D, Powers, K. E., Rathbun, B. C., Iyer, R., 2014. Moral support: how moral values shape foreign policy attitudes J. Polit. 76, 825–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidwell, B., Farmer, A., Hardesty, D. M., 2013. Getting Liberals and Conservatives to go green: political ideology and congruent appeals. J. Consum. Res. 40, 350–367.Google Scholar
Kinsella, H., 2011. The Image before the weapon: a critical history of the distinction between combatant and civilian. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Kinzler, K. D., Dupoux, E., Spelke, E. S., 2007. The native language of social cognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104, 12577–12580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klotz, A., 1995. Norms in international relations: the struggle against apartheid. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Kowert, P., Shannon, V.P., 2012. Psychology and constructivism in international relations: an ideational alliance. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Kratochwil, F., Ruggie, J. G., 1986. International organization: a state of the art on an art of the state. Int. Organ. 40, 753–775.Google Scholar
Krebs, R. R., Jackson, P. T., 2016. Twisting tongues and twisting arms: the power of political rhetoric. Eur. J. Int. Relat. 13, 35–66.Google Scholar
Kreps, S., Maxey, S., 2018. Mechanisms of morality: sources of support for humanitarian intervention. J. Confl. Resolut. 62, 1814–1842.Google Scholar
Lee, S., Feeley, T. H., 2016. The identifiable victim effect: a meta-analytic review. Soc. Influ. 11, 199–215.Google Scholar
Levitin, D. J., 2014. The organized mind: thinking straight in the age of information overload. Dutton, New York.Google Scholar
Linde, R., 2016. The globalization of childhood: the international diffusion of norms and law against the child death penalty. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mackie, G., 1996. Ending footbinding and infibulation: a convention account. Am. Sociol. Rev. 61, 999–1017.Google Scholar
Marcus, G., 2004. The birth of the mind: how a tiny number of genes creates the complexities of human thought. Basic Books, New York.Google Scholar
Mattern, J. B., 2011. A practice theory of emotion for International Relations, in Adler, E., Pouliot, V. (eds.), International practices. Cambridge University Press, pp. 63–86.Google Scholar
McDermott, R., 2009. Mutual interests: the case for increasing dialogue between political science and neuroscience. Polit. Res. Q. 62, 571–583.Google Scholar
McDermott, R., 2004a. Political psychology in international relations. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
McDermott, R., 2004b. The feeling of rationality: the meaning of neuroscientific advances for political science. Perspect. Polit. 2, 691–706.Google Scholar
Mcdermott, R., Hatemi, P. K., 2014. The study of international politics in the neurobiological revolution: a review of leadership and political violence. Millenn. – J. Int. Stud. 43, 92–123.Google Scholar
McDermott, R., Lopez, A., 2012. Psychology and constructivism: uneasy bedfellows? in Psychology and constructivism in international relations: an ideological alliance. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Mendos, L. R., 2019. State-sponsored homophobia 2019: global legislation overview update. ILGA, Geneva.Google Scholar
Mercer, J., 2014. Feeling like a state: social emotion and identity. Int. Theory 6, 515–535.Google Scholar
Mercier, H., Sperber, D., 2017. The enigma of reason. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Milgram, S., 2009. Obedience to authority: an experimental view, Perennial classic. HarperPerennial/ModernThought, New York.Google Scholar
Miller, E. K., Cohen, J.D., 2001. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 167–202.Google Scholar
Moll, J., Zahn, R., Oliveira-Souza, R. D., Krueger, F., Grafman, J., 2005. Opinion: the neural basis of human moral cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 799–809.Google Scholar
Mueller, J.E., 1996. Retreat from doomsday: the obsolescence of major war. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY.Google Scholar
Nabi, R. L., Gustafson, A., Jensen, R., 2018. Framing climate change: exploring the role of emotion in generating advocacy behavior. Sci. Commun. 40, 442–468.Google Scholar
Nadelmann, E. A., 1990. Global prohibition regimes: the evolution of norms in international society. Int. Organ. 44, 479–526.Google Scholar
Narvaez, D., 2010. Moral complexity: the fatal attraction of truthiness and the importance of mature moral functioning. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 5, 163–181.Google Scholar
Neuman, W., 2007. The affect effect: dynamics of emotion in political thinking and behavior. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.Google Scholar
Oxley, D. R., Smith, K. B., Alford, J. R., et al, 2008. Political attitudes vary with physiological traits. Science 321, 1667.Google Scholar
Perrin, S., Spencer, C., 1980. The Asch effect: a child of its time? Bull. Brit. Psych. Soc. 33, 405-406.Google Scholar
Pinker, S., 2011. The better angels of our nature: why violence has declined, Viking, New York.Google Scholar
Pinker, S., 2002. The blank slate: the modern denial of human nature. Viking, New York.Google Scholar
Poldrack, R.A., 2018. The new mind readers: what neuroimaging can and cannot reveal about our thoughts. Princeton University Press, Princeton; Oxford.Google Scholar
Price, R., 1998. Reversing the gun sights: transnational civil society targets land mines. Int. Organ. 52, 613–644.Google Scholar
Price, R., 2020. Moral psychology, neuroscience, and non-combatant immunity, European Review of International Studies. 7, 203–226Google Scholar
Rathbun, B. C., Stein, R., 2019. Greater goods: morality and attitudes toward the use of nuclear weapons. J. Confl. Resolut. 64, 002200271987999–816.Google Scholar
Rifkin, J., 2009. The empathic civilization: the race to global consciousness in a world in crisis. J.P. Tarcher/Penguin, New York.Google Scholar
Risse, T., 2000. “Let’s argue!”: communicative action in world politics. Int. Organ. 54, 1–39.Google Scholar
Ruggie, J. G., 1982. International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order. Int. Organ. 36, 379–415.Google Scholar
Schelling, T. C., 1968. The life you save may be your own, in Chase, S. B. (ed.), Problems in public expenditure analysis. The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 127–161.Google Scholar
Schmidt, A., Sikkink, K., 2019. Breaking the ban? the heterogeneous impact of US contestation of the torture norm. J. Glob. Secur. Stud. 4, 105–122.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H., 2012. An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Read. Psychol. Cult. 2.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H., Caprara, G. V., Vecchione, M., 2010. Basic personal values, core political values, and voting: a longitudinal analysis. Polit. Psychol. 31, 421–452.Google Scholar
Semenova, N. S., Kiseleva, E. V., Ilyashevich, M. V., Alisievich, E. S., 2015. Traditional values and human rights of LGBTI in the framework of the UN and Council of Europe: international legal aspects. Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci. 6, 315–324.Google Scholar
Shannon, V.P., 2012. Introduction, in Psychology and constructivism in international relations: an ideational alliance. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp. 1–29.Google Scholar
Sikkink, K., 2011. The justice cascade: how human rights prosecutions are changing world politics. WW Norton & Co., New York.Google Scholar
Sikkink, K., 1986. Codes of conduct for transnational corporations: the case of the WHO/UNICEF code. Int. Organ. 40, 815–840.Google Scholar
Simmons, B., 2009. Mobilizing for human rights: international law and domestic politics. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Singer, P., 1972. Famine, affluence, and morality. Phil and Public Affairs 1, 229–243.Google Scholar
Singer, P., 2011. The expanding circle: ethics, evolution, and moral progress. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Sinnott-Armstrong, W., 2007. Introduction, in Sinnott‐Armstrong, W. (ed.), Moral psychology: the neuroscience of morality: emotion, brain disorders, and development, The MIT Press Series. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Sinnott‐Armstrong, W., Young, L., Cushman, F., 2010. Moral intuitions, in The moral psychology handbook. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 246–272.Google Scholar
Sloman, S. A., Fernbach, P., 2017. The knowledge illusion: why we never think alone. Riverhead Books, New York.Google Scholar
Slovic, P., Västfjäll, D., Erlandsson, A., Gregory, R., 2017. Iconic photographs and the ebb and flow of empathic response to humanitarian disasters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 114, 640–644.Google Scholar
Slovic, P., Västfjäll, D., Gregory, R., Giusti Olson, K., 2016. Valuing lives you might save: understanding psychic numbing in the face of genocide, in Anderton, C., Brauer, J. (eds.), Economic aspects of genocides, other mass atrocities, and their prevention. Oxford University Press, pp. 613–638.Google Scholar
Small, D. A., Loewenstein, G., Slovic, P., 2007. Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 102, 143–153.Google Scholar
Smetana, M., Vranka, M., 2020. How moral foundations shape public approval of nuclear, chemical, and conventional strikes: new evidence from experimental surveys. International Interactions.Google Scholar
Stein, J., 1988. Building politics into psychology: the misperception of threat. Pol. Psychol. 9, 245–271.Google Scholar
Stein, J., 2017. The micro-foundations of international relations theory: psychology and behavioral economics. Int. Organ. 71, S249–S263.Google Scholar
Stensvold, A. (ed.), 2016. Religion, state and the United Nations: value politics. Routledge.Google Scholar
Stolerman, D., Lagnado, D., 2018. The moral foundations of human rights attitudes. Polit. Psychol.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E., 1983. Psychological research on foreign policy: a methodological overview. Rev. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 4, 45–79.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E., Kristel, O. V., Elson, S. B., Green, M. C., Lerner, J.S., 2000. The psychology of the unthinkable: taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 78, 853–870.Google Scholar
Thalhammer, K. E., 2007. Courageous resistance: the power of ordinary people, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.Google Scholar
Tingley, D., 2011. Neurological imaging and the evaluation of competing theories, in Biology and politics: the cutting edge. Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 187–204.Google Scholar
Towns, A. E., 2010. Women and states: norms and hierarchies in international society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York.Google Scholar
Traven, D., 2015. Moral cognition and the law and ethics of armed conflict. Int. Stud. Rev. 17, 556–587.Google Scholar
Tversky, A., Kahneman, D., 1973. Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognit. Psychol. 5, 207–232.Google Scholar
UN Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, 2012. Study of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee on Promoting Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Through a Better Understanding of Traditional Values of Humankind.Google Scholar
United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution 21/3, 2012. Promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms through a better understanding of traditional values of humankind:, A/HRC/RES/21/3. UN.Google Scholar
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2021. www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CMW.aspxGoogle Scholar
Verweij, M., Senior, T. J., Dominguez D., J. F., Turner, R., 2015. Emotion, rationality, and decision-making: how to link affective and social neuroscience with social theory. Front. Neurosci. 9, 332.Google Scholar
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., Aral, S., 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Sci. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 359, 1146–1151.Google Scholar
Warneken, F., Tomasello, M., 2006. Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science 311, 1301–1303.Google Scholar
Watson, J. C., Greenberg, L. S., 2009. Empathic resonance: a neuroscience perspective, in The social neuroscience of empathy. MIT Press, pp. 125–37.Google Scholar
Watson, S., 2009. The securitization of humanitarian migration: digging moats and sinking boats. Routledge, London; New York.Google Scholar
Weiss, M. L., 2013. Prejudice before pride: rise of an anticipatory countermovement in Global homophobia: states, movements, and the politics of oppression. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.Google Scholar
Wendt, A., 1999. Social theory of international politics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wexler, B. E., 2006. Brain and culture: neurobiology, ideology, and social change. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Wong, S. S., 2016. Emotions and the communication of intentions in face-to-face diplomacy. Eur. J. Int. Relat. 22, 144–167.Google Scholar
Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Bierer, L. M., et al., 2016. Holocaust exposure induced intergenerational effects on FKBP5 methylation. Biol. Psychiatry 80, 372–380Google Scholar
- 19
- Cited by