@book {6219, title = {Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America}, year = {2001}, note = { Persian translation: برج‌های عاج بر روی شن : وضعیت مطالعات خاورمیانه در امریکا/ مارتین کرامر؛ مترجم علی مظفری.\ تهران: پژوهشگاه علوم‌انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، 1392. }, pages = {137}, publisher = {The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy}, organization = {The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = { For the past twenty years, Middle Eastern studies in America have been factories of error. The academics, blinded by their own prejudices and enslaved to the fashions of the disciplines, have failed to anticipate or explain any of the major developments in the Middle East. Within the field, hardly a voice dares to protest, but beyond it, each debacle chips away at academic{\textquoteright}s credibility. Middle Eastern studies have failed--at a time when understanding the Middle East has become crucial to America. In this iconoclastic expos{\'e}, Martin Kramer surveys the ruins of Middle Eastern studies, to ask how and why they went wrong. Ivory Towers on Sand is the most thorough critique of Middle Eastern studies ever published in the United States--and a necessary step toward their reconstruction. }, isbn = {0944029493}, url = {https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/ivory-towers-on-sand-the-failure-of-middle-eastern-studies-in-america}, author = {Martin Kramer} }