@article {687617,
	title = {Twin Towers and Ivory Towers, 20 Years Later},
	journal = {Middle East Quarterly},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1-7},
	abstract = {
	The author revisits his book\&nbsp;Ivory Towers on Sand\&nbsp;\&nbsp;on the 20th anniversary of its publication, and assesses the current state of Middle Eastern studies.

},
	url = {https://www.meforum.org/63036/twin-towers-and-ivory-towers-20-years-later},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {687798,
	title = {Why the Israeli Declaration of Independence Is So Popular},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {November 29},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Epilogue to the seven-part series.},
	abstract = {A response to comments on the seven-part series on Israel{\textquoteright}s declaration of independence.\&nbsp;},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/israel-zionism/2021/11/why-the-israeli-declaration-of-independence-is-so-popular/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {687797,
	title = {How Israel{\textquoteright}s Declaration of Independence Became Its Constitution},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {November 1},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Seventh part of a seven-part series.},
	abstract = {
	Israel{\textquoteright}s\&nbsp;proclamation of independence promised a convening within six months of a {\textquotedblleft}constituent assembly{\textquotedblright} charged with drawing up a constitution. But because of the war and then postwar politics, this never happened. A proclamation that was never meant to serve as the basis of law became a kind of quasi-constitution, retroactively vested with legal standing. Has the proclamation\&nbsp; stood up to this test? Is it really the ultimate bulwark of the Jewish and democratic state?



	Seventh part of a seven-part series.\&nbsp;

},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/israel-zionism/2021/11/how-israels-declaration-of-independence-became-its-constitution/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {687796,
	title = {Whose Rights Did Israel Recognize in 1948?},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {September 23},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Sixth part of a seven-part series.},
	abstract = {
	It is often assumed that Israel{\textquoteright}s proclamation of independence declares Israel to be a Jewish and democratic state. In fact, the word {\textquotedblleft}democratic{\textquotedblright} doesn{\textquoteright}t appear in the text. The omission wasn{\textquoteright}t just a matter of carelessness. The word appeared in earlier drafts but was then deleted. Why? Do other passages, establishing the equality of all Israel{\textquoteright}s citizens, effectively enshrine the state{\textquoteright}s democratic character?\&nbsp;



	And what of individual rights? Israel{\textquoteright}s proclamation, like America{\textquoteright}s, justifies the establishment of the state in terms of its pledge to uphold the rights of its prospective citizens. But in the proclamation, all but one reference to rights is to the collective rights of the Jewish people. What does that say about how the founders understood rights?



	Sixth part of a seven-part series.

},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/09/whose-rights-did-israel-recognize-in-1948/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {687795,
	title = {Did the UN Create Israel?},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {August 10},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Fifth part of a seven-part series.},
	abstract = {
	How did Israel{\textquoteright}s founders express in words the legitimate claim of the Jews to statehood? What was the mix of biblical, historical and legal claims put forward in the text? And why were some kinds of claims preferred over others?\&nbsp;



	In particular, how much significance should be attached to the issue of international legitimacy? The proclamation refers six times to the United Nations, mostly in connection with UN General Assembly resolution 181, recommending the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states. To what purpose? And did the proclamation reject an Arab state in Eretz-Israel?



	Fifth part of a seven-part series.

},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/08/did-the-un-create-israel/?print},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {687794,
	title = {Did Israel{\textquoteright}s Founders Declare a Secular State?},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {July 20},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Fourth part of a seven-part series.},
	abstract = {
	If readers are familiar with any aspect of the proclamation{\textquoteright}s composition, it is the dispute over whether or not to mention God. The debate was famously resolved by this compromise formula: {\textquotedblleft}Placing our trust in Tsur Yisrael{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}the {\textquotedblleft}Rock of Israel,{\textquotedblright} an ambiguous term{\textemdash}{\textquotedblleft}we affix our signatures to this proclamation.{\textquotedblright}



	But other passages in the proclamation also required that choices be made about the role of divine promise in the rights of the Jewish people to the land. In general, the earliest drafts made the most references to God; with each successive draft, the number shrank, eventually reaching none. So is is the proclamation a secular document?\&nbsp;



	Fourth part of a seven-part series.

},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/07/did-israels-founders-declare-a-secular-state/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {687793,
	title = {Why Israel Is Called Israel and Not Judea},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {June 10},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Third part of a seven-part series.},
	abstract = {
	Who declared the state of Israel? By what authority, in whose name? The entity being declared was {\textquotedblleft}a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel,{\textquotedblright} but what did {\textquotedblleft}Jewish state{\textquotedblright} mean to those who wrote the proclamation? What does its name, Israel, reveal about the identity of the new state? If there were other alternatives{\textemdash}and there were{\textemdash}why was this name ultimately preferred?\&nbsp;



	Third part of a seven-part series.

},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/06/why-israel-is-called-israel-and-not-judea/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {687792,
	title = {Three Weeks in May: How the Israeli Declaration of Independence Came Together},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {May 19},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Second part of a seven-part series.},
	abstract = {
	Over the past two decades, the complicated history of the drafting of the proclamation has been established by comparison of the drafts. This article outlines the key stages in the drafting, each of which saw major changes in the text. It is also important to know who, up to and including David Ben-Gurion, made which changes.



	Second part of a seven-part series.

},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/05/three-weeks-in-may-how-the-israeli-declaration-of-independence-came-together/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {687791,
	title = {The Most Significant Document Composed by Jew since Antiquity},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {April 14},
	year = {2021},
	note = {First part of a seven-part series.},
	abstract = {
	Israel was born in the Art Museum on Rothschild Avenue in Tel Aviv on the afternoon of Friday, May 14, 1948. This article brings that day to life, culminating in the reading of the proclamation of independence by David Ben-Gurion, and the signing by members of the People{\textquoteright}s Council. The full text is introduced, as is its traditional division into parts, via the official translation.



	First part of a seven-part series.

},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/04/the-most-significant-document-composed-by-jews-since-antiquity/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {680214,
	title = {The Tel Hai Paradox},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {August 23},
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {In the history of Israel, only the political heirs of Ze{\textquoteright}ev Jabotinsky have dismantled Jewish settlements. This paradox is traced back to Jabotinsky{\textquoteright}s debate with David Ben-Gurion over Tel Hai in 1920.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/israel-zionism/2021/08/the-tel-hai-paradox/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {674018,
	title = {Kissinger, Kerry, Kushner: Making and Missing Peace in the Middle East},
	journal = {Journal of Middle Eastern Politics and Policy},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {44-47},
	abstract = {An assessment of the Abraham Accords, and their place in the history of Arab-Israeli peacemaking, for the student journal of the Harvard Kennedy School.},
	url = {https://jmepp.hkspublications.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2021/04/JMEPP-2021-Full-2.pdf},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {668386,
	title = {The unspoken purpose of the academic boycott},
	journal = {Israel Affairs},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {27-33},
	abstract = {The academic boycott of Israel, ostensibly targeting Israeli academe, is actually meant to isolate and stigmatise Jewish academics in America. It serves the aim of pushing Jewish academics out of shrinking disciplines, where Jews are believed to be {\textquoteleft}over-represented.{\textquoteright} That is how diehard supporters of the Palestinians find academic allies who have no professional interest in Palestine, in fields like American studies or English literature.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2021.1864846},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {680213,
	title = {Did the San Remo Conference Advance or Undermine the Prospects for a Jewish State?},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {December 1},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {The claim has been made that the San Remo agreement of 1920 is {\textquotedblleft}the best proof that the whole country of Palestine and the Land of Israel belongs exclusively to the Jewish people under international law.{\textquotedblright} This essay criticizes the thesis. It includes a subsequent exchange with legal scholar Eugene Kontorovich.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2020/12/did-the-san-remo-conference-advance-or-undermine-the-prospects-for-a-jewish-state/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {669089,
	title = {Saudi Arabia and Ajami{\textquoteright}s Way},
	journal = {Caravan},
	number = {October 29 (issue 2028)},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {An assessment of Fouad Ajami{\textquoteright}s posthumously published book on Saudi Arabia,\&nbsp;Crosswinds.},
	url = {https://www.hoover.org/research/saudi-arabia-and-ajamis-way},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {666788,
	title = {The Parallel Lives of David Ben-Gurion and Abdullah bin Hussein},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {November 17},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Born within four years of each other, David Ben-Gurion and Abdullah bin Hussein emerged out of the same political womb to forge Israel and Jordan in battle. An examination of the parallels in their lives.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2020/11/the-parallel-lives-of-david-ben-gurion-and-abdullah-bin-hussein/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {666163,
	title = {Was the Balfour Declaration a Colonial Document?},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {October 28},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {A comparison of the Balfour Declaration to other colonial documents demonstrates that it belongs rather to the age of public diplomacy and\&nbsp;the 20th century world of {\textquotedblleft}open covenants.{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2020/10/was-the-balfour-declaration-a-colonial-document/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {655247,
	title = {The West Bank Was Annexed Once Before. It Ended in Regret.},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {June 25},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Jordan annexed the West Bank in 1950. It had ten advantages that Israel doesn{\textquoteright}t enjoy today as Israel ponders annexation. But Jordan{\textquoteright}s "unification" still ended in regret.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/israel-zionism/2020/06/kramer-the-west-bank-was-annexed-once-before-it-ended-in-regrets/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {653906,
	title = {The Truth of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {June 1},
	year = {2020},
	note = {The two parts of this essay were published in June 2020. Visit the website of Mosaic Magazine\&nbsp;for the responses by Yaacov Lozowick, Walter Reich, and Jonathan Tobin.},
	abstract = {Sixty years ago, the architect of the final solution was abducted in Argentina and brought to Israel. What really happened, what did Hollywood make up, and why?\&nbsp;},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/history-ideas/2020/06/the-truth-of-the-capture-of-adolf-eichmann/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {652561,
	title = {1948: Why the Name Israel?},
	journal = {Times of Israel},
	number = {April 27},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Israel{\textquoteright}s name was chosen by a process of elimination on May 12, 1948. The article explains the alternatives that were considered, and why they were ruled out.},
	url = {https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/1948-why-the-name-israel/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {651651,
	title = {What "Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-Stricken in Jaffa" Teaches About Our Own Plague-Stricken Time},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {April 21},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {A famous and sorely misunderstood painting of Napoleon touching plague victims in Palestine illuminates the current moment.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/history-ideas/2020/04/what-bonaparte-visiting-the-plague-stricken-in-jaffa-teaches-about-our-own-plague-stricken-time/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {649905,
	title = {Ben-Gurion{\textquoteright}s Army: How the IDF Came into Being (and Almost Didn{\textquoteright}t)},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {February 3},
	year = {2020},
	note = {The two parts of this essay were published in February 2020. Visit the website of Mosaic Magazine for the responses by Benny Morris, Eliot A. Cohen, and Efraim Inbar.},
	abstract = {On the eve of Israel{\textquoteright}s statehood in 1948, with the massed forces of five Arab nations threatening invasion, David Ben-Gurion picked a fight with his own army.\&nbsp;},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/israel-zionism/2020/02/ben-gurions-private-plan/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {645598,
	title = {What Did (and Didn{\textquoteright}t) Happen in Room 16 of the American Colony Hotel},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {December 16},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Room 16 of the American Colony Hotel is reputedly where the Oslo process began, between Israel and the PLO. It isn{\textquoteright}t, but it was a milepost on the "road not taken," between Israel and the "inside" West Bank leadership personified by Faisal Husseini. A look at the forgotten alternative to Oslo, inspired by the author{\textquoteright}s own stay in Room 16.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2019/12/what-did-and-didnt-happen-in-room-16-of-the-american-colony-hotel/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {644313,
	title = {The Balfour Declaration and the Jewish Threat that Made Britain Honor It},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {October 31},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {An appraisal of the way Zionist leaders, above all Chaim Weizmann, tried to hold Britain to its Balfour Declaration commitment by emphasizing the dangers of mass Jewish migration after the First World War.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2019/10/the-balfour-declaration-and-the-jewish-threat-that-made-britain-honor-it/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {641989,
	title = {Seven Black Swans in the Middle East},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {September 24},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {From the Yom Kippur War to the Arab Spring, events considered impossible happen in the Middle East with unusual frequency. Here are seven; when will the eighth appear?},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/politics-current-affairs/2019/09/seven-black-swans-in-the-middle-east/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@report {634667,
	title = {The King is Dead? Does it Matter?},
	year = {2019},
	institution = {The Washington Institute for Near East Policy},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {The Washington Institute has sponsored a series of discussions about sudden succession in the Middle East. Each session focuses on scenarios that might unfold if a specific ruler or leader departed the scene tomorrow.\&nbsp;This essay sets the scene by asking whether a major leader{\textquoteright}s departure is necessarily history-changing. Martin Kramer examines past cases of unexpected departures of twentieth-century regional leaders, in Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia. He suggests that the impact depends mostly on where the hand of fate interrupts the leader{\textquoteright}s career. Paradoxically, the more successful a leader has been in realizing his larger goals, the less consequential his exit.},
	issn = {Policy Note 61},
	url = {https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-king-is-dead-does-it-matter},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {633332,
	title = {Where MLK Really Stood on Israel and the Palestinians},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {March 13},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Why did MLK\&nbsp;not\&nbsp;condemn Israel{\textquoteright}s actions in the twenty years between 1948 and 1968, at a time when Israel stood repeatedly in the dock? And why didn{\textquoteright}t he say anything about the Palestinian {\textquotedblleft}plight,{\textquotedblright} especially as he got a high-level tutorial on the subject during a visit to East Jerusalem in 1959? An exploration of possible influences, from Reinhold Neibuhr to King{\textquoteright}s own personal experience.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2019/03/where-mlk-really-stood-on-israel-and-the-palestinians/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {627179,
	title = {Towards a Middle East Regional Security Regime?},
	booktitle = {Routledge Handbook on Israeli Security},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {249-57},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London and New York},
	abstract = {A survey of the past history of efforts to create a regional security order in the Middle East. Israel has always sought its security through major ties with centers of power outside the region. The article examines the logic for this approach, and assesses prospects that this might change.},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Stuart A. Cohen and Aharon Klieman}
}
@article {626414,
	title = {The Three Wars of Bernard Lewis},
	journal = {The Journal of the Middle East and Africa},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {239-245},
	abstract = {The career of Bernard Lewis was punctuated by three wars: World War II, the Cold War, and what he himself called {\textquotedblleft}the crisis of Islam.{\textquotedblright} The article seeks to demonstrate that for Lewis, these wars formed a continuum, the common thread being the struggle to defend freedom and democracy against the forces of tyranny.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2018.1513228},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {619842,
	title = {How True is {\textquoteright}The Crown{\textquoteright} on the Suez Cover-Up?},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {March 1},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {The Netflix series\&nbsp;The Crown\&nbsp;includes a scene depicting British prime minister Anthony Eden nearly misleading Queen Elizabeth about the role of Israel in the 1956 Suez "collusion." The author considers whether the depiction is accurate.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2018/03/how-true-is-the-crown-on-the-suez-cover-up/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {619841,
	title = {The May 1948 Vote That Made the State of Israel},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {April 2},
	year = {2018},
	note = {The two parts of this essay were published in April 2018. Visit the website of Mosaic Magazine for the responses by Benny Morris, Efraim Karsh, and\&nbsp;Avi Shilon.},
	abstract = {An analysis of the proceedings of the People{\textquoteright}s Administration, culminating in a decisive vote not to specify Israel{\textquoteright}s borders in its declaration of independence of May 14, 1948.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2018/04/the-may-1948-vote-that-made-the-state-of-israel/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {611479,
	title = {A Controversy at Harvard},
	booktitle = {Anti-Zionism on Campus: The University, Free Speech, and BDS},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {151-162},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	address = {Bloomington, Indiana},
	abstract = {A review of the Harvard aspects of a 2010 controversy that followed remarks on Gaza made by the author at a conference in Israel.},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Andrew Pessin and Doron S. Ben-Atar}
}
@webarticle {611325,
	title = {The Conflicted Legacy of Bernard Lewis},
	journal = {Foreign Affairs (website)},
	number = {June 7},
	year = {2018},
	note = {The Greek translation appeared in the Hellenic edition of\&nbsp;Foreign Affairs.\&nbsp;The Arabic translation was prepared by the Naama Center for Research and Studies in Beirut.},
	abstract = {Bernard Lewis, historian of the Middle East, was widely misunderstood. But no other person in our time has done as much to inform and influence the West{\textquoteright}s view of the Islamic world and the Middle East.},
	url = {https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2018-06-07/conflicted-legacy-bernard-lewis},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@magazinearticle {620402,
	title = {میراث ادوارد سعید و وضع مطالعات خاورمیانه در آمریکا},
	journal = {مجله قلمرو},
	volume = {دی۱۳۹۶},
	number = {شماره هشتم},
	year = {2017},
	note = {مصاحبه با مارتین کریمر},
	pages = {۸۵-۷۸},
	abstract = {\&nbsp;نقادی ادوارد سعید از شرق‌شناسی هم نظام آموزشی دانشگاه‌های آمریکا را تحت تأثیر قرار داد هم نظام اداری آن‌ها را. بخش نگاهِ ماه شماره هشتم بدین موضوع می‌پردازد، از جمله در مصاحبه با مارتین کریمر، استادِ مطالعات خاورمیانه و شاگرد برنارد لوئیس که از ناقدان نامدار سعید شناخته می‌شود. به علاوه، گزارشِی از تحولات عمده چند دهه اخیر در منابع مالی نهادهای آموزشی و پژوهشی آمریکا که راه را بر نفوذ دولت‌های غیردموکراتیک عربی گشوده است.},
	author = {مارتین کریمر}
}
@webarticle {620349,
	title = {The Fantasy of an International Jerusalem},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {December 28},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Arabic translation published by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.},
	abstract = {In 1917, over a lunch, the internationalization of Jerusalem became irrelevant{\textemdash}and it remains so.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2017/12/the-fantasy-of-an-international-jerusalem/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {620345,
	title = {Who Saved Israel in 1947?},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {November 6},
	year = {2017},
	note = {The two parts of this essay were published in November 2017. Visit the\&nbsp;Mosaic Magazine\&nbsp;website for responses by Benny Morris, Michael Mandelbaum, and Harvey Klehr. The Russian translation of the first part appeared in\&nbsp;Лехаим {\textnumero} 4 (312),\&nbsp;апрель 2018.},
	abstract = {A reexamination of the crucial yet overlooked role of the Soviet Union in the UN recommendation to partition Palestine in 1947.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2017/11/who-saved-israel-in-1947/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {619869,
	title = {The Forgotten Truth about the Balfour Declaration},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {June 5},
	year = {2017},
	note = {The two parts of this essay were published in June 2017. Visit the website of Mosaic Magazine for the responses by Nicholas Rostow, Allan Arkush, and Colin Shindler. The Arabic translation of the first part, by Ahmad M. Jabir, appeared in\&nbsp;Al-Hadaf, January 20, 2018. The Turkish translation of the second part, by D{\"u}cane Demirta{\c s}, appeared in Umran, no. 276 (November 2017), pp. 46-51.},
	abstract = {The author revisits the making of the 1917 Balfour Declaration, and demonstrates that the Lloyd George government only issued it after receiving the prior approval of other Allied governments. The role of Zionist diplomat Nahum Sokolow is given particular attention.},
	url = {https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2017/06/the-forgotten-truth-about-the-balfour-declaration/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {620311,
	title = {Setting the Record Straight on Israel (interview)},
	journal = {The Weekly Standard},
	number = {November 7},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {An interview with Martin Kramer by Lee Smith, on publication of Kramer{\textquoteright}s book The War on Error.},
	url = {https://www.weeklystandard.com/lee-smith/setting-the-record-straight-on-israel},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {619681,
	title = {In the Words of Martin Luther King},
	booktitle = {The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Amalgamates and revises three posts from Kramer{\textquoteright}s blog\&nbsp;Sandbox.},
	pages = {254-67},
	publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
	organization = {Transaction Publishers},
	address = {New Brunswick, NJ and London},
	abstract = {{\textquotedblleft}When people criticize Zionists, they mean Jews. You{\textquoteright}re talking anti-Semitism!{\textquotedblright} Martin Luther King was supposed to have said this at a dinner party in Cambridge, Massachusetts, shortly before his death.\&nbsp;Critics claimed he could not have said this because he could not be placed in Cambridge at the time. They thus insinuated that the quote must have been invented by Harvard{\textquoteright}s Seymour Martin Lipset, who reported it. The author relies on King{\textquoteright}s papers to establish a firm address, host, date, and time for the dinner. But he also bring evidence (from FBI wiretaps) of King{\textquoteright}s profound ambivalence about Israel{\textquoteright}s 1967 victory. King supported Israel{\textquoteright}s right to exist, but he thought Israel would have to disgorge its military conquests.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {619679,
	title = {The Exodus Conspiracy},
	booktitle = {The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Based on a 2011 post on Kramer{\textquoteright}s blog\&nbsp;Sandbox.},
	pages = {245-52},
	publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
	organization = {Transaction Publishers},
	address = {New Brunswick, NJ and London},
	abstract = {The author examines\&nbsp;the oft-repeated claim\&nbsp;that the\&nbsp;famous 1958 novel Exodus by Leon Uris was set in motion by a scheming New York advertising man, and not by Uris himself. Through the\&nbsp;testimony of witnesses who were there, the author shows that this is untrue.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {611508,
	title = {The Shifting Sands of Academe},
	booktitle = {The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Originally a lecture delivered to the graduate proseminar "Approaches to Middle Eastern Studies" at Harvard in 2007. This is its first publication. The Persian translation, also here in pdf, appeared in the magazine\&nbsp;Ghalamo,\&nbsp;no. 8,\&nbsp;Dey 1396 (December 2017-January 2018).},
	pages = {9-17},
	publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
	organization = {Transaction Publishers},
	address = {New Brunswick, NJ and London},
	abstract = {Martin Kramer looks\&nbsp;back upon the writing of his book\&nbsp;Ivory Towers on Sand (2001),\&nbsp;recalls his intentions, identifies\&nbsp;what he sees as the book{\textquoteright}s merits and shortcomings, and assesses its reception.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {489316,
	title = {Israel and the Post-American Middle East: Why the Status Quo is Sustainable},
	journal = {Foreign Affairs},
	volume = {95},
	number = {4},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jul 2016},
	pages = {51-56},
	abstract = {
	Conventional wisdom holds that the Israeli-Palestinian status quo is "unsustainable." Yet it has been remarkably resilent in the face of the distruptive changes sweeping the Middle East. This article explains why the status quo has been so durable, and why it is likely to endure in the future.

},
	url = {https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-06-08/israel-and-post-american-middle-east},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@conference {489321,
	title = {The Pathology of Middle Eastern Studies},
	booktitle = {Ninth Annual Conference of the Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA)},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Plenary address as delivered.},
	month = {2016},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	url = {https://vimeo.com/191273192},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {489311,
	title = {Repairing Sykes-Picot},
	booktitle = {Lines That Bind: 100 Years of Sykes-Picot},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {79-85},
	publisher = {The Washington Institute for Near East Policy},
	organization = {The Washington Institute for Near East Policy},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {A century after Sykes-Picot, much confusion reigns about its actual legacy. Some of its provisions faded into history, but a few have persisted. This article looks at what has lasted and what has not, and asks whether it should be dismantled or repaired.},
	url = {http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-lines-that-bind-100-years-of-sykes-picot},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Andrew J. Tabler}
}
@webarticle {403951,
	title = {How Independent is Israel?},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {May 18},
	year = {2016},
	month = {18 May 2016},
	abstract = {Israel in its early years built the foundations of its national security in defiance of the United States. Israel{\textquoteright}s growing dependence on the United States since 1967 has eroded its freedom of action, posing a question of whether it will be able to act decisively should its future leaders wish to do so.},
	url = {http://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2016/05/how-independent-is-israel/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {403936,
	title = {The Return of Bernard Lewis},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {June 1},
	year = {2016},
	note = {The two parts of this essay were published in June 2016. Visit the website of Mosaic Magazine for the responses by Itamar Rabinovich, Amir Taheri, Robert Irwin, and Eric Ormsby.},
	month = {1 June 2016},
	abstract = {On the 100th birthday of Bernard Lewis, his student and friend Martin Kramer recalls Lewis{\textquoteright}s prescience in his 1976 article "The Return of Islam," and situates it in the great historian{\textquoteright}s vision of the relationship between Islam and the West. The follow-up, "The Master Historian of the Middle East," responds to respondents, and adds further insights.},
	url = {http://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2016/06/the-return-of-bernard-lewis/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {403941,
	title = {Sykes-Picot and the Zionists},
	journal = {The American Interest (internet)},
	number = {May 19},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Published on May 19. 2016.\&nbsp;},
	month = {19 May 2016},
	abstract = {Many believe that the 1916 Anglo-French partition of the Ottoman Empire, known as the Sykes-Picot agreement, was a precursor to the Balfour Declaration. To the contrary: Zionists regarded it as "fatal" to their plans, and they worked to undermine it. The Balfour Declaration negated Sykes-Picot, and superseded it.},
	url = {http://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/05/19/sykes-picot-and-the-zionists/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@book {403946,
	title = {The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {311 pages},
	publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
	organization = {Transaction Publishers},
	address = {New Brunswick, NJ and London},
	abstract = {
	In\&nbsp;The War on Error,\&nbsp;historian and political analyst Martin Kramer presents a series of case studies, some based on pathfinding research and others on provocative analysis, that correct misinformation clouding the public{\textquoteright}s understanding of the Middle East. He also offers a forensic exploration of how misinformation arises and becomes {\textquotedblleft}fact.{\textquotedblright}



	The book is divided into five themes: Orientalism and Middle Eastern studies, a prime casualty of the culture wars; Islamism, massively misrepresented by apologists; Arab politics, a generator of disappointing surprises; Israeli history, manipulated by reckless revisionists; and American Jews and Israel, the subject of irrational fantasies. Kramer shows how error permeates the debate over each of these themes, creating distorted images that cause policy failures.



	Kramer approaches questions in the spirit of a relentless fact-checker. Did Israeli troops massacre Palestinian Arabs in Lydda in July 1948? Was the bestseller\&nbsp;Exodus\&nbsp;hatched by an advertising executive? Did Martin Luther King, Jr., describe anti-Zionism as antisemitism? Did a major post-9/11 documentary film deliberately distort the history of Islam? Did Israel push the United States into the Iraq War? Kramer also questions paradigms{\textemdash}the {\textquotedblleft}Arab Spring,{\textquotedblright} the map of the Middle East, and linkage. Along the way, he amasses new evidence, exposes carelessness, and provides definitive answers.

},
	url = {http://amzn.to/29nUqVv},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {322261,
	title = {Shabtai Teveth and the Whole Truth},
	booktitle = {The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Originated in a 2015 post at the Commentary blog.},
	month = {20 Jan, 2015},
	pages = {219-24},
	publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
	organization = {Transaction Publishers},
	address = {New Brunswick, NJ and London},
	abstract = {The author recalls his long friendship with the late Shabtai Teveth, renowned journalist and the biographer of David Ben-Gurion.\&nbsp;Teveth, largely unknown\&nbsp;to younger readers, may have been the first to challenge the excesses\&nbsp;of the {\textquotedblleft}new historians," and his work deserves to\&nbsp;be rediscovered.\&nbsp;},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {232096,
	title = {Fouad Ajami Goes to Israel},
	booktitle = {The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Originally published at Mosaic Magazine on January 8, 2015.},
	month = {8 Jan, 2015},
	pages = {283-89},
	publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
	organization = {Transaction Publishers},
	address = {New Brunswick, NJ and London},
	abstract = {Much maligned for his truth-telling about Arab political culture, Fouad Ajami became the b{\^e}te noire of the Middle East studies establishment. Some went so far as to call him {\textquotedblleft}pro-Israel,{\textquotedblright} even a {\textquotedblleft}Likudnik.{\textquotedblright} The author knew Ajami from his student days, and often assisted him on his visits to Israel. The article sets the record straight on Israel in Ajami{\textquoteright}s worldview.},
	url = {http://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2015/01/fouad-ajami-goes-to-israel/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {323431,
	title = {Barry Rubin{\textquoteright}s Legacy and the Study of U. S. Middle East Policy},
	journal = {MERIA Journal},
	volume = {19},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {63-68},
	abstract = {Martin Kramer{\textquoteright}s address at the inauguration of the Rubin Center at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel is devoted to a discussion of Barry Rubin{\textquoteright}s view of U.S. policy in the Middle East, especially under the Obama administration. The relationship between the administration{\textquoteright}s ideological commitments and more traditional foreign policy realism is explored.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@magazinearticle {322266,
	title = {Barry Rubin{\textquoteright}s Improbable Journey},
	journal = {Commentary},
	year = {2015},
	month = {3 Feb, 2015},
	abstract = {Barry Rubin, analyst of the Middle East, followed an improbable journey, from a radical of the 1960s American left, to a hard-nosed Israeli critic of Arab politics and U.S. policy. Martin Kramer recalls his long friendship with Rubin, and traces the stages in his evolution as an intellect and scholar.},
	url = {https://www.commentarymagazine.com/foreign-policy/middle-east/israel/barry-rubins-improbable-journey/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {322276,
	title = {Who Censored the Six-Day War?},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {July 6},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Web version includes responses by\&nbsp;Max Boot, Matti Friedman, and Asa Kasher. The article, as republished in\&nbsp;The War on Error\&nbsp;(2016), includes footnotes.},
	month = {July 2015},
	abstract = {The Israeli documentary film Censored Voices\&nbsp;purports to uncover damaging testimonies of war crimes dating back to the June 1967 Six-Day War, massively censored by the Israeli military. Martin Kramer looks critically at the evidence, and finds that the claim is a fabrication.},
	url = {http://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2015/07/who-censored-the-six-day-war/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@magazinearticle {323436,
	title = {Beware an Alliance of the Weak},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	year = {2014},
	month = {19 Jan, 2014},
	abstract = {In a changing Middle East, some argue that Israel should align itself with the region{\textquoteright}s minorities. Martin Kramer warns against the reliance on the weakest elements in the region, which are more likely to drain Israeli power than enhance it.},
	url = {http://mosaicmagazine.com/response/2014/01/alliance-of-the-weak/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@magazinearticle {322271,
	title = {Gaza = Auschwitz},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	year = {2014},
	month = {26 Aug 2014},
	abstract = {The spread of the Gaza-Auschwitz analogy from the extremist fringe to the faculty of a prestigious American university suggests that one variety of hate speech has achieved respectability.},
	url = {http://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2014/08/gaza-equals-auschwitz/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {189816,
	title = {Anwar Sadat{\textquoteright}s Visit to Jerusalem, 1955},
	booktitle = {Nationalism, Identity and Politics: Israel and the Middle East. Studies in Honor of Prof. Asher Susser},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {29-41},
	publisher = {The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies},
	organization = {The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies},
	address = {Tel Aviv},
	abstract = {Anwar Sadat{\textquoteright}s 1977 visit to Jerusalem was considered an unprecedented breakthrough. But for Sadat himself, this was his second visit to the city. In 1955, he made a one-day visit to Jordanian East Jerusalem, including prayer at the Aqsa Mosque, as secretary of the Cairo-based Islamic Congress. Sadat used the visit to undermine efforts to bring Jordan into the Baghdad Pact, and to counter the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan and especially Jerusalem. The article covers the visit, primarily on the basis of East Jerusalem newspaper reports, and reconstructs its various contexts.},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Bruce Maddy-Weizman and Meir Litvak}
}
@webarticle {186596,
	title = {What Happened at Lydda},
	journal = {Mosaic Magazine},
	number = {July 1},
	year = {2014},
	note = {The article includes responses from Efraim Karsh and Benny Morris. It was republished in\&nbsp;The War on Error\&nbsp;(2016). This entry includes pdfs of the web version (including illustrations and map), and the book chapter version (including footnotes).},
	month = {July 2014},
	abstract = {Martin Kramer{\textquoteright}s critique of the chapter "Lydda, 1948" in Ari Shavit{\textquoteright}s bestselling book My Promised Land, including responses by Efraim Karsh and Benny Morris. The debate focuses on whether there was an Israeli massacre of Palestinian Arabs following the conquest of Lydda in July 1948.},
	url = {http://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2014/07/what-happened-at-lydda/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {160321,
	title = {35 Years After the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty},
	journal = {Commentary},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {Parallels in the lives of Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin may have been crucial in the making of Egyptian-Israeli peace.},
	url = {http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/thirty-five-years-after-the-peace-treaty/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {193456,
	title = {Boycott Me. Please},
	journal = {Foreign Policy},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {As president of an Israeli college, Martin Kramer would rather face the anti-Israel academic boycott than forfeit his integrity. Published at Foreign Policy on December 19, 2013.},
	url = {http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/12/19/boycott_me_please},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@webarticle {51006,
	title = {Chuck Hagel and Linkage},
	journal = {The Weekly Standard},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {An examination of Chuck Hagel{\textquoteright}s interactions with Arab and Israeli leaders, as reflected in U.S. diplomatic dispatches preserved in WikiLeaks.},
	url = {http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/chuck-hagel-and-linkage_695423.html},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@report {16311,
	title = {Rules of Engagement: How Government Can Leverage Academe},
	year = {2011},
	institution = {The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {For almost two generations, major parts of academe have been alienated from America{\textquoteright}s exercise of power due to entrenched ideological differences with the federal government. Following President Obama{\textquoteright}s election, however, signs of a remarkable shift emerged, with more academics serving in policy positions, huddling with top officials behind closed doors, and otherwise extolling the virtues of "soft" or "smart" power. How can Washington take advantage of this once-in-a-generation opportunity to create more structured and effective partnerships with universities?
In this Policy Focus, Dr. Martin Kramer surveys the state of government-academe relations ten years after his bestselling book Ivory Towers dissected "the failure of Middle Eastern studies in America." Intended as a short field manual for government engagement with professors, deans, and university presidents, the paper describes how policymakers can better wield three of academia{\textquoteright}s most important levers: the clout inherent in peer review, the influence conferred by academic endowments, and the access created by sharing information despite the need to keep some of it classified.},
	url = {http://washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=346},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@report {6871,
	title = {How Not to Fix the Middle East},
	year = {2009},
	month = {12/07},
	institution = {Middle East Strategy at Harvard (MESH)},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	abstract = {The Obama administration is undercutting its own ambitious agenda, by signaling that the United States has lost some of its weight in world affairs. The {\textquotedblleft}post-American{\textquotedblright} rhetoric of liberal internationalists and realists is setting off a scramble for advantage among the {\textquotedblleft}middle powers{\textquotedblright} of the Middle East.\&nbsp;Originally a lecture delivered on November 16, 2009, to the Columbia University International Relations Forum (CUIRF).},
	url = {http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/files/2009/12/obama_kramer.pdf},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {193371,
	title = {Hamas: {\textquoteright}Glocal{\textquoteright} Islamism},
	booktitle = {Iran{\textquoteright}s Race for Regional Supremacy},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {68-73},
	publisher = {Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs},
	organization = {Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs},
	address = {Jerusalem},
	abstract = {Hamas is often presented as an variety of Palestinian nationalism. This underestimates its Islamic and pan-Islamic dimension.},
	url = {http://jcpa.org/article/irans-race-for-regional-supremacy-strategic-implications-for-the-middle-east/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {627358,
	title = {Hamas, Hezbollah and Iran: The Challenges for Israel and the West},
	journal = {The Sydney Papers},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {19-27},
	abstract = {A survey of the threats posed by both movements to the stability of the Middle East and the interests of Israel and the West.\&nbsp;A lecture delivered by Martin Kramer at the Sydney Institute June 6, 2006.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@magazinearticle {186886,
	title = {The Israeli-Islamist War},
	journal = {Occasional Papers Series, Middle East Program, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars},
	number = {Fall 2006},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {8-10},
	abstract = {The Israeli-Arab and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts have been transcended by the Israeli-Islamist conflict. The 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war may be the first such conflict of many.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {6821,
	title = {The American Interest},
	journal = {Azure},
	number = {26},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Hebrew translation: \&nbsp;2007,\&nbsp;תכלת 26, חורף התשס{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}ז},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {21-33},
	abstract = {American support for Israel isn{\textquoteright}t only based on shared values and a sense of mutual obligation. It has a firm foundation in interests, in the most realist calculation.},
	url = {http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=41},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {627398,
	title = {Islam and Islamism: Western Attitudes Since 9/11},
	booktitle = {Democracy, Islam and the Middle East},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {63-70},
	publisher = {The Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem},
	organization = {The Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem},
	address = {Jerusalem},
	abstract = {An exploration of the Western failings of interpretation of the events of 9/11 and their origins.},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Amnon Cohen}
}
@article {162001,
	title = {Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists?},
	journal = {Middle East Quarterly},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {65-77},
	abstract = {The evolution of terms used in the West to describe the role of Islam in politics.},
	url = {http://www.meforum.org/541/coming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@proceedings {6829,
	title = {Inclusion or Exclusion? Islamism in Politics},
	journal = {An Agenda for Action: The 2002 Doha Conference on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World},
	year = {2003},
	month = {10/19/2002},
	pages = {41-44},
	publisher = {Brookings Institution},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {An argument against inclusion of Islamist actors in liberalizing settings in the Arab world.},
	author = {Martin Kramer and The Saban Center}
}
@article {6826,
	title = {Policy and the Academy: An Illicit Relationship?},
	journal = {Middle East Quarterly},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {65-73},
	abstract = {An inquiry into the views of the late Elie Kedourie on the relationship between academe and the making of foreign policy.},
	url = {http://www.meforum.org/521/policy-and-the-academy-an-illicit-relationship},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {655530,
	title = {The Middle East in 1999: Changing Guard},
	booktitle = {Middle East Contemporary Survey 1999},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {The Moshe Dayan Center},
	organization = {The Moshe Dayan Center},
	address = {Tel Aviv},
	abstract = {A summary of events in the Middle East in 1999.},
	url = {https://books.google.co.il/books?id=zs57d0logH8C\&lpg=PA5\&hl=en\&pg=PA5\&output=embed\&redir_esc=y},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Bruce Maddy-Weitzman}
}
@book {6219,
	title = {Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America},
	year = {2001},
	note = {
	Persian translation:



	برج‌های عاج بر روی شن : وضعیت مطالعات خاورمیانه در امریکا/ مارتین کرامر؛ مترجم علی مظفری.\&nbsp;تهران: پژوهشگاه علوم‌انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، 1392.

},
	pages = {137},
	publisher = {The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy},
	organization = {The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {
	For the past twenty years, Middle Eastern studies in America have been factories of error. The academics, blinded by their own prejudices and enslaved to the fashions of the disciplines, have failed to anticipate or explain any of the major developments in the Middle East. Within the field, hardly a voice dares to protest, but beyond it, each debacle chips away at academic{\textquoteright}s credibility. Middle Eastern studies have failed--at a time when understanding the Middle East has become crucial to America. In this iconoclastic expos{\'e}, Martin Kramer surveys the ruins of Middle Eastern studies, to ask how and why they went wrong. Ivory Towers on Sand is the most thorough critique of Middle Eastern studies ever published in the United States--and a necessary step toward their reconstruction.

},
	isbn = {0944029493},
	url = {https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/ivory-towers-on-sand-the-failure-of-middle-eastern-studies-in-america},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {655554,
	title = {The Middle East in 1997: Soft Coups for Hard Times},
	booktitle = {Middle East Contemporary Survey 1997},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {5-21},
	publisher = {Westview Press},
	organization = {Westview Press},
	address = {Boulder, CO},
	abstract = {A summary of events in the Middle East in 1997.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=apppcsNcrWUC\&lpg=PP1\&hl=en\&pg=PA5\&output=embed},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Bruce Maddy-Weitzman}
}
@inbook {611519,
	title = {Bernard Lewis},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {719-720},
	publisher = {Fitzroy Dearborn},
	organization = {Fitzroy Dearborn},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {An encyclopedia entry outlining the contribution of Bernard Lewis to the history-writing of the Middle East.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {323736,
	title = {Elie Kedourie},
	booktitle = {The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {637-38},
	publisher = {Fitzroy Dearborn},
	organization = {Fitzroy Dearborn},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {A short account of the life and career of Elie Kedourie, historian of the Middle East.},
	url = {http://martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/elie-kedourie/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {115601,
	title = {The Road from Mecca: Muhammad Asad (born Leopold Weiss)},
	booktitle = {The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Italian translation: {\textquotedblleft}Storia di un ebreo musulmano.{\textquotedblright}\&nbsp;Lettra internazionale\&nbsp;(Rome), vol. 21, no. 86 (2005), pp. 26-29.\&nbsp;Download pdf.},
	pages = {225-247},
	publisher = {The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies},
	organization = {The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies},
	address = {Tel Aviv},
	abstract = {A study of Muhammad Asad, a European Jewish convert to Islam, who played a prominent role in mid-20th-century Muslim intellectual life, as a thinker and Qur{\textquoteright}an translator. The study places him in his political context, with some emphasis on the impact of his Jewish origins.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@book {6220,
	title = {The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Edited and introduced by Martin Kramer.},
	pages = {311},
	publisher = {Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University},
	organization = {Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University},
	address = {Tel Aviv},
	abstract = {
	Jews figure prominently in the history of the modern European encounter with Islam. The similarities between Hebrew and Arabic, the parallels between two faiths grounded in law, and the relative tolerance of Muslim rule toward Jews--all these are said to have permitted many Jews to approach Islam with an understanding and sympathy once uncommon in Europe. Was there a "Jewish discovery of Islam," distinct from Europe{\textquoteright}s discovery? Is there some unifying characteristic to the approach of these Jewish "discoverers"? In this original volume, contributors assess the approaches to Islam of some of the most famous European Jewish travelers, writers, and scholars.

},
	isbn = {9652240400},
	editor = {Martin Kramer}
}
@book {6850,
	title = {The Islamism Debate},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Edited and introduced by Martin Kramer},
	publisher = {The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies},
	organization = {The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies},
	address = {Tel Aviv, Israel},
	abstract = {
	Is Islamism driven by religious fervor, social protest or national xenophobia? Is the rise of Islamism a threat to stability, tolerance, and order, or is it the first step toward reform, participation, and democratization? These and other questions are debated by nine authors - leading protagonists in the Islamism debate - from the United States, Britain, France, and Israel.

},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=yxnYAAAAMAAJ},
	editor = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {6813,
	title = {The Middle East, Old and New},
	journal = {Daedalus},
	volume = {126},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {89-112},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/20027430},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {4202,
	title = {The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah},
	booktitle = {Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {83-181},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago, Illinois},
	abstract = {A biography of Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, often identified as the "spiritual leader" of the Lebanese Shiite movement Hizbullah, covering his rise to influence, his political ideas, and his religious concepts.},
	isbn = {0226021246},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Scott Appleby}
}
@book {6823,
	title = {Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Paperback edition, 2008.},
	publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
	organization = {Transaction Publishers},
	address = {New Brunswick, N.J.},
	abstract = {Over the past decade, the political ground beneath the Middle East has shifted. Arab nationalism the political orthodoxy for most of this century has lost its grip on the imagination and allegiance of a new generation. At the same time, Islam as an ideology has spread across the region, and "Islamists" bid to capture the center of politics. Most Western scholars and experts once hailed the redemptive power of Arabism. Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival is a critical assessment of the contradictions of Arab nationalism and Islamic fundamentalism, and the misrepresentation of both in the West.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {192236,
	title = {Congresses},
	booktitle = {The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {308-11},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	edition = {1st},
	address = {New York and Oxford},
	abstract = {A brief survey of efforts to convene pan-Islamic congresses in the 20th century.},
	url = {http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0159},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {John L. Esposito}
}
@inbook {192581,
	title = {The Sharifian Propaganda of Eug{\`e}ne Jung},
	booktitle = {The Hashemites in the Modern Arab World: Essays in Honour of the late Professor Uriel Dann},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {31-46},
	publisher = {Frank Cass},
	organization = {Frank Cass},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {A study of the early French champion of Arab nationalism,\&nbsp;Eug{\`e}ne Jung.},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Asher Susser and Aryeh Shmuelevitz}
}
@inbook {627357,
	title = {The Impact of Militant Islam on the Arab-Israeli Peace Process},
	booktitle = {Terrorism: Domestic and International Challenges},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {33-38},
	publisher = {Anti-Defamation League},
	organization = {Anti-Defamation League},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {An assessment of the prospects of Hezbollah and Hamas in their effort to derail the peace process of the mid-1990s.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {627260,
	title = {Fundamentalism and the Middle East},
	journal = {The Sydney Papers},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {121-29},
	abstract = {An examination of the role of Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East, with reference to the theories on the clash of civilizations.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {6822,
	title = {Hizbullah: The Calculus of Jihad},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences},
	volume = {47},
	number = {8},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Also appeared here: Martin Kramer, {\textquotedblleft}Hizbullah: The Calculus of Jihad,{\textquotedblright} in Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance (= The Fundamentalism Project, vol. 3), eds. M. Marty and R.S. Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 539-56.},
	month = {05/1994},
	pages = {20-43},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {655617,
	title = {Islam in the New World Order},
	booktitle = {Middle East Contemporary Survey 1991},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {172-205},
	publisher = {Westview Press},
	organization = {Westview Press},
	address = {Boulder, CO},
	abstract = {A survey of inter-Islamic affairs in the year 1991, notable for the aftermath of the first Iraq war.},
	url = {http://books.google.co.il/books?id=mSTWx1bg7r4C\&lpg=PP1\&hl=en\&pg=PA172\&output=embed},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Ami Ayalon}
}
@inbook {611982,
	title = {Mu{\textquoteright}tamar},
	booktitle = {Encyclopaedia of Islam},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {764-765},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	edition = {2},
	address = {Leiden},
	abstract = {An account of pan-Islamic congresses in modern history.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {191911,
	title = {Where Islam and Democracy Part Ways},
	booktitle = {Democracy in the Middle East: Defining the Challenge},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {31-40},
	publisher = {The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy},
	organization = {The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {Why the interpretation of Islamist movements as democracy movements in disguise reflects wishful or biased thinking},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Yehudah Mirsky and Matt Ahrens}
}
@article {6812,
	title = {Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity},
	journal = {Daedalus},
	volume = {122},
	number = {3},
	year = {1993},
	month = {07/1993},
	pages = {171-206},
	url = {http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/arab-nationalism-mistaken-identity/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {655471,
	title = {The Invasion of Islam},
	booktitle = {Middle East Contemporary Survey 1990},
	volume = {14},
	number = {1990},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {177-207},
	publisher = {Westview Press},
	organization = {Westview Press},
	address = {Boulder, CO},
	abstract = {A survey of the events relating to inter-Islamic relations in 1990, with an emphasis on the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=PnidGMqhBbYC\&lpg=PR1\&hl=en\&pg=PA177\&output=embed},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Ami Ayalon}
}
@book {6849,
	title = {Middle Eastern Lives: The Practice of Biography and Self-Narrative},
	year = {1991},
	publisher = {Syracuse University Press},
	organization = {Syracuse University Press},
	address = {Syracuse, N.Y.},
	abstract = {An impressive array of scholars, biographers, and critics from the disciplines of anthropology, history, political science, and psychology explore the diversity of approaches both to writing biography and to reading self-narratives.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=YxYbtZK1_1QC},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {619210,
	title = {The Moral Logic of Hizballah},
	booktitle = {Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {131-57},
	publisher = {Woodrow Wilson Center Press},
	organization = {Woodrow Wilson Center Press},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {An examination of the debate within Hizballah over suicide bombings and hostage-taking.},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Walter Reich}
}
@article {190546,
	title = {Surveying the Middle East},
	journal = {Asian and African Studies},
	volume = {24},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {89-107},
	abstract = {A study of the 20th-century genre of survey writing about the contemporary Middle East, with examples from France, Britain, Italy, and Israel.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@report {70921,
	title = {Hezbollah{\textquoteright}s Vision of the West},
	year = {1989},
	institution = {The Washington Institute for Near East Policy},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {The foreign hostages in Lebanon are living reminders of the challenge posed to the West by Hezbollah, the Iranian-backed movement of fundamentalist Lebanese Shi{\textquoteright}ites. Hezbollah has conducted its operational campaign with a great measure of strategic and tactical savvy. Yet its ideologues understand and represent its struggle as a war without borders whose aim is to redraw the map of the Middle East and ultimately fashion an Islamic world order.
In this Policy Paper, Martin Kramer ascribes the origin of Hezbollah{\textquoteright}s hostile vision of the West not only to the policies of Western governments, but to Hezbollah{\textquoteright}s own ideological and theological tenets. Kramer offers a broad discussion of\&nbsp; authority in Hezbollah; an analysis of Hezbollah{\textquoteright}s vision of an Islamic world order; an account of its presentation of the United States, Israel, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union; and reflection on the centrality of ideas in Hezbollah{\textquoteright}s rise and subsequent development.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {611513,
	title = {Review of Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam},
	journal = {Middle East Review},
	volume = {21},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {63-64},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {193286,
	title = {Arabistik and Arabism: The Passions of Martin Hartmann},
	journal = {Middle Eastern Studies},
	volume = {25},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {283-300},
	abstract = {A study of the role of the German Orientalist Martin Hartmann in advocating for the cause of Arab nationalism before the First World War, based in part on his private papers.},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4283314},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {6827,
	title = {La Mecque: la controverse du p{\`e}lerinage},
	journal = {Maghreb-Machrek},
	number = {122},
	year = {1988},
	month = {10/1988},
	pages = {38-52},
	abstract = {Juillet 1987: manifestation {\`a} la Mecque de p{\`e}lerins iraniens, reconstitution des faits {\`a} partir de versions contradictoires.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {6828,
	title = {La morale du Hizbollah et sa logique},
	journal = {Maghreb-Machrek},
	number = {119},
	year = {1988},
	month = {01/1988},
	pages = {39-60},
	abstract = {Comment la vision pr{\'e}sent{\'e}e par le Hizbollah d{\textquoteright}un nouveau Liban islamique s{\textquoteright}articule-t-elle sur la justification des moyens d{\textquoteright}action extraordinaires que ne peut {\^e}tre fond{\'e}e sur la seule efficacit{\'e} r{\'e}volutionnaire, mais doit aussi {\^e}tre conforme aux qui ne principes musulmans universels? Apr{\`e}s l{\textquoteright}examen de la structure peut du {\guillemotleft} parti de Dieu {\guillemotright} et la revue de ses principaux porte-parole, l{\textquoteright}article analyse en d{\'e}tail les justifications pr{\'e}sent{\'e}es de deux grands types d{\textquoteright}action : les op{\'e}rations suicide, les prises d{\textquoteright}otages et d{\'e}tournements d{\textquoteright}avions. Pour l{\textquoteright}instant, le premier d{\'e}bat est clos avec le d{\'e}veloppement d{\textquoteright}actions militaires classiques, le second traduit une difficult{\'e} croissante {\`a} justifier toutes les la formes de prises d{\textquoteright}otages, mais le succ{\`e}s de certaines op{\'e}rations, et les divisions au sein de la coalition comme le silence des autorit{\'e}s religieuses iraniennes emp{\^e}chent toute prise deposition d{\'e}finitive. Le Hizbollah demeurant convaincu que sa victoire finale r{\'e}soudra la crise libanaise, et {\'e}tant dans l{\textquoteright}impossibilit{\'e} d{\textquoteright}y parvenir par des moyens conventionnels, le d{\'e}bat en son sein n{\textquoteright}est pas pr{\^e}t de prendre fin.
La postface rappelle les grandes lignes de la rh{\'e}torique g{\'e}n{\'e}rale du cheikh Fadlallah et situe le d{\'e}bat moral dans la tension entre deux rationalit{\'e}s : strat{\'e}gique et {\'e}thico-juridique, dont les rapports constituent un dilemme ind{\'e}passable, sauf par la d{\'e}n{\'e}gation de son existence m{\^e}me.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@book {627094,
	title = {Shi{\textquoteright}ism, Resistance, and Revolution},
	year = {1987},
	note = {The book appeared in an unauthorized Persian translation under the title\&nbsp;تشیع، مقاومت و انقلاب in 1989-90. This is the source of the Persian translation of the editor{\textquoteright}s introduction.},
	pages = {324},
	publisher = {Westview Press},
	organization = {Westview Press},
	address = {Boulder, CO},
	abstract = {Shi{\textquoteright}i movements have developed highly original strategies of political action. These methods have had their greatest success in Iran but have inspired other Shi{\textquoteright}is, in both the Arab world and South Asia. The aim of this book is twoford: to assess the present situation of mainstream (Twelver) Shi{\textquoteright}ism in each part of this world and to measure the effect of Iran{\textquoteright}s Revolution throughout it. Proceedings of a conference held at Tel Aviv University in December 1984.\&nbsp;},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {25233,
	title = {Syria{\textquoteright}s Alawis and Shi{\textquoteright}ism},
	booktitle = {Shi{\textquoteright}ism, Resistance and Revolution},
	year = {1987},
	note = {The English pdf is the reprint from Kramer{\textquoteright}s collected volume Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival (1996). The Hebrew translation appeared in a collected volume published in 1991. The Persian translation appeared in a Persian translation of\&nbsp;Shi{\textquoteright}ism, Resistance, and Revolution, published in Tehran in 1989-90.},
	pages = {237-54},
	publisher = {Westview Press},
	organization = {Westview Press},
	address = {Boulder, CO},
	abstract = {An analysis of the effort by Syria{\textquoteright}s politically dominant Alawi minority to secure legitimation as Muslim, and the resistance to that effort by Syria{\textquoteright}s Sunni majority.},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {6213,
	title = {Review of William L. Cleveland, Islam Against the West: Shakib Arslan and the Campaign for Islamic Nationalism},
	journal = {Middle Eastern Studies},
	volume = {23},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	month = {10/1987},
	pages = {529-533},
	type = {Book Review},
	chapter = {529},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4283208},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {655598,
	title = {Muslim Statecraft and Subversion},
	booktitle = {Middle East Contemporary Survey 1983-84},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {158-82},
	publisher = {The Moshe Dayan Center},
	organization = {The Moshe Dayan Center},
	address = {Tel Aviv},
	abstract = {A survey of inter-Islamic affairs in 1983-84.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=t32OO3DkDikC\&lpg=PR1\&hl=en\&pg=PA158\&output=embed},
	author = {Martin Kramer},
	editor = {Haim Shaked and Daniel Dishon}
}
@book {4127,
	title = {Islam Assembled: The Advent of the Muslim Congresses},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {250},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Late in the 19th century, Muslims, separated by distance, language, and history, first thought to make their world whole by assembling in congress. "Islam Assembled" traces the roots of political activism in Islam as it took form in these gatherings. From the first fitful initiatives undertaken by a handful of Muslim cosmopolitans to the era when the West began to divest itself of its Muslim possessions and the need for the congresses diminished, "Islam Assembled" traces in detail this crucial but previously untold story.},
	isbn = {0231059949},
	url = {http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;idno=heb00904},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@magazinearticle {6217,
	title = {Review of Daniel Pipes, In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power},
	journal = {The American Spectator},
	year = {1984},
	month = {07/1984},
	pages = {38-40},
	type = {Book Review},
	url = {http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/in-the-path-of-god/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@inbook {6218,
	title = {Islam and Politics},
	booktitle = {Israel, the Middle East, and the Great Powers},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {98-110},
	publisher = {Shikmona},
	organization = {Shikmona},
	address = {Jerusalem},
	isbn = {9652870005},
	issn = {9652870005},
	url = {http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/islam-and-politics/},
	author = {Martin Kramer and Israel Stockman-Shomron}
}
@magazinearticle {627176,
	title = {הממסד הדתי המצרי במשבר},
	journal = {משטר ואופוזיציה במצים},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {93{\textendash}112},
	publisher = {הקיבוץ המאוחד},
	address = {תל{\textendash}אביב},
	abstract = {על הממסד הדתי במצרים הוטל התפקיד של התמודדות בקיצוניות. הכשל בתיפקודו התגלה ברצח סאדאת ב{\textendash}1981, אבל שורשיו היו ידועים עוד קודם.},
	author = {מרטין קרמר}
}
@article {6215,
	title = {Arabs Against Themselves (book review)},
	journal = {Commentary},
	volume = {74},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	month = {July 1982},
	pages = {86-88},
	type = {Book Review},
	abstract = {Martin Kramer reviews Fouad Ajami{\textquoteright}s book The Arab Predicament.\&nbsp;},
	issn = {0010-2601},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {6216,
	title = {Shaykh Maraghi{\textquoteright}s Mission to the Hijaz, 1925},
	journal = {Asian and African Studies},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	month = {03/1982},
	pages = {121-136},
	chapter = {121},
	abstract = {An account of how Shaykh Mustafa al-Maraghi, acting at the impetus of the King of Egypt, sought to establish Egypt{\textquoteright}s hold over the Hijaz. Based on documents in Egyptian state archives.},
	issn = {0066-8281},
	url = {http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/shaykh-maraghis-mission-to-the-hijaz-1925/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {69896,
	title = {What Happened in Iran (book review)},
	journal = {Commentary},
	volume = {71},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	month = {Jan 1981},
	pages = {78-80},
	abstract = {A review of the last Shah of Iran{\textquoteright}s memoirs, Answer to History, and Barry Rubin{\textquoteright}s Paved with Good Intentions.},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
@article {6214,
	title = {Egypt{\textquoteright}s Royal Archives, 1922-1952},
	journal = {American Research Center in Egypt Newsletter},
	number = {113},
	year = {1980},
	month = {1980},
	pages = {19-21},
	chapter = {19},
	url = {http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/egypts-royal-archives-1922-1952/},
	author = {Martin Kramer}
}
