%0 Journal Article %J Middle East Quarterly %D 2022 %T Twin Towers and Ivory Towers, 20 Years Later %A Martin Kramer %X The author revisits his book Ivory Towers on Sand  on the 20th anniversary of its publication, and assesses the current state of Middle Eastern studies. %B Middle East Quarterly %V 29 %P 1-7 %G eng %U https://www.meforum.org/63036/twin-towers-and-ivory-towers-20-years-later %N 2 %0 Web Page %D 2021 %T Why the Israeli Declaration of Independence Is So Popular %A Martin Kramer %X A response to comments on the seven-part series on Israel's declaration of independence.  %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/israel-zionism/2021/11/why-the-israeli-declaration-of-independence-is-so-popular/ %N November 29 %0 Web Page %D 2021 %T How Israel’s Declaration of Independence Became Its Constitution %A Martin Kramer %X

Israel's proclamation of independence promised a convening within six months of a “constituent assembly” charged with drawing up a constitution. But because of the war and then postwar politics, this never happened. A proclamation that was never meant to serve as the basis of law became a kind of quasi-constitution, retroactively vested with legal standing. Has the proclamation  stood up to this test? Is it really the ultimate bulwark of the Jewish and democratic state?

Seventh part of a seven-part series. 

%B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/israel-zionism/2021/11/how-israels-declaration-of-independence-became-its-constitution/ %N November 1 %0 Web Page %D 2021 %T Whose Rights Did Israel Recognize in 1948? %A Martin Kramer %X

It is often assumed that Israel's proclamation of independence declares Israel to be a Jewish and democratic state. In fact, the word “democratic” doesn’t appear in the text. The omission wasn’t just a matter of carelessness. The word appeared in earlier drafts but was then deleted. Why? Do other passages, establishing the equality of all Israel’s citizens, effectively enshrine the state’s democratic character? 

And what of individual rights? Israel’s proclamation, like America’s, justifies the establishment of the state in terms of its pledge to uphold the rights of its prospective citizens. But in the proclamation, all but one reference to rights is to the collective rights of the Jewish people. What does that say about how the founders understood rights?

Sixth part of a seven-part series.

%B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/09/whose-rights-did-israel-recognize-in-1948/ %N September 23 %0 Web Page %D 2021 %T Did the UN Create Israel? %A Martin Kramer %X

How did Israel’s founders express in words the legitimate claim of the Jews to statehood? What was the mix of biblical, historical and legal claims put forward in the text? And why were some kinds of claims preferred over others? 

In particular, how much significance should be attached to the issue of international legitimacy? The proclamation refers six times to the United Nations, mostly in connection with UN General Assembly resolution 181, recommending the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states. To what purpose? And did the proclamation reject an Arab state in Eretz-Israel?

Fifth part of a seven-part series.

%B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/08/did-the-un-create-israel/?print %N August 10 %0 Web Page %D 2021 %T Did Israel’s Founders Declare a Secular State? %A Martin Kramer %X

If readers are familiar with any aspect of the proclamation’s composition, it is the dispute over whether or not to mention God. The debate was famously resolved by this compromise formula: “Placing our trust in Tsur Yisrael”—the “Rock of Israel,” an ambiguous term—“we affix our signatures to this proclamation.”

But other passages in the proclamation also required that choices be made about the role of divine promise in the rights of the Jewish people to the land. In general, the earliest drafts made the most references to God; with each successive draft, the number shrank, eventually reaching none. So is is the proclamation a secular document? 

Fourth part of a seven-part series.

%B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/07/did-israels-founders-declare-a-secular-state/ %N July 20 %0 Web Page %D 2021 %T Why Israel Is Called Israel and Not Judea %A Martin Kramer %X

Who declared the state of Israel? By what authority, in whose name? The entity being declared was “a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel,” but what did “Jewish state” mean to those who wrote the proclamation? What does its name, Israel, reveal about the identity of the new state? If there were other alternatives—and there were—why was this name ultimately preferred? 

Third part of a seven-part series.

%B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/06/why-israel-is-called-israel-and-not-judea/ %N June 10 %0 Web Page %D 2021 %T Three Weeks in May: How the Israeli Declaration of Independence Came Together %A Martin Kramer %X

Over the past two decades, the complicated history of the drafting of the proclamation has been established by comparison of the drafts. This article outlines the key stages in the drafting, each of which saw major changes in the text. It is also important to know who, up to and including David Ben-Gurion, made which changes.

Second part of a seven-part series.

%B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/05/three-weeks-in-may-how-the-israeli-declaration-of-independence-came-together/ %N May 19 %0 Web Page %D 2021 %T The Most Significant Document Composed by Jew since Antiquity %A Martin Kramer %X

Israel was born in the Art Museum on Rothschild Avenue in Tel Aviv on the afternoon of Friday, May 14, 1948. This article brings that day to life, culminating in the reading of the proclamation of independence by David Ben-Gurion, and the signing by members of the People’s Council. The full text is introduced, as is its traditional division into parts, via the official translation.

First part of a seven-part series.

%B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/04/the-most-significant-document-composed-by-jews-since-antiquity/ %N April 14 %0 Web Page %D 2021 %T The Tel Hai Paradox %A Martin Kramer %X In the history of Israel, only the political heirs of Ze’ev Jabotinsky have dismantled Jewish settlements. This paradox is traced back to Jabotinsky’s debate with David Ben-Gurion over Tel Hai in 1920. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/israel-zionism/2021/08/the-tel-hai-paradox/ %N August 23 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Middle Eastern Politics and Policy %D 2021 %T Kissinger, Kerry, Kushner: Making and Missing Peace in the Middle East %A Martin Kramer %X An assessment of the Abraham Accords, and their place in the history of Arab-Israeli peacemaking, for the student journal of the Harvard Kennedy School. %B Journal of Middle Eastern Politics and Policy %P 44-47 %G eng %U https://jmepp.hkspublications.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2021/04/JMEPP-2021-Full-2.pdf %0 Journal Article %J Israel Affairs %D 2021 %T The unspoken purpose of the academic boycott %A Martin Kramer %X The academic boycott of Israel, ostensibly targeting Israeli academe, is actually meant to isolate and stigmatise Jewish academics in America. It serves the aim of pushing Jewish academics out of shrinking disciplines, where Jews are believed to be ‘over-represented.’ That is how diehard supporters of the Palestinians find academic allies who have no professional interest in Palestine, in fields like American studies or English literature. %B Israel Affairs %V 27 %P 27-33 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2021.1864846 %N 1 %0 Web Page %D 2020 %T Did the San Remo Conference Advance or Undermine the Prospects for a Jewish State? %A Martin Kramer %X The claim has been made that the San Remo agreement of 1920 is “the best proof that the whole country of Palestine and the Land of Israel belongs exclusively to the Jewish people under international law.” This essay criticizes the thesis. It includes a subsequent exchange with legal scholar Eugene Kontorovich. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2020/12/did-the-san-remo-conference-advance-or-undermine-the-prospects-for-a-jewish-state/ %N December 1 %0 Web Page %D 2020 %T Saudi Arabia and Ajami's Way %A Martin Kramer %X An assessment of Fouad Ajami's posthumously published book on Saudi Arabia, Crosswinds. %B Caravan %G eng %U https://www.hoover.org/research/saudi-arabia-and-ajamis-way %N October 29 (issue 2028) %0 Web Page %D 2020 %T The Parallel Lives of David Ben-Gurion and Abdullah bin Hussein %A Martin Kramer %X Born within four years of each other, David Ben-Gurion and Abdullah bin Hussein emerged out of the same political womb to forge Israel and Jordan in battle. An examination of the parallels in their lives. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2020/11/the-parallel-lives-of-david-ben-gurion-and-abdullah-bin-hussein/ %N November 17 %0 Web Page %D 2020 %T Was the Balfour Declaration a Colonial Document? %A Martin Kramer %X A comparison of the Balfour Declaration to other colonial documents demonstrates that it belongs rather to the age of public diplomacy and the 20th century world of “open covenants.” %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2020/10/was-the-balfour-declaration-a-colonial-document/ %N October 28 %0 Web Page %D 2020 %T The West Bank Was Annexed Once Before. It Ended in Regret. %A Martin Kramer %X Jordan annexed the West Bank in 1950. It had ten advantages that Israel doesn't enjoy today as Israel ponders annexation. But Jordan's "unification" still ended in regret. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/israel-zionism/2020/06/kramer-the-west-bank-was-annexed-once-before-it-ended-in-regrets/ %N June 25 %0 Web Page %D 2020 %T The Truth of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann %A Martin Kramer %X Sixty years ago, the architect of the final solution was abducted in Argentina and brought to Israel. What really happened, what did Hollywood make up, and why?  %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/history-ideas/2020/06/the-truth-of-the-capture-of-adolf-eichmann/ %N June 1 %0 Web Page %D 2020 %T 1948: Why the Name Israel? %A Martin Kramer %X Israel's name was chosen by a process of elimination on May 12, 1948. The article explains the alternatives that were considered, and why they were ruled out. %B Times of Israel %G eng %U https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/1948-why-the-name-israel/ %N April 27 %0 Web Page %D 2020 %T What "Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-Stricken in Jaffa" Teaches About Our Own Plague-Stricken Time %A Martin Kramer %X A famous and sorely misunderstood painting of Napoleon touching plague victims in Palestine illuminates the current moment. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/history-ideas/2020/04/what-bonaparte-visiting-the-plague-stricken-in-jaffa-teaches-about-our-own-plague-stricken-time/ %N April 21 %0 Web Page %D 2020 %T Ben-Gurion's Army: How the IDF Came into Being (and Almost Didn't) %A Martin Kramer %X On the eve of Israel's statehood in 1948, with the massed forces of five Arab nations threatening invasion, David Ben-Gurion picked a fight with his own army.  %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/israel-zionism/2020/02/ben-gurions-private-plan/ %N February 3 %0 Web Page %D 2019 %T What Did (and Didn't) Happen in Room 16 of the American Colony Hotel %A Martin Kramer %X Room 16 of the American Colony Hotel is reputedly where the Oslo process began, between Israel and the PLO. It isn't, but it was a milepost on the "road not taken," between Israel and the "inside" West Bank leadership personified by Faisal Husseini. A look at the forgotten alternative to Oslo, inspired by the author's own stay in Room 16. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2019/12/what-did-and-didnt-happen-in-room-16-of-the-american-colony-hotel/ %N December 16 %0 Web Page %D 2019 %T The Balfour Declaration and the Jewish Threat that Made Britain Honor It %A Martin Kramer %X An appraisal of the way Zionist leaders, above all Chaim Weizmann, tried to hold Britain to its Balfour Declaration commitment by emphasizing the dangers of mass Jewish migration after the First World War. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2019/10/the-balfour-declaration-and-the-jewish-threat-that-made-britain-honor-it/ %N October 31 %0 Web Page %D 2019 %T Seven Black Swans in the Middle East %A Martin Kramer %X From the Yom Kippur War to the Arab Spring, events considered impossible happen in the Middle East with unusual frequency. Here are seven; when will the eighth appear? %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/politics-current-affairs/2019/09/seven-black-swans-in-the-middle-east/ %N September 24 %0 Report %D 2019 %T The King is Dead? Does it Matter? %A Martin Kramer %X The Washington Institute has sponsored a series of discussions about sudden succession in the Middle East. Each session focuses on scenarios that might unfold if a specific ruler or leader departed the scene tomorrow. This essay sets the scene by asking whether a major leader’s departure is necessarily history-changing. Martin Kramer examines past cases of unexpected departures of twentieth-century regional leaders, in Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia. He suggests that the impact depends mostly on where the hand of fate interrupts the leader’s career. Paradoxically, the more successful a leader has been in realizing his larger goals, the less consequential his exit. %I The Washington Institute for Near East Policy %C Washington, DC %G eng %U https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-king-is-dead-does-it-matter %0 Web Page %D 2019 %T Where MLK Really Stood on Israel and the Palestinians %A Martin Kramer %X Why did MLK not condemn Israel’s actions in the twenty years between 1948 and 1968, at a time when Israel stood repeatedly in the dock? And why didn’t he say anything about the Palestinian “plight,” especially as he got a high-level tutorial on the subject during a visit to East Jerusalem in 1959? An exploration of possible influences, from Reinhold Neibuhr to King's own personal experience. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2019/03/where-mlk-really-stood-on-israel-and-the-palestinians/ %N March 13 %0 Book Section %B Routledge Handbook on Israeli Security %D 2018 %T Towards a Middle East Regional Security Regime? %A Martin Kramer %E Stuart A. Cohen %E Aharon Klieman %X A survey of the past history of efforts to create a regional security order in the Middle East. Israel has always sought its security through major ties with centers of power outside the region. The article examines the logic for this approach, and assesses prospects that this might change. %B Routledge Handbook on Israeli Security %I Routledge %C London and New York %P 249-57 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J The Journal of the Middle East and Africa %D 2018 %T The Three Wars of Bernard Lewis %A Martin Kramer %X The career of Bernard Lewis was punctuated by three wars: World War II, the Cold War, and what he himself called “the crisis of Islam.” The article seeks to demonstrate that for Lewis, these wars formed a continuum, the common thread being the struggle to defend freedom and democracy against the forces of tyranny. %B The Journal of the Middle East and Africa %V 9 %P 239-245 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2018.1513228 %N 3 %0 Web Page %D 2018 %T How True is 'The Crown' on the Suez Cover-Up? %A Martin Kramer %X The Netflix series The Crown includes a scene depicting British prime minister Anthony Eden nearly misleading Queen Elizabeth about the role of Israel in the 1956 Suez "collusion." The author considers whether the depiction is accurate. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2018/03/how-true-is-the-crown-on-the-suez-cover-up/ %N March 1 %0 Web Page %D 2018 %T The May 1948 Vote That Made the State of Israel %A Martin Kramer %X An analysis of the proceedings of the People's Administration, culminating in a decisive vote not to specify Israel's borders in its declaration of independence of May 14, 1948. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2018/04/the-may-1948-vote-that-made-the-state-of-israel/ %N April 2 %0 Book Section %B Anti-Zionism on Campus: The University, Free Speech, and BDS %D 2018 %T A Controversy at Harvard %A Martin Kramer %E Andrew Pessin %E Doron S. Ben-Atar %X A review of the Harvard aspects of a 2010 controversy that followed remarks on Gaza made by the author at a conference in Israel. %B Anti-Zionism on Campus: The University, Free Speech, and BDS %I Indiana University Press %C Bloomington, Indiana %P 151-162 %G eng %0 Web Page %D 2018 %T The Conflicted Legacy of Bernard Lewis %A Martin Kramer %X Bernard Lewis, historian of the Middle East, was widely misunderstood. But no other person in our time has done as much to inform and influence the West's view of the Islamic world and the Middle East. %B Foreign Affairs (website) %G eng %U https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2018-06-07/conflicted-legacy-bernard-lewis %N June 7 %0 Magazine Article %D 2017 %T میراث ادوارد سعید و وضع مطالعات خاورمیانه در آمریکا %A مارتین کریمر %X

 نقادی ادوارد سعید از شرق‌شناسی هم نظام آموزشی دانشگاه‌های آمریکا را تحت تأثیر قرار داد هم نظام اداری آن‌ها را. بخش نگاهِ ماه شماره هشتم بدین موضوع می‌پردازد، از جمله در مصاحبه با مارتین کریمر، استادِ مطالعات خاورمیانه و شاگرد برنارد لوئیس که از ناقدان نامدار سعید شناخته می‌شود. به علاوه، گزارشِی از تحولات عمده چند دهه اخیر در منابع مالی نهادهای آموزشی و پژوهشی آمریکا که راه را بر نفوذ دولت‌های غیردموکراتیک عربی گشوده است.

%B مجله قلمرو %V دی۱۳۹۶ %P ۸۵-۷۸ %G eng %N شماره هشتم %0 Web Page %D 2017 %T The Fantasy of an International Jerusalem %A Martin Kramer %X In 1917, over a lunch, the internationalization of Jerusalem became irrelevant—and it remains so. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2017/12/the-fantasy-of-an-international-jerusalem/ %N December 28 %0 Web Page %D 2017 %T Who Saved Israel in 1947? %A Martin Kramer %X A reexamination of the crucial yet overlooked role of the Soviet Union in the UN recommendation to partition Palestine in 1947. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2017/11/who-saved-israel-in-1947/ %N November 6 %0 Web Page %D 2017 %T The Forgotten Truth about the Balfour Declaration %A Martin Kramer %X The author revisits the making of the 1917 Balfour Declaration, and demonstrates that the Lloyd George government only issued it after receiving the prior approval of other Allied governments. The role of Zionist diplomat Nahum Sokolow is given particular attention. %B Mosaic Magazine %G eng %U https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2017/06/the-forgotten-truth-about-the-balfour-declaration/ %N June 5 %0 Web Page %D 2016 %T Setting the Record Straight on Israel (interview) %A Martin Kramer %X An interview with Martin Kramer by Lee Smith, on publication of Kramer's book The War on Error. %B The Weekly Standard %G eng %U https://www.weeklystandard.com/lee-smith/setting-the-record-straight-on-israel %N November 7 %0 Book Section %B The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %D 2016 %T In the Words of Martin Luther King %A Martin Kramer %X

“When people criticize Zionists, they mean Jews. You’re talking anti-Semitism!” Martin Luther King was supposed to have said this at a dinner party in Cambridge, Massachusetts, shortly before his death. Critics claimed he could not have said this because he could not be placed in Cambridge at the time. They thus insinuated that the quote must have been invented by Harvard’s Seymour Martin Lipset, who reported it. The author relies on King’s papers to establish a firm address, host, date, and time for the dinner. But he also bring evidence (from FBI wiretaps) of King’s profound ambivalence about Israel’s 1967 victory. King supported Israel’s right to exist, but he thought Israel would have to disgorge its military conquests.

%B The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %I Transaction Publishers %C New Brunswick, NJ and London %P 254-67 %G eng %0 Book Section %B The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %D 2016 %T The Exodus Conspiracy %A Martin Kramer %X

The author examines the oft-repeated claim that the famous 1958 novel Exodus by Leon Uris was set in motion by a scheming New York advertising man, and not by Uris himself. Through the testimony of witnesses who were there, the author shows that this is untrue.

%B The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %I Transaction Publishers %C New Brunswick, NJ and London %P 245-52 %G eng %0 Book Section %B The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %D 2016 %T The Shifting Sands of Academe %A Martin Kramer %X

Martin Kramer looks back upon the writing of his book Ivory Towers on Sand (2001)recalls his intentions, identifies what he sees as the book’s merits and shortcomings, and assesses its reception.

%B The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %I Transaction Publishers %C New Brunswick, NJ and London %P 9-17 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Foreign Affairs %D 2016 %T Israel and the Post-American Middle East: Why the Status Quo is Sustainable %A Martin Kramer %X

Conventional wisdom holds that the Israeli-Palestinian status quo is "unsustainable." Yet it has been remarkably resilent in the face of the distruptive changes sweeping the Middle East. This article explains why the status quo has been so durable, and why it is likely to endure in the future.

%B Foreign Affairs %V 95 %P 51-56 %8 Jul 2016 %G eng %U https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-06-08/israel-and-post-american-middle-east %N 4 %0 Conference Paper %B Ninth Annual Conference of the Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA) %D 2016 %T The Pathology of Middle Eastern Studies %A Martin Kramer %B Ninth Annual Conference of the Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA) %C Washington, DC %8 2016 %G eng %U https://vimeo.com/191273192 %0 Book Section %B Lines That Bind: 100 Years of Sykes-Picot %D 2016 %T Repairing Sykes-Picot %A Martin Kramer %E Andrew J. Tabler %X

A century after Sykes-Picot, much confusion reigns about its actual legacy. Some of its provisions faded into history, but a few have persisted. This article looks at what has lasted and what has not, and asks whether it should be dismantled or repaired.

%B Lines That Bind: 100 Years of Sykes-Picot %I The Washington Institute for Near East Policy %C Washington, DC %P 79-85 %G eng %U http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-lines-that-bind-100-years-of-sykes-picot %0 Web Page %D 2016 %T How Independent is Israel? %A Martin Kramer %X

Israel in its early years built the foundations of its national security in defiance of the United States. Israel's growing dependence on the United States since 1967 has eroded its freedom of action, posing a question of whether it will be able to act decisively should its future leaders wish to do so.

%B Mosaic Magazine %8 18 May 2016 %G eng %U http://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2016/05/how-independent-is-israel/ %N May 18 %0 Web Page %D 2016 %T The Return of Bernard Lewis %A Martin Kramer %X

On the 100th birthday of Bernard Lewis, his student and friend Martin Kramer recalls Lewis's prescience in his 1976 article "The Return of Islam," and situates it in the great historian's vision of the relationship between Islam and the West. The follow-up, "The Master Historian of the Middle East," responds to respondents, and adds further insights.

%B Mosaic Magazine %8 1 June 2016 %G eng %U http://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2016/06/the-return-of-bernard-lewis/ %N June 1 %0 Web Page %D 2016 %T Sykes-Picot and the Zionists %A Martin Kramer %X

Many believe that the 1916 Anglo-French partition of the Ottoman Empire, known as the Sykes-Picot agreement, was a precursor to the Balfour Declaration. To the contrary: Zionists regarded it as "fatal" to their plans, and they worked to undermine it. The Balfour Declaration negated Sykes-Picot, and superseded it.

%B The American Interest (internet) %8 19 May 2016 %G eng %U http://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/05/19/sykes-picot-and-the-zionists/ %N May 19 %0 Book %D 2016 %T The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %A Martin Kramer %X

In The War on Error, historian and political analyst Martin Kramer presents a series of case studies, some based on pathfinding research and others on provocative analysis, that correct misinformation clouding the public’s understanding of the Middle East. He also offers a forensic exploration of how misinformation arises and becomes “fact.”

The book is divided into five themes: Orientalism and Middle Eastern studies, a prime casualty of the culture wars; Islamism, massively misrepresented by apologists; Arab politics, a generator of disappointing surprises; Israeli history, manipulated by reckless revisionists; and American Jews and Israel, the subject of irrational fantasies. Kramer shows how error permeates the debate over each of these themes, creating distorted images that cause policy failures.

Kramer approaches questions in the spirit of a relentless fact-checker. Did Israeli troops massacre Palestinian Arabs in Lydda in July 1948? Was the bestseller Exodus hatched by an advertising executive? Did Martin Luther King, Jr., describe anti-Zionism as antisemitism? Did a major post-9/11 documentary film deliberately distort the history of Islam? Did Israel push the United States into the Iraq War? Kramer also questions paradigms—the “Arab Spring,” the map of the Middle East, and linkage. Along the way, he amasses new evidence, exposes carelessness, and provides definitive answers.

%I Transaction Publishers %C New Brunswick, NJ and London %P 311 pages %8 2016 %G eng %U http://amzn.to/29nUqVv %0 Book Section %B The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %D 2016 %T Shabtai Teveth and the Whole Truth %A Martin Kramer %X

The author recalls his long friendship with the late Shabtai Teveth, renowned journalist and the biographer of David Ben-Gurion. Teveth, largely unknown to younger readers, may have been the first to challenge the excesses of the “new historians," and his work deserves to be rediscovered.

 

%B The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %I Transaction Publishers %C New Brunswick, NJ and London %P 219-24 %8 20 Jan, 2015 %G eng %0 Book Section %B The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %D 2016 %T Fouad Ajami Goes to Israel %A Martin Kramer %X

Much maligned for his truth-telling about Arab political culture, Fouad Ajami became the bête noire of the Middle East studies establishment. Some went so far as to call him “pro-Israel,” even a “Likudnik.” The author knew Ajami from his student days, and often assisted him on his visits to Israel. The article sets the record straight on Israel in Ajami’s worldview.

%B The War on Error: Israel, Islam, and the Middle East %I Transaction Publishers %C New Brunswick, NJ and London %P 283-89 %8 8 Jan, 2015 %G eng %U http://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2015/01/fouad-ajami-goes-to-israel/ %0 Journal Article %J MERIA Journal %D 2015 %T Barry Rubin's Legacy and the Study of U. S. Middle East Policy %A Martin Kramer %X

Martin Kramer's address at the inauguration of the Rubin Center at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel is devoted to a discussion of Barry Rubin's view of U.S. policy in the Middle East, especially under the Obama administration. The relationship between the administration's ideological commitments and more traditional foreign policy realism is explored.

%B MERIA Journal %V 19 %P 63-68 %G eng %N 1 %0 Magazine Article %D 2015 %T Barry Rubin's Improbable Journey %A Martin Kramer %X

Barry Rubin, analyst of the Middle East, followed an improbable journey, from a radical of the 1960s American left, to a hard-nosed Israeli critic of Arab politics and U.S. policy. Martin Kramer recalls his long friendship with Rubin, and traces the stages in his evolution as an intellect and scholar.

%B Commentary %8 3 Feb, 2015 %G eng %U https://www.commentarymagazine.com/foreign-policy/middle-east/israel/barry-rubins-improbable-journey/ %0 Web Page %D 2015 %T Who Censored the Six-Day War? %A Martin Kramer %X

The Israeli documentary film Censored Voices purports to uncover damaging testimonies of war crimes dating back to the June 1967 Six-Day War, massively censored by the Israeli military. Martin Kramer looks critically at the evidence, and finds that the claim is a fabrication.

%B Mosaic Magazine %8 July 2015 %G eng %U http://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2015/07/who-censored-the-six-day-war/ %N July 6 %0 Magazine Article %D 2014 %T Beware an Alliance of the Weak %A Martin Kramer %X

In a changing Middle East, some argue that Israel should align itself with the region's minorities. Martin Kramer warns against the reliance on the weakest elements in the region, which are more likely to drain Israeli power than enhance it.

%B Mosaic Magazine %8 19 Jan, 2014 %G eng %U http://mosaicmagazine.com/response/2014/01/alliance-of-the-weak/ %0 Magazine Article %D 2014 %T Gaza = Auschwitz %A Martin Kramer %X

The spread of the Gaza-Auschwitz analogy from the extremist fringe to the faculty of a prestigious American university suggests that one variety of hate speech has achieved respectability.

%B Mosaic Magazine %8 26 Aug 2014 %G eng %U http://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2014/08/gaza-equals-auschwitz/ %0 Book Section %B Nationalism, Identity and Politics: Israel and the Middle East. Studies in Honor of Prof. Asher Susser %D 2014 %T

Anwar Sadat's Visit to Jerusalem, 1955

%A Martin Kramer %E Bruce Maddy-Weizman %E Meir Litvak %X

Anwar Sadat's 1977 visit to Jerusalem was considered an unprecedented breakthrough. But for Sadat himself, this was his second visit to the city. In 1955, he made a one-day visit to Jordanian East Jerusalem, including prayer at the Aqsa Mosque, as secretary of the Cairo-based Islamic Congress. Sadat used the visit to undermine efforts to bring Jordan into the Baghdad Pact, and to counter the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan and especially Jerusalem. The article covers the visit, primarily on the basis of East Jerusalem newspaper reports, and reconstructs its various contexts.

%B Nationalism, Identity and Politics: Israel and the Middle East. Studies in Honor of Prof. Asher Susser %I The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies %C Tel Aviv %P 29-41 %G eng %0 Web Page %D 2014 %T What Happened at Lydda %A Martin Kramer %X

Martin Kramer's critique of the chapter "Lydda, 1948" in Ari Shavit's bestselling book My Promised Land, including responses by Efraim Karsh and Benny Morris. The debate focuses on whether there was an Israeli massacre of Palestinian Arabs following the conquest of Lydda in July 1948.

%B Mosaic Magazine %8 July 2014 %G eng %U http://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2014/07/what-happened-at-lydda/ %N July 1 %0 Web Page %D 2014 %T

35 Years After the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty

%A Martin Kramer %X

Parallels in the lives of Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin may have been crucial in the making of Egyptian-Israeli peace.

%B Commentary %G eng %U http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/thirty-five-years-after-the-peace-treaty/ %0 Web Page %D 2013 %T

Boycott Me. Please

%A Martin Kramer %X

As president of an Israeli college, Martin Kramer would rather face the anti-Israel academic boycott than forfeit his integrity. Published at Foreign Policy on December 19, 2013.

%B Foreign Policy %G eng %U http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/12/19/boycott_me_please %0 Web Page %D 2013 %T

Chuck Hagel and Linkage

%A Martin Kramer %X

An examination of Chuck Hagel's interactions with Arab and Israeli leaders, as reflected in U.S. diplomatic dispatches preserved in WikiLeaks.

%B The Weekly Standard %G eng %U http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/chuck-hagel-and-linkage_695423.html %0 Report %D 2011 %T Rules of Engagement: How Government Can Leverage Academe %A Martin Kramer %X

For almost two generations, major parts of academe have been alienated from America's exercise of power due to entrenched ideological differences with the federal government. Following President Obama's election, however, signs of a remarkable shift emerged, with more academics serving in policy positions, huddling with top officials behind closed doors, and otherwise extolling the virtues of "soft" or "smart" power. How can Washington take advantage of this once-in-a-generation opportunity to create more structured and effective partnerships with universities?

In this Policy Focus, Dr. Martin Kramer surveys the state of government-academe relations ten years after his bestselling book Ivory Towers dissected "the failure of Middle Eastern studies in America." Intended as a short field manual for government engagement with professors, deans, and university presidents, the paper describes how policymakers can better wield three of academia's most important levers: the clout inherent in peer review, the influence conferred by academic endowments, and the access created by sharing information despite the need to keep some of it classified.

%I The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy %C Washington, DC %G eng %U http://washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=346 %0 Report %D 2009 %T

How Not to Fix the Middle East

%A Martin Kramer %X

The Obama administration is undercutting its own ambitious agenda, by signaling that the United States has lost some of its weight in world affairs. The “post-American” rhetoric of liberal internationalists and realists is setting off a scramble for advantage among the “middle powers” of the Middle East. Originally a lecture delivered on November 16, 2009, to the Columbia University International Relations Forum (CUIRF).

%B Middle East Strategy at Harvard (MESH) %I Middle East Strategy at Harvard (MESH) %C Cambridge, MA %8 12/07 %G eng %U http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/files/2009/12/obama_kramer.pdf %0 Book Section %B Iran's Race for Regional Supremacy %D 2008 %T Hamas: 'Glocal' Islamism %A Martin Kramer %X

Hamas is often presented as an variety of Palestinian nationalism. This underestimates its Islamic and pan-Islamic dimension.

%B Iran's Race for Regional Supremacy %I Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs %C Jerusalem %P 68-73 %G eng %U http://jcpa.org/article/irans-race-for-regional-supremacy-strategic-implications-for-the-middle-east/ %0 Journal Article %J The Sydney Papers %D 2006 %T Hamas, Hezbollah and Iran: The Challenges for Israel and the West %A Martin Kramer %X A survey of the threats posed by both movements to the stability of the Middle East and the interests of Israel and the West. A lecture delivered by Martin Kramer at the Sydney Institute June 6, 2006. %B The Sydney Papers %V 18 %P 19-27 %G eng %N 3-4 %0 Magazine Article %D 2006 %T

The Israeli-Islamist War

%A Martin Kramer %X

The Israeli-Arab and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts have been transcended by the Israeli-Islamist conflict. The 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war may be the first such conflict of many.

%B Occasional Papers Series, Middle East Program, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars %P 8-10 %G eng %N Fall 2006 %0 Journal Article %J Azure %D 2006 %T The American Interest %A Martin Kramer %X

American support for Israel isn't only based on shared values and a sense of mutual obligation. It has a firm foundation in interests, in the most realist calculation.

%B Azure %P 21-33 %8 2006 %G eng %U http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=41 %N 26 %0 Book Section %B Democracy, Islam and the Middle East %D 2005 %T Islam and Islamism: Western Attitudes Since 9/11 %A Martin Kramer %E Amnon Cohen %X An exploration of the Western failings of interpretation of the events of 9/11 and their origins. %B Democracy, Islam and the Middle East %I The Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem %C Jerusalem %P 63-70 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Middle East Quarterly %D 2003 %T

Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists?

%A Martin Kramer %X The evolution of terms used in the West to describe the role of Islam in politics. %B Middle East Quarterly %V 10 %P 65-77 %G eng %U http://www.meforum.org/541/coming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists %N 2 %0 Conference Proceedings %B An Agenda for Action: The 2002 Doha Conference on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World %D 2003 %T Inclusion or Exclusion? Islamism in Politics %A Martin Kramer %A The Saban Center %X

An argument against inclusion of Islamist actors in liberalizing settings in the Arab world.

%B An Agenda for Action: The 2002 Doha Conference on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World %I Brookings Institution %C Washington, DC %P 41-44 %8 10/19/2002 %G eng %2 10/21/2002 %0 Journal Article %J Middle East Quarterly %D 2003 %T Policy and the Academy: An Illicit Relationship? %A Martin Kramer %X

An inquiry into the views of the late Elie Kedourie on the relationship between academe and the making of foreign policy.

%B Middle East Quarterly %V 10 %P 65-73 %8 2003 %G eng %U http://www.meforum.org/521/policy-and-the-academy-an-illicit-relationship %N 1 %0 Book Section %B Middle East Contemporary Survey 1999 %D 2001 %T The Middle East in 1999: Changing Guard %A Martin Kramer %E Bruce Maddy-Weitzman %X A summary of events in the Middle East in 1999. %B Middle East Contemporary Survey 1999 %I The Moshe Dayan Center %C Tel Aviv %V 23 %P 5-15 %G eng %U https://books.google.co.il/books?id=zs57d0logH8C&lpg=PA5&hl=en&pg=PA5&output=embed&redir_esc=y %0 Book %D 2001 %T Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America %A Martin Kramer %X

For the past twenty years, Middle Eastern studies in America have been factories of error. The academics, blinded by their own prejudices and enslaved to the fashions of the disciplines, have failed to anticipate or explain any of the major developments in the Middle East. Within the field, hardly a voice dares to protest, but beyond it, each debacle chips away at academic's credibility. Middle Eastern studies have failed--at a time when understanding the Middle East has become crucial to America. In this iconoclastic exposé, Martin Kramer surveys the ruins of Middle Eastern studies, to ask how and why they went wrong. Ivory Towers on Sand is the most thorough critique of Middle Eastern studies ever published in the United States--and a necessary step toward their reconstruction.

%I The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy %C Washington, DC %P 137 %@ 0944029493 %G eng %U https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/ivory-towers-on-sand-the-failure-of-middle-eastern-studies-in-america %L DS61.9.U6 K73 2001 %0 Book Section %B Middle East Contemporary Survey 1997 %D 2000 %T The Middle East in 1997: Soft Coups for Hard Times %A Martin Kramer %E Bruce Maddy-Weitzman %X A summary of events in the Middle East in 1997. %B Middle East Contemporary Survey 1997 %I Westview Press %C Boulder, CO %V 21 %P 5-21 %G eng %U http://books.google.com/books?id=apppcsNcrWUC&lpg=PP1&hl=en&pg=PA5&output=embed %0 Book Section %B Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing %D 1999 %T Bernard Lewis %A Martin Kramer %X An encyclopedia entry outlining the contribution of Bernard Lewis to the history-writing of the Middle East. %B Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing %I Fitzroy Dearborn %C London %V 1 %P 719-720 %G eng %0 Book Section %B The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing %D 1999 %T Elie Kedourie %A Martin Kramer %X

A short account of the life and career of Elie Kedourie, historian of the Middle East.

%B The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing %I Fitzroy Dearborn %C London %V 1 %P 637-38 %G eng %U http://martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/elie-kedourie/ %0 Book Section %B The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis %D 1999 %T The Road from Mecca: Muhammad Asad (born Leopold Weiss) %A Martin Kramer %X

A study of Muhammad Asad, a European Jewish convert to Islam, who played a prominent role in mid-20th-century Muslim intellectual life, as a thinker and Qur'an translator. The study places him in his political context, with some emphasis on the impact of his Jewish origins.

%B The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis %I The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies %C Tel Aviv %P 225-247 %G eng %0 Book %D 1999 %T The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis %E Martin Kramer %X

Jews figure prominently in the history of the modern European encounter with Islam. The similarities between Hebrew and Arabic, the parallels between two faiths grounded in law, and the relative tolerance of Muslim rule toward Jews--all these are said to have permitted many Jews to approach Islam with an understanding and sympathy once uncommon in Europe. Was there a "Jewish discovery of Islam," distinct from Europe's discovery? Is there some unifying characteristic to the approach of these Jewish "discoverers"? In this original volume, contributors assess the approaches to Islam of some of the most famous European Jewish travelers, writers, and scholars.

%I Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University %C Tel Aviv %P 311 %@ 9652240400 %G eng %L BP173.J8 J49 1999x %0 Book %D 1997 %T The Islamism Debate %E Martin Kramer %X

Is Islamism driven by religious fervor, social protest or national xenophobia? Is the rise of Islamism a threat to stability, tolerance, and order, or is it the first step toward reform, participation, and democratization? These and other questions are debated by nine authors - leading protagonists in the Islamism debate - from the United States, Britain, France, and Israel.

%I The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies %C Tel Aviv, Israel %G eng %U http://books.google.com/books?id=yxnYAAAAMAAJ %0 Journal Article %J Daedalus %D 1997 %T The Middle East, Old and New %A Martin Kramer %B Daedalus %V 126 %P 89-112 %8 1997 %G eng %U http://www.jstor.org/stable/20027430 %N 2 %0 Book Section %B Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East %D 1997 %T The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah %A Martin Kramer %E Scott Appleby %X A biography of Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, often identified as the "spiritual leader" of the Lebanese Shiite movement Hizbullah, covering his rise to influence, his political ideas, and his religious concepts. %B Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East %I University of Chicago Press %C Chicago, Illinois %P 83-181 %@ 0226021246 %G eng %L BP70. S67 1997 %0 Book %D 1996 %T Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East %A Martin Kramer %X

Over the past decade, the political ground beneath the Middle East has shifted. Arab nationalism the political orthodoxy for most of this century has lost its grip on the imagination and allegiance of a new generation. At the same time, Islam as an ideology has spread across the region, and "Islamists" bid to capture the center of politics. Most Western scholars and experts once hailed the redemptive power of Arabism. Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival is a critical assessment of the contradictions of Arab nationalism and Islamic fundamentalism, and the misrepresentation of both in the West.

%I Transaction Publishers %C New Brunswick, N.J. %G eng %0 Book Section %B The Hashemites in the Modern Arab World: Essays in Honour of the late Professor Uriel Dann %D 1995 %T

The Sharifian Propaganda of Eugène Jung

%A Martin Kramer %E Asher Susser %E Aryeh Shmuelevitz %X

A study of the early French champion of Arab nationalism, Eugène Jung.

%B The Hashemites in the Modern Arab World: Essays in Honour of the late Professor Uriel Dann %I Frank Cass %C London %P 31-46 %G eng %0 Book Section %B The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World %D 1995 %T

Congresses

%A Martin Kramer %E John L. Esposito %X

A brief survey of efforts to convene pan-Islamic congresses in the 20th century.

%B The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World %7 1st %I Oxford University Press %C New York and Oxford %V 1 %P 308-11 %G eng %U http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0159 %0 Book Section %B Terrorism: Domestic and International Challenges %D 1994 %T The Impact of Militant Islam on the Arab-Israeli Peace Process %A Martin Kramer %X An assessment of the prospects of Hezbollah and Hamas in their effort to derail the peace process of the mid-1990s. %B Terrorism: Domestic and International Challenges %I Anti-Defamation League %C New York %P 33-38 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J The Sydney Papers %D 1994 %T Fundamentalism and the Middle East %A Martin Kramer %X An examination of the role of Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East, with reference to the theories on the clash of civilizations. %B The Sydney Papers %V 6 %P 121-29 %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences %D 1994 %T Hizbullah: The Calculus of Jihad %A Martin Kramer %B Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences %V 47 %P 20-43 %8 05/1994 %G eng %N 8 %0 Book Section %B Middle East Contemporary Survey 1991 %D 1993 %T Islam in the New World Order %A Martin Kramer %E Ami Ayalon %X A survey of inter-Islamic affairs in the year 1991, notable for the aftermath of the first Iraq war. %B Middle East Contemporary Survey 1991 %I Westview Press %C Boulder, CO %V 15 %P 172-205 %G eng %U http://books.google.co.il/books?id=mSTWx1bg7r4C&lpg=PP1&hl=en&pg=PA172&output=embed %0 Book Section %B Encyclopaedia of Islam %D 1993 %T Mu’tamar %A Martin Kramer %X An account of pan-Islamic congresses in modern history. %B Encyclopaedia of Islam %7 2 %I Brill %C Leiden %V 7 %P 764-765 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Democracy in the Middle East: Defining the Challenge %D 1993 %T

Where Islam and Democracy Part Ways

%A Martin Kramer %E Yehudah Mirsky %E Matt Ahrens %X

Why the interpretation of Islamist movements as democracy movements in disguise reflects wishful or biased thinking

%B Democracy in the Middle East: Defining the Challenge %I The Washington Institute for Near East Pollicy %C Washington, DC %P 31-40 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Daedalus %D 1993 %T

Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity

%A Martin Kramer %B Daedalus %V 122 %P 171-206 %8 07/1993 %G eng %U http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/arab-nationalism-mistaken-identity/ %N 3 %0 Book Section %B Middle East Contemporary Survey 1990 %D 1992 %T The Invasion of Islam %A Martin Kramer %E Ami Ayalon %X A survey of the events relating to inter-Islamic relations in 1990, with an emphasis on the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. %B Middle East Contemporary Survey 1990 %I Westview Press %C Boulder, CO %V 14 %P 177-207 %G eng %U http://books.google.com/books?id=PnidGMqhBbYC&lpg=PR1&hl=en&pg=PA177&output=embed %N 1990 %0 Book %D 1991 %T Middle Eastern Lives: The Practice of Biography and Self-Narrative %A Martin Kramer %X

An impressive array of scholars, biographers, and critics from the disciplines of anthropology, history, political science, and psychology explore the diversity of approaches both to writing biography and to reading self-narratives.

%I Syracuse University Press %C Syracuse, N.Y. %G eng %U http://books.google.com/books?id=YxYbtZK1_1QC %0 Book Section %B Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind %D 1990 %T The Moral Logic of Hizballah %A Martin Kramer %E Walter Reich %X An examination of the debate within Hizballah over suicide bombings and hostage-taking. %B Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind %I Woodrow Wilson Center Press %C Washington, DC %P 131-57 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Asian and African Studies %D 1990 %T

Surveying the Middle East

%A Martin Kramer %X

A study of the 20th-century genre of survey writing about the contemporary Middle East, with examples from France, Britain, Italy, and Israel.

%B Asian and African Studies %V 24 %P 89-107 %G eng %N 1 %0 Report %D 1989 %T

Hezbollah's Vision of the West

%A Martin Kramer %X

The foreign hostages in Lebanon are living reminders of the challenge posed to the West by Hezbollah, the Iranian-backed movement of fundamentalist Lebanese Shi’ites. Hezbollah has conducted its operational campaign with a great measure of strategic and tactical savvy. Yet its ideologues understand and represent its struggle as a war without borders whose aim is to redraw the map of the Middle East and ultimately fashion an Islamic world order.

In this Policy Paper, Martin Kramer ascribes the origin of Hezbollah’s hostile vision of the West not only to the policies of Western governments, but to Hezbollah’s own ideological and theological tenets. Kramer offers a broad discussion of  authority in Hezbollah; an analysis of Hezbollah’s vision of an Islamic world order; an account of its presentation of the United States, Israel, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union; and reflection on the centrality of ideas in Hezbollah’s rise and subsequent development.

%I The Washington Institute for Near East Policy %C Washington, DC %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Middle East Review %D 1989 %T Review of Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam %A Martin Kramer %B Middle East Review %V 21 %P 63-64 %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Middle Eastern Studies %D 1989 %T

Arabistik and Arabism: The Passions of Martin Hartmann

%A Martin Kramer %X

A study of the role of the German Orientalist Martin Hartmann in advocating for the cause of Arab nationalism before the First World War, based in part on his private papers.

%B Middle Eastern Studies %V 25 %P 283-300 %G eng %U http://www.jstor.org/stable/4283314 %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Maghreb-Machrek %D 1988 %T La Mecque: la controverse du pèlerinage %A Martin Kramer %X Juillet 1987: manifestation à la Mecque de pèlerins iraniens, reconstitution des faits à partir de versions contradictoires. %B Maghreb-Machrek %P 38-52 %8 10/1988 %G eng %N 122 %0 Journal Article %J Maghreb-Machrek %D 1988 %T

La morale du Hizbollah et sa logique

%A Martin Kramer %X Comment la vision présentée par le Hizbollah d'un nouveau Liban islamique s'articule-t-elle sur la justification des moyens d'action extraordinaires que ne peut être fondée sur la seule efficacité révolutionnaire, mais doit aussi être conforme aux qui ne principes musulmans universels? Après l'examen de la structure peut du « parti de Dieu » et la revue de ses principaux porte-parole, l'article analyse en détail les justifications présentées de deux grands types d'action : les opérations suicide, les prises d'otages et détournements d'avions. Pour l'instant, le premier débat est clos avec le développement d'actions militaires classiques, le second traduit une difficulté croissante à justifier toutes les la formes de prises d'otages, mais le succès de certaines opérations, et les divisions au sein de la coalition comme le silence des autorités religieuses iraniennes empêchent toute prise deposition définitive. Le Hizbollah demeurant convaincu que sa victoire finale résoudra la crise libanaise, et étant dans l'impossibilité d'y parvenir par des moyens conventionnels, le débat en son sein n'est pas prêt de prendre fin. La postface rappelle les grandes lignes de la rhétorique générale du cheikh Fadlallah et situe le débat moral dans la tension entre deux rationalités : stratégique et éthico-juridique, dont les rapports constituent un dilemme indépassable, sauf par la dénégation de son existence même. %B Maghreb-Machrek %P 39-60 %8 01/1988 %G eng %N 119 %0 Book %D 1987 %T Shi'ism, Resistance, and Revolution %A Martin Kramer %X Shi'i movements have developed highly original strategies of political action. These methods have had their greatest success in Iran but have inspired other Shi'is, in both the Arab world and South Asia. The aim of this book is twoford: to assess the present situation of mainstream (Twelver) Shi'ism in each part of this world and to measure the effect of Iran's Revolution throughout it. Proceedings of a conference held at Tel Aviv University in December 1984.  %I Westview Press %C Boulder, CO %P 324 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Shi'ism, Resistance and Revolution %D 1987 %T Syria's Alawis and Shi'ism %A Martin Kramer %E Martin Kramer %X

An analysis of the effort by Syria's politically dominant Alawi minority to secure legitimation as Muslim, and the resistance to that effort by Syria's Sunni majority.

%B Shi'ism, Resistance and Revolution %I Westview Press %C Boulder, CO %P 237-54 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Middle Eastern Studies %D 1987 %T Review of William L. Cleveland, Islam Against the West: Shakib Arslan and the Campaign for Islamic Nationalism %A Martin Kramer %B Middle Eastern Studies %V 23 %P 529-533 %8 10/1987 %G eng %U http://www.jstor.org/stable/4283208 %N 4 %9 Book Review %& 529 %0 Book Section %B Middle East Contemporary Survey 1983-84 %D 1986 %T Muslim Statecraft and Subversion %A Martin Kramer %E Haim Shaked %E Daniel Dishon %X A survey of inter-Islamic affairs in 1983-84. %B Middle East Contemporary Survey 1983-84 %I The Moshe Dayan Center %C Tel Aviv %V 8 %P 158-82 %G eng %U http://books.google.com/books?id=t32OO3DkDikC&lpg=PR1&hl=en&pg=PA158&output=embed %0 Book %D 1986 %T Islam Assembled: The Advent of the Muslim Congresses %A Martin Kramer %X

Late in the 19th century, Muslims, separated by distance, language, and history, first thought to make their world whole by assembling in congress. "Islam Assembled" traces the roots of political activism in Islam as it took form in these gatherings. From the first fitful initiatives undertaken by a handful of Muslim cosmopolitans to the era when the West began to divest itself of its Muslim possessions and the need for the congresses diminished, "Islam Assembled" traces in detail this crucial but previously untold story.

%I Columbia University Press %C New York %P 250 %@ 0231059949 %G eng %U http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;idno=heb00904 %L DS35.7 .K7 1986 %0 Magazine Article %D 1984 %T Review of Daniel Pipes, In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power %A Martin Kramer %B The American Spectator %P 38-40 %8 07/1984 %G eng %U http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/in-the-path-of-god/ %9 Book Review %0 Book Section %B Israel, the Middle East, and the Great Powers %D 1984 %T

Islam and Politics

%A Martin Kramer %A Israel Stockman-Shomron %B Israel, the Middle East, and the Great Powers %I Shikmona %C Jerusalem %P 98-110 %@ 9652870005 %G eng %U http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/islam-and-politics/ %0 Magazine Article %D 1983 %T הממסד הדתי המצרי במשבר %A מרטין קרמר %X

על הממסד הדתי במצרים הוטל התפקיד של התמודדות בקיצוניות. הכשל בתיפקודו התגלה ברצח סאדאת ב–1981, אבל שורשיו היו ידועים עוד קודם.

%B משטר ואופוזיציה במצים %I הקיבוץ המאוחד %C תל–אביב %P 93–112 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Commentary %D 1982 %T Arabs Against Themselves (book review) %A Martin Kramer %X

Martin Kramer reviews Fouad Ajami's book The Arab Predicament. 

%B Commentary %V 74 %P 86-88 %8 July 1982 %G eng %N 1 %9 Book Review %6 Monthly %0 Journal Article %J Asian and African Studies %D 1982 %T Shaykh Maraghi's Mission to the Hijaz, 1925 %A Martin Kramer %X

An account of how Shaykh Mustafa al-Maraghi, acting at the impetus of the King of Egypt, sought to establish Egypt's hold over the Hijaz. Based on documents in Egyptian state archives.

%B Asian and African Studies %V 16 %P 121-136 %8 03/1982 %G eng %U http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/shaykh-maraghis-mission-to-the-hijaz-1925/ %N 1 %& 121 %0 Journal Article %J Commentary %D 1981 %T What Happened in Iran (book review) %A Martin Kramer %X

A review of the last Shah of Iran's memoirs, Answer to History, and Barry Rubin's Paved with Good Intentions.

%B Commentary %V 71 %P 78-80 %8 Jan 1981 %G eng %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J American Research Center in Egypt Newsletter %D 1980 %T Egypt's Royal Archives, 1922-1952 %A Martin Kramer %B American Research Center in Egypt Newsletter %P 19-21 %8 1980 %G eng %U http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/egypts-royal-archives-1922-1952/ %N 113 %& 19