@inbook {692924,
	title = {Protestant Doctrinal Heterodoxy and Heterogeneity in Guatemala, 1880s-1950s},
	booktitle = { Roots of Underdevelopment In Latin America edited by Felipe Valencia Caicedo},
	year = {Forthcoming},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	abstract = {
	At the beginning of the twentieth century, Pentecostalism disrupted the U.S. religion market. Charismatic beliefs and practices, particularly the emphasis on baptism of the Holy Spirit and miraculous physical healing, comingled with the Wesleyan holiness movement. Soon, divisions arose between holiness and Pentecostal movements. Divisions also occurred within Pentecostalism giving rise to distinct types. Within this fluid religion market, with doctrinal debates and controversies, Pentecostal, holiness-Pentecostal, and holiness missionaries entered Guatemala openly competing with existing mainline Protestant, holiness, and evangelical missions. Without regard for doctrinal orthodoxy, independent missionaries proselytized their beliefs throughout the country, converting existing congregations and introducing Pentecostal beliefs. Likewise, the new denominations{\textquoteright} mission boards were complicit in creating doctrinal heterodoxy by hiring individual missionaries whose beliefs contradicted the denomination{\textquoteright}s doctrinal position. A major legacy of the heterodoxy is the highly schismatic (heterogeneous) nature of the Guatemalan religion market.

},
	author = {Rachel M. McCleary}
}
@article {692445,
	title = {Catholic Child and Youth Martyrs, 1588-2022},
	journal = {Catholic Historical Review},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {469-508},
	abstract = {
	Child and youth martyrs throughout the history of Christianity are few. New emphasis on their presence in the twentieth century raises questions about the nature of sanctity. Using a new data set on child, adolescent, and youth martyrs beatified and canonized since 1588, this article discusses early modern to contemporary models of sanctity for males and females while at the same time showing how the ancient motif of puer senex continues to be relevant in their narratives. With Catholic teachings adapting to contemporary views on child agency and autonomy, several problems arise, requiring the Church to re-evaluate its models of sanctity for young people.

},
	author = {Rachel M. McCleary}
}
@article {692444,
	title = {Martyrs of Latin America, 1854-2022},
	journal = {Fe y Libertad},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {Pope John Paul II began the recent trend of beatifying martyrs and confessors of Latin America. Together, Popes John Paul II, Benedict XVI, and Francis have beatified 111 martyrs and 53 confessors in Latin America. These numbers represent 87\% and 72\%, respectively, of all Latin American martyrs and confessors sanctified by the Roman Catholic Church since 1588 when Pope Urban VIII established the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. Pope Francis accelerated the rate of beatifications of Latin American blesseds to 5.0 a year as compared to 3.5 for John Paul II and 3.4 for Benedict XVI. These beatifications of Latin American martyrs and confessors must be understood from the perspective of the intended audience, which we view as the Catholic faithful. Specifically, we view this saint-making during the last three papacies as attempts to invigorate the faithful and, thereby, deter conversions into Protestantism.},
	author = {Rachel M. McCleary and Robert J. Barro}
}
@article {692446,
	title = {Opening the Fifth Seal Catholic Martyrs and Forces of Religious Competition },
	journal = {Journal of Religion and Demography},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {92-122},
	abstract = {Since Pope John Paul II{\textquoteright}s stock-taking of twentieth century martyrs, the Catholic Church has significantly increased the beatification and canonization of martyrs.\&nbsp; Not only have the numbers of martyrs increased but the definition of martyrdom has expanded.\&nbsp; Using a comprehensive new data set on Catholic martyrs (1588-2020), we argue that the Vatican{\textquoteright}s recent emphasis on martyrs is a strategic response to competition with Protestants, especially Evangelicals.\&nbsp; Martyrs, unlike regular saints (confessors),\&nbsp; tend to be predominantly male and died in parts of the world where the Catholic Church was actively involved in evangelization or had a significant presence.\&nbsp; Martydom often associates with violent events, such as the Spanish Civil War, World War II, and the French Revolution, and with mass persecutions such as in the case of the English Reformation or in cases of repression of missionaries, as in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and China.},
	author = {Rachel M. McCleary and Robert J. Barro}
}
@book {620708,
	title = {The Wealth of Religions: The Political Economy of Believing and Belonging },
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	edition = {First},
	address = {Princeton, NJ},
	url = {https://press.princeton.edu/titles/13372.html},
	author = {Rachel M. McCleary and Robert J. Barro}
}
@article {692447,
	title = {Pentecostals, Kinship, and Moral Economy in Guatemala },
	journal = {Journal of Markets and Morality},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {167-189},
	abstract = {Using a set of interviews with Pentecostal churches in Guatemala, this study makes the following conclusions about the role of family and kinship in this segment of Latin America{\textquoteright}s rapidly expanding evangelical population.\&nbsp; First, evangelization deliberately targets family members. Second, church growth does in fact take place primarily along kinship lines.\&nbsp; Third, the family structure is the foundation of church organization.\&nbsp; Fourth, the extended family serves an important role as the provider of a social safety net.\&nbsp; Fifth, the emphasis on "rapid discipling" along kinship lines carries with it a weakening of commitment to the inculcation of specific values and beliefs.},
	author = {Rachel M. McCleary}
}
@workingpaper {barro_protestant_2017,
	title = {Protestant Competition is Good for Saints},
	number = {2017-04},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {American Enterprise Insitute},
	type = {Working Paper},
	url = {https://www.aei.org/publication/protestant-competition-is-good-for-saints/},
	author = {Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary}
}
@inbook {mccleary_protestant_2016,
	title = {Protestant Innovative Evangelizing to Oral Cultures in Guatemala},
	booktitle = {Oxford Handbook of Latin American Christianity},
	year = {2017},
	isbn = {978-0-19-986035-7},
	author = {Rachel McCleary},
	editor = {Fitzpatrick Behrens, Susan and Orique, David}
}
@article {mccleary_saints_2016,
	title = {Saints Marching In, 1590-2012},
	journal = {Economica},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Rachel McCleary and Robert Barro}
}
@book {mccleary_oxford_2011,
	title = {The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Religion},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jan},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	abstract = {This is a one-of-kind volume bringing together leading scholars in the economics of religion for the first time. The treatment of topics is interdisciplinary, comparative, as well as global in nature. Scholars apply the economics of religion approach to contemporary issues such as immigrants in the United States and ask historical questions such as why did Judaism as a religion promote investment in education?
The economics of religion applies economic concepts (for example, supply and demand) and models of the market to the study of religion. Advocates of the economics of religion approach look at ways in which the religion market influences individual choices as well as institutional development. For example, economists would argue that when a large denomination declines, the religion is not supplying the right kind of religious good that appeals to the faithful. Like firms, religions compete and supply goods. The economics of religion approach using rational choice theory, assumes that all human beings, regardless of their cultural context, their socio-economic situation, act rationally to further his/her ends.},
	isbn = {978-0-19-539004-9},
	url = {https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-the-economics-of-religion-9780195390049},
	editor = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_market_2010,
	title = {A Market Approach to the Rise of the Geluk School in Tibet, 1419-1642},
	journal = {Journal of Asian Studies},
	volume = {69},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	author = {Rachel McCleary and Leonard van der Kuijp}
}
@article {mccleary_religious_2010,
	title = {Religious Conversion in 40 Countries},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
	year = {2010},
	author = {Rachel McCleary and Robert Barro and Jason Hwang}
}
@book {mccleary_global_2009,
	title = {Global Compassion},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	abstract = {Global Compassion is an ambitious account of the relationship between private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and the US federal government from 1939-2005. After World War II, humanitarian aid became a key component of US foreign policy and has grown steadily ever since. Organizations like Oxfam, CARE, World Vision, and Catholic Relief Services are known the world over; however, little is known about the relationship between these private agencies and the federal government, and how truly influential these organizations can be in the realm of foreign policy. Here, Rachel McCleary provides the first truly comprehensive study of PVOs and their complex, often-fraught interaction with the federal government. The book focuses on the work of PVOs from a foreign policy perspective, revealing how federal political pressures shape the field of international relief. McCleary draws on a wide array of data{\textendash}annual reports, State Department documents, and IRS records{\textendash}to assess to what extent international relief and development work is becoming a commercial activity. She analyzes the often competing goals of the federal government and religious PVOs. She then exames the continuing trend of decreasing federal funds to PVOs and the simultaneous increasing awards to commercial enterprises, and looks at what this holds for the future. In this thought-provoking and rigorously researched work, Rachel McClearly offers a unique, substantive look at an understudied area of US foreign policy and international development.},
	isbn = {978-0-19-537117-8},
	url = {https://global.oup.com/academic/product/global-compassion-9780195371178},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_private_2008,
	title = {Private Voluntary Organizations Engaged in International Assistance, 1939-2004},
	journal = {Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly},
	volume = {37},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	author = {Rachel McCleary and Robert Barro}
}
@article {mccleary_religion_2008,
	title = {Religion and Economic Development: A Two-way Causation},
	journal = {Policy Review},
	volume = {148},
	year = {2008},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_religion_2007,
	title = {Religion and Political Economy},
	journal = {The Review of Faith \& International Affairs},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_salvation_2007,
	title = {Salvation, Damnation, and Economic Incentives},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Religion},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_religion_2006-1,
	title = {Religion and Economy},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Rachel McCleary and Robert Barro}
}
@article {mccleary_religion_2006,
	title = {Religion and Political Economy in an International Panel},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Rachel McCleary and Robert Barro}
}
@article {mccleary_which_2005,
	title = {Which Countries Have State Religions?},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Rachel McCleary and Robert Barro}
}
@article {mccleary_religion_2004,
	title = {Religion and Economic Growth},
	journal = {Milken Institute Review},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Rachel McCleary and Robert Barro}
}
@article {mccleary_religion_2003,
	title = {Religion and Economic Growth Across Countries},
	journal = {American Sociological Review},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Rachel McCleary and Robert Barro}
}
@book {mccleary_dictating_1999,
	title = {Dictating Democracy: Guatemala and the End of Violent Revolution},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {University Press of Florida},
	organization = {University Press of Florida},
	abstract = {Documenting a rare political occurrence, Rachel McCleary examines the evolution of the two major elite groups in Guatemala{\textemdash}the organized private sector and the military{\textemdash}during the country{\textquoteright}s transition from authoritarianism to democracy. Arguing that the transition resulted from a stalemate over economic policy, she shows how the two elites altered their relations from disunity (during the period from 1982 to 1986) to unity (from 1993 to the present). Not only does she describe a nonviolent settlement, she also discusses the development of democracy in a country that was directly caught up in Cold War relations between the United States and the USSR. Thus she makes a serious contribution to the study of democratization as well as to Latin American history.},
	isbn = {978-0-8130-1726-6},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Dictating-Democracy-Guatemala-Violent-Revolution/dp/0813017262},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_guatemala:_1997,
	title = {Guatemala: Jump-Starting a Nation},
	journal = {Crosslines},
	year = {1997},
	month = {jan},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_guatemalas_1997,
	title = {Guatemala{\textquoteright}s Postwar Prospects},
	journal = {Journal of Democracy},
	year = {1997},
	month = {apr},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_peace_1997,
	title = {Peace of Change?},
	journal = {Hemisfile},
	year = {1997},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_guatemala:_1996,
	title = {Guatemala: Expectations for Peace},
	journal = {Current History},
	year = {1996},
	month = {feb},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_guatemala:_1995,
	title = {Guatemala: Negotiating Peace to Foster Democracy},
	journal = {Boletin Electoral Latinoamericano},
	year = {1995},
	month = {jun},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@book {mccleary_seeking_1992,
	title = {Seeking Justice: Ethics and International Affairs},
	year = {1992},
	month = {oct},
	publisher = {Westview Pr},
	organization = {Westview Pr},
	address = {Boulder, Colo},
	abstract = {This is an edited collection of case studies from The Pew Charitable Trust. The chapters were written by knowledgeable experts on different subject areas such as the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989, the 1992 Vietnamese peace negotiations, the third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea, Nigeria{\textquoteright}s problems with debt and the International Monetary Fund, expansion of the European Community and the resulting conflicts with the United States over GATT fair trade practices, and finally the very complex issues related to preserving the rain forest in Brazil and the {\textquotedblleft}internationalization{\textquotedblright} of Amazonia. Chapter-length case studies on each of the latter topics are preceded by the editor{\textquoteright}s introductory chapter, which introduces the reader to a framework for analyzing the issues of justice and ethics in each of the cases.},
	isbn = {978-0-8133-8058-2},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Seeking-Justice-International-Affairs-Studies/dp/0813380588},
	editor = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_international_1991,
	title = {The International Community{\textquoteright}s Claim to Rights in Brazilian Amazonia},
	journal = {Political Studies},
	year = {1991},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
@article {mccleary_conscientia_1985,
	title = {Conscientia and Christian Collective Acts},
	journal = {Quarterly Review},
	year = {1985},
	author = {Rachel McCleary}
}
