@article {721786,
	title = {Estimated Sustainable Cost-Based Prices for Diabetes},
	journal = {JAMA Network Open},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {e243474},
	author = {Melissa Barber and Dzintars Gotham and Helen Bygrave and Cepuch, Christa}
}
@hearing {718396,
	title = {Statement for the record for U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor \&amp; Pensions (HELP): Why Does the United States Pay, by Far, the Highest Prices in the World for Prescription Drugs?},
	year = {2024},
	author = {Melissa Barber}
}
@report {718401,
	title = {Comments on Draft Interagency Guidance Framework for Considering the Exercise of March-In Rights, National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST), United States Department of Commerce.},
	year = {2024},
	author = {Nikhil Chaudhry and Melissa Barber and Anthony So and Ravi Gupta and Ross, Joseph S. and Reshma Ramachandran}
}
@hearing {718386,
	title = {Addressing drug shortages: emergent challenges, structural factors, and potential policy reforms.},
	journal = {U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Health},
	year = {2023},
	url = {https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF14/20230914/116376/HMTG-118-IF14-Wstate-BarberPhDM-20230914.pdf},
	author = {Melissa Barber}
}
@workingpaper {700186,
	title = {Estimated cost-based generic prices for investigational COVID-19 antivirals (Submission to United States International Trade Commission Investigation on COVID-19 Diagnostics and Therapeutics: Supply, Demand, and TRIPS Agreement Flexibilities)},
	year = {2023},
	author = {Melissa Barber and Dzintars Gotham}
}
@report {704146,
	title = {Review of risdiplam application for spinal muscular atrophy for the 24th WHO Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines},
	year = {2023},
	url = {https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/essential-medicines/2023-eml-expert-committee/public-comments/a40_risdiplam_barber},
	author = {Melissa Barber}
}
@report {704141,
	title = {Access to NCD medicines: emergent issues during the COVID-19 pandemic and key structural factors},
	year = {2023},
	institution = {WHO},
	address = {Geneva},
	url = {https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240069442},
	author = {Melissa Barber}
}
@workingpaper {697256,
	title = {Estimated cost-based generic prices for nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid). January 2023 update. (Working paper)},
	year = {2023},
	author = {Melissa Barber and Dzintars Gotham}
}
@article {690389,
	title = {A strategy that gives half of the world a discount on COVID-19 antivirals, but keeps a firm grip on power},
	journal = {PLOS Global Public Health},
	year = {2022},
	url = {https://speakingofmedicine.plos.org/2022/05/25/a-strategy-that-gives-half-of-the-world-a-discount-on-covid-19-antivirals-but-keeps-a-firm-grip-on-power/},
	author = {Melissa Barber}
}
@report {690045,
	title = {Estimated cost-based generic prices for selected antihypertensive medicines. (Published in Under Pressure: Strategies to Improve Access to Medicines to Treat High Blood Pressure in Low- and Middle- Income Countries)},
	year = {2022},
	author = {Melissa J Barber and Dzintars Gotham}
}
@article {686122,
	title = {Estimated cost-based generic prices for baricitinib (working paper)},
	year = {2022},
	author = {Melissa J Barber and Dzintars Gotham}
}
@article {686009,
	title = {Estimated cost-based generic prices for molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 infection v.2 (13 Jan)},
	year = {2022},
	author = {Melissa J Barber and Dzintars Gotham}
}
@chart {690939,
	title = {Flowchart: How do the TRIPS agreement, Article 31bis provisions, and 2022 {\textquotedblleft}TRIPS waiver{\textquotedblright} interconnect in determining generic access pathways?},
	year = {2022}
}
@article {684693,
	title = {COVID-19 antivirals must not affect HIV drug supply},
	journal = {The Lancet HIV},
	year = {2021},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00321-0},
	author = {Melissa J Barber and Sarpatwari, Ameet and Cepuch, Christa}
}
@report {682342,
	title = {Estimated cost-based generic prices for molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 infection (working paper)},
	year = {2021},
	author = {Melissa J Barber and Dzintars Gotham}
}
@article {688650,
	title = {Estimated cost-based generic prices for nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) (working paper)},
	year = {2021},
	author = {Melissa J Barber and Dzintars Gotham}
}
@article {663473,
	title = {Price of a hepatitis C cure: Cost of production and current prices for direct-acting antivirals in 50 countries},
	journal = {Journal of Virus Eradication},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {2020},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2055664020300017},
	author = {Melissa J Barber and Dzintars Gotham and Giten Khwairakpam and Andrew Hill}
}
@article {653976,
	title = {How a US-UK trade agreement could affect NHS drug prices},
	journal = {BMJ},
	volume = {369},
	number = {1332},
	year = {2020},
	url = {https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1332},
	author = {Dzintars Gotham and Melissa J Barber and Andrew Hill}
}
@report {690188,
	title = {Pulling together to beat superbugs: knowledge and implementation gaps in addressing antimicrobial resistance},
	year = {2019},
	institution = {The World Bank},
	url = {https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/430051570735014540/pdf/Pulling-Together-to-Beat-Superbugs-Knowledge-and-Implementation-Gaps-in-Addressing-Antimicrobial-Resistance.pdf}
}
@article {642538,
	title = {Estimation of cost-based prices for injectable medicines in the WHO Essential Medicines List},
	journal = {BMJ Open},
	volume = {9},
	number = {9},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {e027780},
	url = {https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/9/e027780},
	author = {Gotham, D and Barber, M.J. and Hill, A.M.}
}
@article {638167,
	title = {Global access of rifabutin for the treatment of tuberculosis {\textendash} why should we prioritize this?},
	journal = {Journal of the International AIDS Society.},
	volume = {22},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	author = {Neesha Rockwood and Maddalena Cerrone and Melissa Barber and Andrew M Hill and Anton L Pozniak}
}
@article {637944,
	title = {Improving affordability of new Essential Cancer Medicines},
	journal = {The Lancet Oncology},
	year = {2019},
	author = {Ellen {\textquoteright}t Hoen and Salom{\'e} Meyer and Patrick Durisch and Wilbert Bannenberg and Katrina Perehudoff and Tim Reed and Melissa J Barber}
}
@article {626580,
	title = {Production costs and potential prices for biosimilars of human insulin and insulin analogues},
	journal = {BMJ Global Health},
	volume = {3},
	number = {5},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {Introduction\&nbsp;High prices for insulin pose a barrier to treatment for people living with diabetes, with an estimated 50\% of 100 million patients needing insulin lacking reliable access. As insulin analogues replace regular human insulin (RHI) globally, their relative prices will become increasingly important. Three originator companies control 96\% of the global insulin market, and few biosimilar insulins are available. We estimated the price reductions that could be achieved if numerous biosimilar manufacturers entered the insulin market.Methods\&nbsp;Data on the price of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) exported from India were retrieved from an online customs database. Manufacturers of insulins were contacted for price quotes. Where market API prices could not be identified, prices were estimated based on comparison of similarity, in terms of manufacturing process, with APIs for which prices were available. Potential biosimilar prices were estimated by adding costs of excipients, formulation, transport, development and regulatory costs, and a profit margin.Results\&nbsp;The manufacturing processes for RHI and insulin analogues are similar. API prices were US$24 750/kg for RHI, US$68 757/kg for insulin glargine and an estimated US$100 000/kg for other analogues. Estimated biosimilar prices were US$48{\textendash}71 per patient per year for RHI, US$49{\textendash}72 for neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin and US$78{\textendash}133 for analogues (except detemir: US$283{\textendash}365).Conclusion\&nbsp;Treatment with biosimilar RHI and insulin NPH could cost <=US$72 per year and with insulin analogues <=US$133 per year. Estimated biosimilar prices were markedly lower than the current prices for insulin analogues. Widespread availability at estimated prices may allow substantial savings globally.},
	url = {https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/5/e000850},
	author = {Dzintars Gotham and Melissa J Barber and Andrew Hill}
}
@article {626581,
	title = {Estimated costs of production and potential prices for the WHO Essential Medicines List},
	journal = {BMJ Global Health},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {Introduction\&nbsp;There are persistent gaps in access to affordable medicines. The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) includes medicines considered necessary for functional health systems.Methods\&nbsp;A generic price estimation formula was developed by reviewing published analyses of cost of production for medicines and assuming manufacture in India, which included costs of formulation, packaging, taxation and a 10\% profit margin. Data on per-kilogram prices of active pharmaceutical ingredient exported from India were retrieved from an online database. Estimated prices were compared with the lowest globally available prices for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) and malaria medicines, and current prices in the UK, South Africa and India.Results\&nbsp;The estimation formula had good predictive accuracy for HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria medicines. Estimated generic prices ranged from US$0.01 to US$1.45 per unit, with most in the lower end of this range. Lowest available prices were greater than estimated generic prices for 214/277 (77\%) comparable items in the UK, 142/212 (67\%) in South Africa and 118/298 (40\%) in India. Lowest available prices were more than three times above estimated generic price for 47\% of cases compared in the UK and 22\% in South Africa.Conclusion\&nbsp;A wide range of medicines in the EML can be profitably manufactured at very low cost. Most EML medicines are sold in the UK and South Africa at prices significantly higher than those estimated from production costs. Generic price estimation and international price comparisons could empower government price negotiations and support cost-effectiveness calculations.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000571},
	author = {Andrew Hill and Melissa Barber and Dzintars Gotham}
}
@article {626583,
	title = {Open letter to the candidates for Director-General of the World Health Organization: Will you support an R\&amp;D agreement that puts patient needs at the centre of R\&amp;D},
	journal = {The Lancet Global Health},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Links to responses from:Tedros Adhanom GhebreyesusFlavia BustreoSania NishtarDavid NabarroPhilippe Douste-BlazyMikl{\'o}s Sz{\'o}cska},
	pages = {PE135-E136},
	author = {Barber M and Gotham D and Muntanya J and Balasubramian T}
}
@article {626582,
	title = {Youth Commission on Essential Medicines Policies},
	journal = {The Lancet},
	volume = {389},
	number = {10067},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {345-347},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31906-7},
	author = {Adamjee R and Aykea R and Barber M and Browne J and Cubahiro N and Jarvis J and Lander F and Li S and Mishra S and Akhoondinasab M and Nurkhametova D and Omobo O and Onarheim K and Ramachandran R and Rasmussen R and Sharma A and Walker A}
}
@article {626584,
	title = {How the MDGs gave up on measuring access to medicines},
	journal = {The Lancet Global Health},
	volume = {4},
	number = {5},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {296-297},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)00066-8},
	author = {Gotham D and Onarheim KH and Barber MJ}
}
