@inbook {715991,
	title = {Los sistemas fluviales mediterr{\'a}neos: la calidad ecol{\'o}gica y las estrategias de transferencia del conocimiento en las cuencas del Bes{\`o}s y la Tordera (Barcelona). pp. 123-139},
	booktitle = {Rios Urbanos na Ibero-Am{\'e}rica: Casos, Contextos e Experi{\^e}ncias / R{\'\i}os Urbanos en Iberoam{\'e}rica: Casos, Contextos y Experiencias},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2023},
	publisher = {Cultura \& Territ{\'o}rio. Edi{\c c}{\~o}es Universit{\'a}rias Lus{\'o}fona},
	organization = {Cultura \& Territ{\'o}rio. Edi{\c c}{\~o}es Universit{\'a}rias Lus{\'o}fona},
	address = {Lisboa},
	abstract = {
	Durante los a{\~n}os de 1960 y 1970, los sistemas fluviales mediterr{\'a}neos se vieron afectados por presiones antropog{\'e}nicas de manera generalizada, provocando el descenso de su calidad ecol{\'o}gica. Uno de los casos m{\'a}s paradigm{\'a}ticos es el r{\'\i}o Bes{\'o}s, en el {\'a}rea metropolitana de Barcelona, que fue considerado como el m{\'a}s contaminado de Europa. En las {\'u}ltimas dos d{\'e}cadas la calidad ecol{\'o}gica de estos sistemas fluviales ha experimentado notables mejoras. Y es en este contexto de cambio cuando en 1996 se crea el proyecto del Observatori RIVUS, que actualmente tiene un doble objetivo: a) evaluar el estado de calidad ecol{\'o}gica de las cuencas del Bes{\'o}s y de la Tordera (NE Espa{\~n}a) mediante el monitoreo de indicadores a medio y largo plazo; y b) implementar el programa de educaci{\'o}n ambiental, comunicaci{\'o}n y formaci{\'o}n (PROECA) como elemento transversal para acercar y fortalecer el v{\'\i}nculo entre el binomio "sociedad- r{\'\i}o". Desde 2004, momento en que el PROECA tuvo sus inicios, se han llevado a cabo numerosas actividades de educaci{\'o}n ambiental entre el p{\'u}blico general (educaci{\'o}n informal) y el p{\'u}blico escolar de diferentes niveles educativos (educaci{\'o}n formal), adem{\'a}s de la comunicaci{\'o}n cient{\'\i}fica, as{\'\i} como una experiencia de ciencia ciudadana a trav{\'e}s del censo visual participativo de nutria, una especie emblem{\'a}tica de los sistemas fluviales mediterr{\'a}neos. En este cap{\'\i}tulo se analizan los principales procesos de cambio en las cuencas de los r{\'\i}os Bes{\'o}s y Tordera (especialmente en las {\'a}reas urbanas), la experiencia del PROECA como un claro ejemplo de transferencia de conocimiento en materia de sistemas fluviales, y una reflexi{\'o}n de como todo ello incide en la percepci{\'o}n urbana del r{\'\i}o como bien com{\'u}n. Palabras clave - Sistemas fluviales mediterr{\'a}neos, r{\'\i}os urbanos, calidad ecol{\'o}gica, cambio global, transferencia del conocimiento, educaci{\'o}n ambiental, ciencia ciudadana.

},
	url = {https://recil.ensinolusofona.pt/handle/10437/14361},
	author = {Mas-Ponce, Antoni and S{\`a}nchez-Mateo, S{\`o}nia and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@article {702521,
	title = {How urban spatial expansion influences CO2 emissions in Latin American countries},
	journal = {Cities},
	volume = {139},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {The way urban development will be shaped during the next decade will have a decisive impact on our ability to limit global temperature increase. The goal of this paper is to develop a better understanding of the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the spatial expansion of cities to inform how urban planning can help shape low-carbon urban systems. To this end, a new methodology is proposed: cities are delineated based on a population-based clustering approach; and spatially disaggregated fossil fuel CO2 emissions are used to systematically evaluate the CO2 emissions of 635 cities across seven Latin American countries for the years 2000 and 2015. City spatial expansion is then characterized through the evolution of two indicators: population density, which is used to proxy city compactness; and the suburban ratio, which captures suburban sprawl and potential relocation effects. Using a spatial panel model, results unveil that a 1 \% increase in density reduces CO2 emissions by 0.58 \%, while a 1 \% growth in the suburban ratio boosts emissions by 0.41 \% ceteris paribus. These coefficients imply opposite CO2 effects for most Latin-American cities, which have experienced a concomitant increase in density and suburban ratio. Finally, city-level emissions are projected until 2030 using these elasticities and the growth rates associated with the three major spatial expansion patterns identified during the period 2000{\textendash}2015. The findings are important for future planning purposes given that the {\textquoteleft}compact expansion{\textquoteright} model generates a 12 percentage points smaller increase in emissions than its passive counterpart. However, even under this compact scenario, city-level emissions grow faster than city population.},
	url = {https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1hARKy5jOr5gZ },
	author = {Van Der Borght, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@inbook {699046,
	title = {Coordination Mechanism of Stakeholders in Tourism Destinations: A Social Network Analysis Exploration},
	booktitle = {New Perspectives and Paradigms in Applied Economics and Business},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {363-381},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Cham, Switzerland},
	abstract = {
	Abstract The relationship between stakeholders is intensive and complicated, thus, understanding the relationship between stakeholders is important for the successful management of tourism destinations. To make it viable, this paper applies network analysis and third party in stakeholder theory and explores the interest coordination mechanism of stakeholders by quantitative method. Based on the fieldwork under-taken in the Hangzhou West Lake Heritage Site (World Heritage Site) from June to September in 2018, it systematically investigated the identification, classification and interests of stakeholders. The data collection method comprised an expert panel (n = 29) and a stakeholder survey (n = 274) in finding the classification and interest of stakeholders in the most scenic spot at the Hangzhou West Lake Heritage Site, China. The results suggest two main findings: each stakeholder has a different kind of interests and these interests are hierarchical; stakeholders play different roles in the relationship network and lead to unbalanced relationships, which one party has a relationship of constraints or dependencies on the other party. Based on the findings and further, a coordination mechanism is proposed by the application of the third party as a coordinator in the social relationship network for destination tourism management. 

Keywords Stakeholders {\textperiodcentered}Relationship {\textperiodcentered}Third party {\textperiodcentered}Coordination mechanism},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23844-4_26},
	author = {Shang, Yewei and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Romagosa, Francesc}
}
@inbook {701231,
	title = {{\textquestiondown}QU{\'E} ES LA GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA? DEFINICI{\'O}N, ENFOQUES Y TRAYECTORIA HIST{\'O}RICA DE LA DISCIPLINA},
	booktitle = {GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA. Fundamentos, agentes y procesos},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {41-54},
	publisher = {Tirant Humanidades},
	organization = {Tirant Humanidades},
	address = {Valencia (Spain)},
	abstract = {
	\&nbsp;



	{\textquestiondown}Por qu{\'e} el espacio es importante para comprender el funcionamiento de la econom{\'\i}a? {\textquestiondown}Por qu{\'e} unos pa{\'\i}ses son m{\'a}s pr{\'o}speros que otros? {\textquestiondown}C{\'o}mo ha llegado el Silicon Valley a concentrar tantas empresas innovadoras de la econom{\'\i}a digital? {\textquestiondown}Qu{\'e} factores convierten a la ciudad en un lugar atractivo para empresas y consumidores? {\textquestiondown}Por d{\'o}nde circulan las mercanc{\'\i}as adquiridas a trav{\'e}s del comercio electr{\'o}nico? {\textquestiondown}Pueden las pol{\'\i}ticas p{\'u}blicas impulsar el desarrollo de los territorios desfavorecidos, o prevalece el poder de las grandes corporaciones?



	La Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica se interesa por estas y otras muchas preguntas. Los textos anglosajones fijan su nacimiento en 1889, cuando el escoc{\'e}s George Chisholm public{\'o} su Handbook of Commercial Geography. Durante sus 130 a{\~n}os de vida, se ha convertido en una disciplina muy amplia en sus perspectivas te{\'o}ricas y sus temas de estudio emp{\'\i}rico. Esta expansi{\'o}n se traduce en tres grandes formas de concebir la Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica (S{\'a}nchez, 2003; 2021). La primera trata del estudio de la influencia de la naturaleza sobre el funcionamiento de la econom{\'\i}a y del impacto de {\'e}sta sobre aquella. La segunda analiza la localizaci{\'o}n y la distribuci{\'o}n espacial de las actividades econ{\'o}micas. La tercera estudia la organizaci{\'o}n espacial del capitalismo, cuyas estructuras de acumulaci{\'o}n act{\'u}an a escala global, pero dan lugar a contextos locales muy diferentes debido a las caracter{\'\i}sticas pol{\'\i}ticas, sociales y culturales espec{\'\i}ficas de cada ciudad, regi{\'o}n o estado.



	\&nbsp;



	\&nbsp;

},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and S{\'a}nchez Hernandez, J. L.}
}
@inbook {701226,
	title = {RETOS GLOBALES: EL DESARROLLO LOCAL},
	booktitle = {GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA. Fundamentos, agentes y procesos},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {463-476},
	publisher = {Tirant Humanidades},
	organization = {Tirant Humanidades},
	address = {Valencia (Spain)},
	abstract = {
	\&nbsp;



	El desarrollo local se basa en la identificaci{\'o}n y el uso de los recursos y potencialidades end{\'o}genas de una comunidad en un espacio determinado, ya pueda ser el municipio, la comarca o la regi{\'o}n, para potenciarlas y conseguir incrementar la riqueza y el bienestar. Los recursos y factores end{\'o}genos son claves para que el desarrollo local, social y econ{\'o}mico, surja efecto. Sus objetivos est{\'a}n vinculados a la participaci{\'o}n social y al di{\'a}logo local que conecta a los actores o agentes con sus recursos para obtener una mejora econ{\'o}mica y social y una mayor calidad de vida (International Labor Organization, 2021). Agentes locales p{\'u}blicos y privados interact{\'u}an dando lugar a un resultado que tiene incidencia directa en el territorio. Juntamente con los factores end{\'o}genos son importantes para el desarrollo local aquellos factores ex{\'o}genos que determinan la aglomeraci{\'o}n de actividades econ{\'o}micas que se benefician de econom{\'\i}as de localizaci{\'o}n y urbanizaci{\'o}n, que conllevan un incremento de las relaciones sociales y el desarrollo de la actividad econ{\'o}mica.

},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Salom-Carrasco, Julia}
}
@book {701221,
	title = {GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA. Fundamentos, agentes y procesos},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {498},
	publisher = {Tirant Humanidades},
	organization = {Tirant Humanidades},
	address = {Valencia (Spain)},
	abstract = {
	\&nbsp;



	Esta obra forma parte de la serie de manuales de Geograf{\'\i}a que cubren el vac{\'\i}o de las necesarias publicaciones orientadas a los docentes y a los estudiantes de nivel universitario. Hace a{\~n}os que se echaba en falta un libro de referencia actualizado y atento a los procesos recientes de transformaci{\'o}n de la realidad geoecon{\'o}mica, que diera cuenta de los fen{\'o}menos que distinguen al capitalismo global y su impacto en el territorio, as{\'\i} como de los retos que la sociedad debe afrontar en el proceso de construcci{\'o}n de un planeta m{\'a}s sostenible y con una gobernanza de los recursos m{\'a}s justa, eficiente y solidaria.El lector tiene en sus manos una publicaci{\'o}n de indudable inter{\'e}s educativo y valor did{\'a}ctico, que cuenta con las aportaciones de un amplio elenco de expertos en Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica, profundos conocedores de los aspectos concretos a los que se dedica cada cap{\'\i}tulo y acreditados referentes cient{\'\i}ficos de los temas que se abordan, planteados con claridad y rigor, y redactados con un lenguaje preciso y ameno.Los aspectos propios de una Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica cl{\'a}sica se enfocan y resuelven en este libro con una mirada nueva y panor{\'a}mica, como corresponde a una obra plural y coral como esta, que conjuga con acierto la teor{\'\i}a y la pr{\'a}ctica, el enfoque sectorial y los planteamientos m{\'a}s te{\'o}ricos y estructurales desde una visi{\'o}n de la Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica centrada en el capitalismo global, en su fase m{\'a}s reciente de cambio hacia una econom{\'\i}a m{\'a}s humanizada y una sociedad m{\'a}s cr{\'\i}tica y exigente con las instituciones y los agentes que deciden sobre c{\'o}mo hay que producir, consumir y organizar el territorio.La relaci{\'o}n entre econom{\'\i}a y territorio se revisa en todos sus cruciales aspectos: desde el mercado laboral hasta el orden econ{\'o}mico internacional, pasando por la articulaci{\'o}n y din{\'a}mica de las actividades productivas, las pol{\'\i}ticas y estrategias de los Estados en materia de ordenaci{\'o}n de los espacios econ{\'o}micos, la innovaci{\'o}n y el desarrollo local; sin olvidar la sostenibilidad en transici{\'o}n, la revoluci{\'o}n digital, los problemas de desigualdad y pobreza y, c{\'o}mo no, los enfoques cr{\'\i}ticos y las pr{\'a}cticas alternativas.Por {\'u}ltimo, la vocaci{\'o}n de recurso para el aula que distingue a este libro se expresa en los contenidos de car{\'a}cter conceptual, instrumental y aplicado que introducen al lector en los principios, fundamentos y t{\'e}cnicas de la Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica, a los que acompa{\~n}a un notable despliegue de tablas, gr{\'a}ficos y cartograf{\'\i}a, as{\'\i} como una serie de ejercicios pr{\'a}cticos como material de apoyo al lector/estudiante.



	\&nbsp;



	{\'I}ndice generalPRESENTACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;27Fernando Manero MiguelINTRODUCCI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;35Pilar Alonso Logro{\~n}o, Paz Benito del Pozo, Montserrat Pallares-Barbera\&nbsp;y Jos{\'e} Luis S{\'a}nchez Hern{\'a}ndezBLOQUE IFUNDAMENTOS DE GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICACap{\'\i}tulo 1{\textquestiondown}QU{\'E} ES LA GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA? DEFINICI{\'O}N, ENFOQUES Y TRAYECTORIA HIST{\'O}RICA DE LA DISCIPLINAMontserrat Pallares-Barbera y Jos{\'e} Luis S{\'a}nchez Hern{\'a}ndez1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;INTRODUCCI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;411.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS PRINCIPALES ENFOQUES DE LA GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;431.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Las primeras aportaciones: teor{\'\i}a de la localizaci{\'o}n, aglomeraci{\'o}n espacial y econom{\'\i}as de escala\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;431.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Los comienzos de la tradici{\'o}n humano-ambiental\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;431.2.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El cambio hacia la revoluci{\'o}n teor{\'e}tico-cuantitativa\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;441.2.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La geograf{\'\i}a radical y el an{\'a}lisis geogr{\'a}fico del capitalismo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;451.2.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Los giros del final del siglo XX\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;461.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA EN EL SIGLO XXI\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;49Contenido complementario-cap{\'\i}tulo 1Textos seleccionados sobre las escuelas de pensamiento en la Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;50Montserrat Pallares-Barbera y Jos{\'e} Luis S{\'a}nchez Hern{\'a}ndezCap{\'\i}tulo 2EVOLUCI{\'O}N DE LOS SISTEMAS ECON{\'O}MICOSAna Isabel Escalona Orcao2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS SISTEMAS ECON{\'O}MICOS EN LA GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;552.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;NATURALEZA Y FUNCIONES DE LOS SISTEMAS ECON{\'O}MICOS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;552.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;ORGANIZACI{\'O}N PRODUCTIVA Y DIN{\'A}MICA DEL CAPITALISMO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;572.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El sistema de producci{\'o}n capitalista. Antecedentes y configuraci{\'o}n actual\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;572.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El dinamismo intr{\'\i}nseco del capitalismo. Los ciclos econ{\'o}micos \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;592.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL DESARROLLO DESIGUAL COMO IMPACTO ESPACIAL DEL CAPITALISMO. CLAVES Y MODELOS DE AN{\'A}LISIS \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;622.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LAS CRISIS DE 2008 Y 2020: NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS DEL CAPITALISMO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;64Cap{\'\i}tulo 3LA GLOBALIZACI{\'O}N COMO PROCESO GEOGR{\'A}FICOJulia Salom-Carrasco3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL CONCEPTO DE GLOBALIZACI{\'O}N: LA GLOBALIZACI{\'O}N ECON{\'O}MICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;653.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;CARACTER{\'I}STICAS Y CAUSAS DE LA GLOBALIZACI{\'O}N ECON{\'O}MICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;663.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Caracter{\'\i}sticas espec{\'\i}ficas de la globalizaci{\'o}n actual\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;663.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Causas o factores que propician la globalizaci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;683.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS IMPACTOS GEOGR{\'A}FICOS DE LA GLOBALIZACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;703.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS L{\'I}MITES DE LA GLOBALIZACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;73Cap{\'\i}tulo 4PRINCIPALES FUENTES DE INFORMACI{\'O}N, RECURSOS Y T{\'E}CNICAS DE TRABAJO \&nbsp;EN GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICAGema Gonz{\'a}lez Romero y Jos{\'e} Luis S{\'a}nchez Hern{\'a}ndez4.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;INTRODUCCI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;754.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;FUENTES INDIRECTAS \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;764.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Fuentes estad{\'\i}sticas\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;764.2.1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Tipos de fuentes y de datos \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;764.2.1.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Principales organismos y fuentes de informaci{\'o}n estad{\'\i}stica econ{\'o}mica\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;774.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Fuentes cartogr{\'a}ficas y datos geoespaciales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;834.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;T{\'E}CNICAS DIRECTAS DE INVESTIGACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;854.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El trabajo de campo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;854.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Las entrevistas personales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;864.3.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Los cuestionarios\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;87Contenido complementario-cap{\'\i}tulo 4Fichas para la aplicaci{\'o}n de t{\'e}cnicas de an{\'a}lisis\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;88Gema Gonz{\'a}lez Romero y Jos{\'e} Luis S{\'a}nchez Hern{\'a}ndezCap{\'\i}tulo 5CONCEPTOS, ESCALAS Y PROCESOS EN GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICAPaz Benito del Pozo5.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;CONCEPTOS B{\'A}SICOS EN GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;935.1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El concepto de espacio geogr{\'a}fico\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;945.1.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Sobre la noci{\'o}n de territorio\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;945.1.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El concepto de escala\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;955.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL CRUCE DE ESCALAS ESPACIALES Y PRODUCTIVAS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;975.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;PROCESOS EN GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;98



	BIBLIOGRAF{\'I}A DEL BLOQUE I\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;101BLOQUE IIAGENTES E INSTITUCIONES DE LA ORGANIZACI{\'O}NTERRITORIAL DE LA ECONOM{\'I}ACap{\'\i}tulo 6LA EMPRESA: SU DIVERSIDAD Y SUS ESTRATEGIAS TERRITORIALESMontserrat Pallares-Barbera y Antoni F. Tulla Pujol6.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;INTRODUCCI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1056.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;DEFINICI{\'O}N DE EMPRESA: TIPOS, FORMAS Y CATEGOR{\'I}AS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1056.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;TIPOS DE ESTRUCTURA EMPRESARIAL EN EL ESPACIO ECON{\'O}MICO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1106.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;ESTRATEGIAS TERRITORIALES DE LA EMPRESA: FACTORES DE LOCALIZACI{\'O}N Y DESLOCALIZACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;111Cap{\'\i}tulo 7EL MERCADO LABORAL: COMPONENTES, REGULACI{\'O}N \&nbsp;Y ORGANIZACI{\'O}N ESPACIAL DEL TRABAJOJos{\'e} Prada Trigo y Adri{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez Miranda7.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL MERCADO DE TRABAJO: DEFINICI{\'O}N Y COMPONENTES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1177.1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Definici{\'o}n, oferta y demanda\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1177.1.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Salario y teor{\'\i}as del capital humano\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1187.1.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El problema de la informalidad y la disyuntiva trabajo-empleo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1197.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;REGULACI{\'O}N DEL MERCADO LABORAL\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1217.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La flexibilidad como mantra de la nueva {\'e}poca\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1217.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Actores sociales, instituciones y regulaci{\'o}n de las relaciones laborales \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1227.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;DIVISI{\'O}N ESPACIAL DEL TRABAJO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1237.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;{\'A}reas administrativas versus mercados laborales locales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1237.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Grandes transformaciones en los mercados laborales mundial y nacionales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1247.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;ALGUNOS DESAF{\'I}OS PARA EL TRABAJO EN EL SIGLO XXI\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1267.4.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Digitalizaci{\'o}n y modelos de negocio que impactan en el mundo del trabajo: teletrabajo y plataformas digitales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1267.4.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Oportunidades y desaf{\'\i}os para reducir las brechas de actividad y empleo entre territorios\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;127Contenido complementario-cap{\'\i}tulo 7El mercado laboral en el contexto europeo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;128Jos{\'e} Prada Trigo y Adri{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez MirandaConceptos b{\'a}sicos sobre el mercado de trabajo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;130Jos{\'e} Luis S{\'a}nchez Hern{\'a}ndezCap{\'\i}tulo 8SOCIEDAD, CULTURA, INSTITUCIONES Y ACTIVIDAD ECON{\'O}MICAJos{\'e} Luis S{\'a}nchez Hern{\'a}ndez8.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA ECONOM{\'I}A EN SU CONTEXTO SOCIAL Y TERRITORIAL\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1338.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;PRINCIPALES REFERENCIAS TE{\'O}RICAS Y CONCEPTUALES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1348.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La teor{\'\i}a de los {\'o}rdenes de justificaci{\'o}n\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1348.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Confianza, instituciones y desarrollo econ{\'o}mico\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1368.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS PROCESOS ECON{\'O}MICOS Y EL CONTEXTO SOCIOCULTURAL: ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1388.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La diferenciaci{\'o}n cultural del capitalismo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1388.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Consumo responsable y transformaci{\'o}n territorial\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1408.3.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Comunidades intencionales y prefiguraci{\'o}n\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1428.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;DIGITALIZACI{\'O}N, COCREACI{\'O}N Y SOCIEDAD DE MERCADO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;143Cap{\'\i}tulo 9EL ESTADO: POL{\'I}TICAS Y ESTRATEGIAS DE ORDENACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;Y PLANIFICACI{\'O}N DEL ESPACIO ECON{\'O}MICOPaz Benito del Pozo y Eugenio Climent L{\'o}pez9.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA ORDENACI{\'O}N Y PLANIFICACI{\'O}N DEL TERRITORIO COMO ACTIVIDADES POL{\'I}TICO-ADMINISTRATIVAS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1459.1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Finalidad de la ordenaci{\'o}n y planificaci{\'o}n de los usos del suelo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1459.1.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Objetivos de la estrategia territorial: desarrollo equilibrado, competitivo y sostenible\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1469.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;POL{\'I}TICA REGIONAL Y ORDENACI{\'O}N DEL SUELO PARA ACTIVIDADES PRODUCTIVAS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1479.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Relaci{\'o}n entre las estrategias de desarrollo regional y la ordenaci{\'o}n del suelo para usos productivos\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1479.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Modelos internacionales: Estados Unidos, Europa y Am{\'e}rica Latina\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1489.2.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Principales agentes e instrumentos: el caso de la Uni{\'o}n Europea\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1509.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;POLITICAS SECTORIALES Y ORDENACI{\'O}N DEL TERRITORIO \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1519.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Pol{\'\i}tica de transportes \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1519.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Pol{\'\i}tica econ{\'o}mica y desarrollo de {\'a}reas empresariales y parques tecnol{\'o}gicos \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1529.3.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Pol{\'\i}tica agraria y protecci{\'o}n de suelos y paisajes\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1539.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL ESTADO Y LA PLANIFICACI{\'O}N DEL SUELO EMPRESARIAL\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1539.4.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Estados con amplio instrumental de planificaci{\'o}n: el caso de Espa{\~n}a\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1539.4.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Estados con d{\'e}bil desarrollo de la ordenaci{\'o}n del territorio: la experiencia de Am{\'e}rica Latina\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;1559.4.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La reconversi{\'o}n de suelos industriales en Europa\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;156Cap{\'\i}tulo 10LOS ORGANISMOS INTERNACIONALES Y LA REGULACI{\'O}N DE LOS MERCADOSJos{\'e} Luis Alonso Santos10.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;UN MUNDO DE RELACIONES ECON{\'O}MICAS BASADAS EN EL MULTILATERALISMO Y EL LIBRE MERCADO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;15910.1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Los antecedentes\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;15910.1.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El nuevo orden econ{\'o}mico internacional: los acuerdos de Bretton Woods\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16010.1.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La Conferencia de La Habana y la firma del GATT\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16010.1.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Principios y normas del GATT\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16010.1.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La Ronda Uruguay (1986-1994)\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16110.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA ORGANIZACI{\'O}N MUNDIAL DEL COMERCIO Y EL MUNDO GLOBALIZADO. LA NUEVA ESTRUCTURA DE LA ORGANIZACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16210.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Constituci{\'o}n de la Organizaci{\'o}n Mundial del Comercio\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16210.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Objetivos y principios de la OMC\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16210.2.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La estructura de la OMC\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16310.2.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Acuerdos multilaterales sobre el comercio de mercanc{\'\i}as \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16410.2.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Acuerdo General sobre el Comercio de Servicios \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16510.2.6.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Acuerdo sobre los aspectos de los derechos de propiedad intelectual relacionados con el comercio\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16610.2.7.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Entendimiento relativo a las normas y procedimientos por los que se rige la Soluci{\'o}n de Diferencias\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16610.2.8.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Mecanismo de Examen de las Pol{\'\i}ticas Comerciales (MEPC)\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;16710.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EVOLUCI{\'O}N DE LA O.M.C.: LA RONDA DOHA Y LAS TENSIONES Y DESAF{\'I}OS DEL MULTILATERALISMO DEL SIGLO XXI \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;167



	BIBLIOGRAF{\'I}A DEL BLOQUE II\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;173BLOQUE IIILA ARTICULACI{\'O}N TERRITORIAL DE LAS ACTIVIDADES ECON{\'O}MICASCap{\'\i}tulo 11LA PRODUCCI{\'O}N PRIMARIA: AGRICULTURA, GANADER{\'I}A, \&nbsp;PESCA Y SILVICULTURARosa Mecha L{\'o}pez y Susana Ram{\'\i}rez Garc{\'\i}a11.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL SECTOR PRIMARIO DEL SISTEMA PRODUCTIVO: DELIMITACI{\'O}N Y SINGULARIDAD\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;17911.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;ACTIVIDADES POR SUBSECTORES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;18311.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La producci{\'o}n agr{\'\i}cola y ganadera\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;18411.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Las actividades pesqueras y la acuicultura\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;18811.2.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Las grandes zonas madereras del mundo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;19011.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;PROCESOS ACTUALES Y DESAF{\'I}OS DE FUTURO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;19111.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El cambio clim{\'a}tico y su incidencia en la producci{\'o}n del sector primario\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;19211.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Respuesta en el contexto internacional a los problemas del sector agrario\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;193Cap{\'\i}tulo 12EL SECTOR ENERG{\'E}TICOEva M. Mart{\'\i}n Roda12.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LAS FUENTES DE ENERG{\'I}A PRIMARIA: EVOLUCI{\'O}N Y CONSUMO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;19512.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;TIPO DE ENERG{\'I}A CONSUMIDA POR SECTOR PRODUCTIVO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;19712.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS PRODUCTORES DE ENERG{\'I}AS F{\'O}SILES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;20212.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;CONSUMO DE COMBUSTIBLES F{\'O}SILES: CARB{\'O}N E HIDROCARBUROS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;20512.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;RESERVAS DE ENERG{\'I}AS F{\'O}SILES EN EL MUNDO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;20712.6.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;ENERG{\'I}AS RENOVABLES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;212Cap{\'\i}tulo 13LA INDUSTRIA MANUFACTURERA Y SUS MODELOS TERRITORIALESDE IMPLANTACI{\'O}NPilar Alonso Logro{\~n}o y Eugenio Climent L{\'o}pez13.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA ACTIVIDAD INDUSTRIAL: DEFINICI{\'O}N, TIPOLOG{\'I}AS Y ORGANIZACI{\'O}N DEL TERRITORIO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;21513.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;IMPORTANCIA DE LA INDUSTRIA EN LA ACTIVIDAD ECON{\'O}MICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;21713.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El paso de la sociedad preindustrial a la sociedad industrial y postindustrial\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;21713.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La desigualdad a escala global en el proceso de industrializaci{\'o}n\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;21813.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS ESPACIOS INDUSTRIALES E INDUSTRIALIZADOS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;22113.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Modelos te{\'o}ricos cl{\'a}sicos para la determinaci{\'o}n de la localizaci{\'o}n industrial \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;22213.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La mundializaci{\'o}n en la industria: expansi{\'o}n de las multinacionales, producci{\'o}n flexible, deslocalizaci{\'o}n y zonas francas\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;22313.3.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Econom{\'\i}as de aglomeraci{\'o}n: localizaci{\'o}n y urbanizaci{\'o}n \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;22513.3.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Industrializaci{\'o}n en espacios no metropolitanos: los sistemas productivos locales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;22713.3.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Los espacios industriales a gran escala\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;22813.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;INDUSTRIA Y SOSTENIBILIDAD \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;22913.4.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Contaminaci{\'o}n y riesgos tecnol{\'o}gicos\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;22913.4.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Hacia la transici{\'o}n verde y la econom{\'\i}a circular\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;230Contenido complementario-cap{\'\i}tulo 13Sistemas productivos locales del calzado\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;231Eugenio Climent L{\'o}pezCap{\'\i}tulo 14LA CONSTRUCCI{\'O}N: INFRAESTRUCTURAS, OBRAS P{\'U}BLICASY PRODUCCI{\'O}N DE VIVIENDAAlfonso Fern{\'a}ndez Tabales y Estrella C. Cruz Mazo14.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA CONSTRUCCI{\'O}N: CONCEPTO, CARACTERIZACI{\'O}N Y ACTIVIDADES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;23514.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LAS INFRAESTRUCTURAS Y LAS OBRAS P{\'U}BLICAS EN LA GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA ACTUAL\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;23614.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Delimitaci{\'o}n conceptual\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;23614.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Tipolog{\'\i}a de infraestructuras\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;23614.2.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Funciones dentro de los sistemas productivos\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;23714.2.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El mapa mundial de las infraestructuras\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;23914.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA PRODUCCI{\'O}N DE VIVIENDA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;24114.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El papel de la vivienda en el desarrollo y la econom{\'\i}a del territorio\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;24114.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Derecho a la vivienda y cohesi{\'o}n social\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;24314.3.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Ciclos econ{\'o}micos y burbujas inmobiliarias\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;24514.3.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La globalizaci{\'o}n de los mercados inmobiliarios. Factores, agentes y efectos\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;24614.3.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Intervenci{\'o}n p{\'u}blica en materia de vivienda y Estados de Bienestar\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;24714.3.6.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Vivienda y sostenibilidad\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;248Contenido complementario-cap{\'\i}tulo 14La producci{\'o}n de viviendas e infraestructuras en el ciclo expansivo espa{\~n}ol de comienzos del siglo XXI (2000-2007)\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;250Alfonso Fern{\'a}ndez Tabales y Estrella C. Cruz MazoCap{\'\i}tulo 15LOS TRANSPORTES COMO ELEMENTO ARTICULADOR\&nbsp;DE LAS ACTIVIDADES ECON{\'O}MICASCarlos L{\'o}pez Escolano y Pilar Alonso Logro{\~n}o15.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL TRANSPORTE COMO SOPORTE DE LA ECONOM{\'I}A\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;25515.1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La evoluci{\'o}n de los sistemas de transporte a lo largo del tiempo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;25515.1.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El transporte como base para el desarrollo econ{\'o}mico\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;25715.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL DESIGUAL PAPEL DE LOS MODOS DE TRANSPORTE EN LA ARTICULACI{\'O}N ECON{\'O}MICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;25915.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El transporte terrestre: carretera y ferrocarril\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;26015.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El transporte mar{\'\i}timo: el distribuidor global de mercanc{\'\i}as\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;26115.2.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El transporte a{\'e}reo: un crecimiento sin igual\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;26215.2.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Caracter{\'\i}sticas regionales de los sistemas de transporte\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;26415.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;CONEXIONES GLOBALES Y CRECIMIENTO DE LA LOG{\'I}STICA \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;26615.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Transporte de mercanc{\'\i}as: internacionalizaci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica y comercio global\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;26715.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El crecimiento de las actividades log{\'\i}sticas y sus espacios\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;26815.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;DESAF{\'I}OS Y PERSPECTIVAS DEL TRANSPORTE\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;26915.4.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Implicaciones medioambientales del transporte en la era del cambio clim{\'a}tico\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;26915.4.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Debilidades y retos en la cadena global de suministro\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;27015.4.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La movilidad en los espacios urbanos y rurales. Problem{\'a}ticas y soluciones\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;271Contenido complementario-cap{\'\i}tulo 15Plaza, la plataforma log{\'\i}stica de Zaragoza\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;272Carlos L{\'o}pez EscolanoCap{\'\i}tulo 16LAS ACTIVIDADES FINANCIERAS Y LOS FLUJOS DE CAPITALJuan Carlos Fern{\'a}ndez Cela16.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;ESPACIOS Y FINANZAS: UNA COMPLEJA RELACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;27716.1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El capital financiero: un movimiento constante\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;27716.1.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Tipolog{\'\i}a espacial de los mercados financieros internacionales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;27816.1.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Condicionantes de los flujos financieros\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;27916.1.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Burbujas, contagios y crisis financieras\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28116.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;GEOGRAF{\'I}A DE LOS FLUJOS FINANCIEROS INTERNACIONALES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28216.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Tipolog{\'\i}a de transacciones internacionales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28216.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La circulaci{\'o}n espacial de capital\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28316.2.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Nuevas relaciones financieras entre territorios\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28316.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL IMPACTO DEL CAPITAL EN EL ESPACIO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28416.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La financiarizaci{\'o}n: un concepto confuso\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28416.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Circuitos financieros y redes globales de producci{\'o}n\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28516.3.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Financiarizaci{\'o}n y divisi{\'o}n internacional del trabajo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28616.3.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La financiarizaci{\'o}n de la vida cotidiana\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28616.3.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Geopol{\'\i}tica y flujos de capital\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28716.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;GEOGRAF{\'I}AS DE LOS ACTORES FINANCIEROS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28816.4.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Los centros financieros internacionales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28816.4.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Para{\'\i}sos fiscales y jurisdicciones extraterritoriales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;28916.4.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Localizaci{\'o}n de servicios financieros en espacios urbanos\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;29016.4.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Localizaci{\'o}n de servicios financieros en espacios rurales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;291Cap{\'\i}tulo 17LOS FLUJOS DE INFORMACI{\'O}N Y CONOCIMIENTO: \&nbsp;TIC, INTERNET Y SERVICIOS A LAS EMPRESASJuan Miguel Albertos Puebla y Sim{\'o}n S{\'a}nchez-Moral17.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA INFORMACI{\'O}N Y EL CONOCIMIENTO COMO MOTORES DE LA NUEVA ECONOM{\'I}A\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;29317.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;CARACTER{\'I}STICAS DE LAS ACTIVIDADES DE LA ECONOM{\'I}A DEL CONOCIMIENTO Y SU EMPLEO ASOCIADO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;29617.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL SOPORTE MATERIAL DEL ESPACIO DE LOS FLUJOS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;29917.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA INFORMACI{\'O}N Y EL CONOCIMIENTO EN LA DEFINICI{\'O}N DE JERARQU{\'I}AS URBANAS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;303Contenido complementario-cap{\'\i}tulo 17El mundo seg{\'u}n el GaWC. Ciudades globales en Am{\'e}rica Latina, 2000-2020\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;308Juan Miguel Albertos Puebla y Sim{\'o}n S{\'a}nchez MoralCap{\'\i}tulo 18LOS SERVICIOS A LA POBLACI{\'O}N: COMERCIO MINORISTAY SERVICIOS PERSONALES EN UN ENTORNO DIGITALCarlos L{\'o}pez Escolano, Ana Vera Mart{\'\i}n y Pilar Alonso Logro{\~n}o18.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS SERVICIOS A LA POBLACI{\'O}N: IMPORTANCIA SOCIOECON{\'O}MICA Y TERRITORIAL \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;31118.1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Delimitaci{\'o}n de actividades de servicios personales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;31218.1.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Factores que explican el crecimiento de los servicios personales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;31318.1.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Teor{\'\i}as explicativas de la localizaci{\'o}n de los servicios personales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;31518.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL COMERCIO MINORISTA: DE PRESENCIAL A DIGITAL\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;31818.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Clasificaci{\'o}n de la actividad comercial minorista\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;31918.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;DIFERENCIAS ESPACIALES EN LA PROVISI{\'O}N Y ACCESO DE LOS SERVICIOS A LAS PERSONAS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;32118.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Los servicios personales y el comercio en los espacios urbanos\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;32218.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Los servicios personales en el medio rural \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;32518.3.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El uso creciente de los servicios personales online\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;326Cap{\'\i}tulo 19LOS SERVICIOS SOCIALES, SANITARIOS Y EDUCATIVOS: \&nbsp;ARTICULACI{\'O}N TERRITORIAL Y COHESI{\'O}N SOCIALMar{\'\i}a Dolores Pitarch Garrido19.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS SERVICIOS: DEFINICI{\'O}N Y DIVERSIDAD\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;32719.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL ESTADO COMO PROVEEDOR DE SERVICIOS P{\'U}BLICOS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;32819.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El Estado de Bienestar\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;32819.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Los servicios p{\'u}blicos de bienestar\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;329a)\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Servicios sanitarios\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;329b)\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Servicios sociales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;331c)\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Servicios educativos\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;33319.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;SERVICIOS PUBLICOS Y ORDENACI{\'O}N DEL TERRITORIO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;33519.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;SERVICIOS P{\'U}BLICOS Y REDUCCI{\'O}N DE LAS DESIGUALDADES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;340Cap{\'\i}tulo 20TURISMO, OCIO Y RECREACI{\'O}N: SIGNIFICADO ECON{\'O}MICOY PRODUCCI{\'O}N DE TERRITORIOC{\'a}ndida Gago Garc{\'\i}a20.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;CONCEPTOS DE OCIO, RECREACI{\'O}N Y TURISMO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;34320.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;RECURSOS Y TIPOLOG{\'I}AS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;34620.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL AUGE DE LAS ACTIVIDADES TUR{\'I}STICAS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;34720.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;PRINCIPALES RASGOS ECON{\'O}MICOS DEL TURISMO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;35020.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL GIRO CULTURAL: EL PARADIGMA DEL TURISTA POSMODERNO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;35320.6.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;TURISMO Y CIUDAD\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;35420.7.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;TURISMO, DESARROLLO Y MEDIO AMBIENTE\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;357



	BIBLIOGRAF{\'I}A DEL BLOQUE III\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;359BLOQUE IVLA ECONOM{\'I}A MUNDIAL EN CLAVE GEOGR{\'A}FICACap{\'\i}tulo 21RECONFIGURACI{\'O}N DEL PODER ECON{\'O}MICO: LA TR{\'I}ADA GLOBAL Y CHINAJuan Miguel Albertos Puebla21.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL CENTRO DEL SISTEMA-MUNDO EN SU PERSPECTIVA HIST{\'O}RICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;37121.1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Claves interpretativas de la evoluci{\'o}n del centro del sistema-mundo\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;37121.1.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El centro del sistema-mundo desde 1973: crisis del fordismo, Tr{\'\i}ada y reconfiguraci{\'o}n\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;37421.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;DIN{\'A}MICAS RECIENTES EN ALGUNOS PA{\'I}SES CENTRALES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;37821.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Ascenso y declive del imperio americano\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;37821.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La Uni{\'o}n Europea: {\textquestiondown}ser o no ser?\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;38021.2.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El nuevo salto adelante: una globalizaci{\'o}n china\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;382Cap{\'\i}tulo 22LA SEMIPERIFERIA: PA{\'I}SES EMERGENTES Y GLOBALIZACI{\'O}N MULTIPOLARDavid Ramos P{\'e}rez22.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS ESPACIOS SEMIPERIF{\'E}RICOS: UNA CARACTERIZACI{\'O}N COMPLEJA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;38522.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA EMERGENCIA COMO FEN{\'O}MENO MULTIDIMENSIONAL\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;38822.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;UNA GEOGRAF{\'I}A DE LOS PA{\'I}SES EMERGENTES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;39222.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Rusia: {\textquestiondown}el retorno de una potencia?\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;39222.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La India: del desarrollo aut{\'o}nomo a la integraci{\'o}n en la econom{\'\i}a mundial\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;39422.3.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Brasil: {\textquestiondown}hacia una emergencia inclusiva?\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;395Cap{\'\i}tulo 23DIVERSIDAD Y HETEROGENEIDAD DE LAS PERIFERIASDavid Ramos P{\'e}rez23.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LOS ESPACIOS PERIF{\'E}RICOS: RECOMPOSICI{\'O}N Y DIFERENCIACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;39923.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA PERIFERIA INTEGRADA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;40223.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA PERIFERIA D{\'E}BILMENTE INTEGRADA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;40423.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA PERIFERIA MARGINADA: LOS PA{\'I}SES MENOS ADELANTADOS Y EN CONFLICTO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;406Cap{\'\i}tulo 24DESIGUALDAD Y POBREZAPaz Benito del Pozo y Alejandro L{\'o}pez Gonz{\'a}lez24.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA DESIGUALDAD Y LA POBREZA COMO PROBLEMA TERRITORIAL\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;40924.1.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Capitalismo y fundamentos de la desigualdad\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;40924.1.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Escalas, evidencias y formas de medir la desigualdad\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;41024.1.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;La pobreza y su expresi{\'o}n geogr{\'a}fica \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;41224.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;INTERPRETACIONES DE LA DESIGUALDAD \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;41424.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El desigual desarrollo de los pa{\'\i}ses y la teor{\'\i}a de las {\'e}lites extractivas\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;41424.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Visiones sobre la ayuda oficial al desarrollo y la Agenda 2030\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;41624.2.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Desigualdad y vulnerabilidad\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;41724.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA POBREZA EN EL MUNDO ACTUAL \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;41824.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El papel de organismos e instrumentos internacionales\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;41824.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El tercer sector y la lucha contra la pobreza: las ONG\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;42024.3.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Modelos de pa{\'\i}ses o territorios pobres\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;421Contenido complementario-cap{\'\i}tulo 24Desarrollo humano y riqueza de los pa{\'\i}ses\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;422Paz Benito del Pozo y Alejandro L{\'o}pez Gonz{\'a}lez



	BIBLIOGRAF{\'I}A DEL BLOQUE IV\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;425BLOQUE VDESAF{\'I}OS ECON{\'O}MICOS Y RESPUESTAS TERRITORIALESCap{\'\i}tulo 25LA INNOVACI{\'O}N: SUS DIMENSIONES Y SUS ESPACIOSJulia Salom-Carrasco y Sim{\'o}n S{\'a}nchez-Moral25.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;{\textquestiondown}QU{\'E} ES INNOVACI{\'O}N? DEFINICI{\'O}N Y TIPOS DE INNOVACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;43125.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;PROCESOS Y MODELOS DE INNOVACI{\'O}N: {\textquestiondown}C{\'O}MO SE PRODUCE LA INNOVACI{\'O}N?\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;43325.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;MIDIENDO LAS ACTIVIDADES DE INNOVACI{\'O}N: COMPONENTES E INDICADORES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;43525.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LAS POL{\'I}TICAS Y LOS ESPACIOS DE LA INNOVACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;438Contenido complementario-cap{\'\i}tulo 25\&nbsp;Caracter{\'\i}sticas del sistema de innovaci{\'o}n regional andaluz\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;441Rosa Jord{\'a} BorrellCap{\'\i}tulo 26LA SOSTENIBILIDAD EN TRANSICI{\'O}NMar{\'\i}a-Jos{\'e} Prados Velasco y Jorge Olcina Cantos26.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;INTRODUCCI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;44726.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LAS GRANDES CIFRAS DE LA INSOSTENIBILIDAD\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;44926.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;RECURSOS NATURALES Y POL{\'I}TICA ECON{\'O}MICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;45126.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA TRANSICI{\'O}N SOCIOT{\'E}CNICA: AGENTES Y ORGANIZACIONES\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;454Cap{\'\i}tulo 27LA REVOLUCI{\'O}N DIGITAL Y LAS CADENAS DE VALORJuan Carlos Garc{\'\i}a Palomares27.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;DIGITALIZACI{\'O}N Y TRANSFORMACI{\'O}N DE LA ACTIVIDAD ECON{\'O}MICA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;45927.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;BIG DATA Y NUEVAS TECNOLOG{\'I}AS EN LA CADENA DE VALOR\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;46127.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA INDUSTRIA ASOCIADA A LA DIGITALIZACI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;46327.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;CLAVES GEOGR{\'A}FICAS DEL NUEVO ESCENARIO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;46427.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LA REVOLUCI{\'O}N DIGITAL LO IMPREGNA TODO\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;468Cap{\'\i}tulo 28RETOS GLOBALES: EL DESARROLLO LOCALMontserrat Pallares-Barbera y Julia Salom-Carrasco28.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;INTRODUCCI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;47128.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;DEL DESARROLLO ECON{\'O}MICO AL DESARROLLO LOCAL \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;47228.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EL PROCESO DE DESARROLLO LOCAL\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;47428.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;LAS POL{\'I}TICAS DE DESARROLLO LOCAL\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;477Contenido complementario-cap{\'\i}tulo 28Ejercicios de desarrollo local\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;479Montserrat Pallares-Barbera y Julia Salom CarrascoCap{\'\i}tulo 29ECONOM{\'I}AS CR{\'I}TICAS PARA CONSTRUIR UN DESARROLLOTERRITORIAL SOSTENIBLEAna Vera Mart{\'\i}n y Carolina Yacam{\'a}n Ochoa29.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;INTRODUCCI{\'O}N\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;48529.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;PENSAMIENTO CR{\'I}TICO EN GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;48629.2.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Econom{\'\i}a social y solidaria\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;48629.2.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Econom{\'\i}a feminista\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;48829.2.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;El decrecimiento y la econom{\'\i}a ecol{\'o}gica\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;48929.2.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Econom{\'\i}a del bien com{\'u}n\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;48929.2.5.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Econom{\'\i}a circular\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;49129.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;EJEMPLOS DE PR{\'A}CTICAS ECON{\'O}MICAS ALTERNATIVAS\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;49229.3.1.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Los mercados sociales \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;49229.3.2.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Las kellys \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;49229.3.3.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;Cooperativas de energ{\'\i}a renovable \&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;49329.4.\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;APUNTES PARA LA CONSTRUCCI{\'O}N DE UNA AGENDA POL{\'I}TICA ALTERNATIVA\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;493



	BIBLIOGRAF{\'I}A DEL BLOQUE V\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;\&nbsp;\&nbsp; \&nbsp;495



	\&nbsp;

},
	author = {Alonso Logro{\~n}o, Pilar and BENITO DEL POZO, PAZ and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and S{\'A}NCHEZ HERN{\'A}NDEZ, JOS{\'E} LUIS}
}
@article {694467,
	title = {Nuevas fronteras en el espacio econ{\'o}mico. Econom{\'\i}a social y econom{\'\i}as alternativas. New frontiers in economic space. Social economy and alternative economies},
	journal = {Documents d{\textquoteright}An{\`a}lisi Geogr{\`a}fica},
	volume = {68},
	number = {3},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {505-518},
	abstract = {
	Resumen



	Basado en el formato del trabajo de Andrew Barry y Mark Maslin, este art{\'\i}culo tiene como objetivo reflejar las discusiones sobre la capacidad de la econom{\'\i}a social y las econom{\'\i}as alternativas para generar impactos colectivos sobre el territorio en la segunda d{\'e}cada del siglo xxi. La reflexi{\'o}n anal{\'\i}tica se apoya en varias teor{\'\i}as sobre la aparici{\'o}n de nuevas formas de actividad econ{\'o}mica y su relaci{\'o}n con el territorio, y asume que las condiciones territoriales son siempre desiguales, como ha constatado la geograf{\'\i}a econ{\'o}mica. Por tanto, a partir de la path dependence o dependencia de la trayectoria y de la teor{\'\i}a de la transici{\'o}n sociot{\'e}cnica, principalmente, se discuten y se formulan nuevas preguntas, que en este art{\'\i}culo se dejan abiertas, sobre los fuertes componentes sociales y territoriales de ambos conceptos. La idea de que las decisiones pasadas condicionan las decisiones que podemos adoptar en la actualidad y de que los estados, acciones o decisiones actuales o futuros dependen de la ruta que hayan tomado eventos previos se postula como una explicaci{\'o}n cr{\'\i}tica de la formaci{\'o}n de distintas soluciones y espacios econ{\'o}micos. La transici{\'o}n sociot{\'e}cnica como herramienta conceptual se propone para la comprensi{\'o}n del proceso de transici{\'o}n (ecol{\'o}gica, energ{\'e}tica, alimentaria, entre otras) hacia un modelo econ{\'o}mico y social sostenible.



	Palabras clave: econom{\'\i}a social; econom{\'\i}as alternativas; dependencia de la trayectoria; transici{\'o}n sociot{\'e}cnica; geograf{\'\i}a econ{\'o}mica



	\&nbsp;



	Abstract



	New frontiers in economic space. Social economy and alternative economies



	Based on the format of the work of Andrew Barry and Mark Maslin, this article aims to reflect on the capacity of the social economy and alternative economies to generate collective impacts on the territory in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Analytical reflection is based on various theories of the emergence of new forms of economic activity and their relationship with the territory, and assumes that territorial conditions are always unequal, as has been documented in economic geography. Therefore, from path dependence and the theory of the sociotechnical transition new questions are discussed and formulated on the strong links of the social and territorial components of both concepts. The idea that past decisions condition the decisions we can make today and that current or future states, actions, or decisions depend on the path that previous events have taken is postulated as a critical explanation of the formation of different solutions and economic spaces. Socio-technical transition as a conceptual tool is proposed for understanding the process of transition (ecological, energy, food, among others) to a sustainable economic and social model. Keywords: social economy; alternative economies; path dependence; sociotechnical transition; economic geography



	\&nbsp;

},
	url = {https://dag.revista.uab.cat/article/view/v68-n3-pallares-sanchez/745-pdf-es},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and S{\'a}nchez-Hern{\'a}ndez, Jos{\'e} Luis}
}
@inbook {694191,
	title = {Health Geography of COVID-19: An Exploratory Analysis of the Pandemic during its First Phase in the Compact Cities of Barcelona and Madrid, Spain. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94350-9_20  },
	booktitle = {COVID-19 and a World of Ad Hoc Geographies},
	year = {2022},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Cham},
	abstract = {
	COVID-19 has affected every aspect of life around the globe. To understand the spread of disease it is essential to record location and place, space and population. This chapter is based in history and the epidemiologist literature reporting the relevant variables. The objective is to determine which variable affects contagion in compact cities such as Barcelona and Madrid. Are both cities affected by the same variables? Are there differences between the cities? Why? The set of variables involves the socioeconomic conditions of the population, aging populations and neighborhood conditions. The Global and Local Moran{\textquoteright}s I tools for spatial autocorrelation are used as well as spatial autoregressive models (SAR). Population movements within compact territories might produce a distortion in research results if not accounted for. In the planning strategy, inequalities, society and health treated as a system might improve the foundations for living conditions and health.

},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and S{\'a}nchez-Moral, Sim{\'o}n and VICENTE-SALAR, Rafael and Arellano, Alfonso}
}
@article {693647,
	title = {Can a long-term economic subsidy counteract rural depopulation? An empirical analysis from two Spanish regions. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-022-01505-7},
	journal = {Quality \& Quantity},
	volume = {On-line},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {Rural depopulation in advanced economies has negative economic consequences for local communities and requires effective policies at different spatio-temporal and governance scales. Since the 1980s, an economic subsidy (Rural Employment Plan, PER-PFEA) was implemented at municipality scale in two autonomous communities of Spain (Andalusia and Extremadura) with the aim at improving the economic performances and counteracting depopulation. Within this national plan, each municipality requests and receives funds for improving the labour conditions of temporary agricultural workers. Long-term implementation of the PER-PFEA programme allows assessment of the effectiveness of this subsidy scheme in containing depopulation. The present study classifies municipalities in the two Spanish regions according to their demographic dynamics over a decade (2002 - 2012) and their capacity to attract public funds from the plan. A threshold value based on logistic probabilities was estimated to assess its success in counteracting depopulation. Results identified four municipal profiles. On the one hand, subsidy application reduced depopulation probability in 23.3\% and 8.4\% of Andalusia and Extremadura municipalities, respectively. On the other hand, given the low level of requested funds, the programme did not reduce depopulation in 26.3\% and 61.8\% of Andalusia and Extremadura municipalities with a stagnant economy based on silviculture and livestock. While requesting few funds, 36.9\% and 16.7\% of municipalities exhibited population growth and a dynamic economic base. Finally, despite a large provision of funds, the subsidy seemed to have not reduced depopulation probability in 13.5\% and 13.1\% of municipalities, representing the most problematic contexts because of population shrinkage and economic backwardness. The study finally discusses some proposals for future improvements of the subsidy provision system.Keywords Population shrinkage {\textperiodcentered} Rural spanish regions {\textperiodcentered} Temporary job {\textperiodcentered} Economic subsidy {\textperiodcentered} Disadvantaged municipalities},
	author = {Serra, Pere and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Salvati, Luca}
}
@inbook {672272,
	title = {Dynamics and knowledge flows in coworkings. Micro-spaces of innovation in the Trafalgar Textile District in Barcelona (In Spanish)},
	booktitle = {Estrategias, espacios y redes para la innovaci{\'o}n urbana},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {128},
	publisher = {Catarata},
	organization = {Catarata},
	address = {Madrid},
	abstract = {
	\&nbsp;



	\&nbsp;ABSTRACT CHAPTER



	Since Brad Neuberg founded the first coworking (CW) in San Francisco in 2005, the rise of these spaces has experienced a significant increase on an international scale, growing to 26,300 (Statista, 2021). The appearance of CWs is explained by a series of factors such as the reconfiguration of the labor market, the increasing use of ICTs and the increase in global economic flows. These facts have caused a progressive fragmentation of the value-added chain, increasing the number of sole proprietorships (freelancers) based on knowledge and creativity and taking CWs as work spaces (Capdevila, 2013; Gerdenitsch, et al, 2016; Mariotti, et al, 2017; Merkel, 2015; Parrino, 2015). A CW is defined as a space shared by different professionals dedicated to various fields within the knowledge and creativity industry who rent facilities such as a table or a Wi-Fi connection (Gandini, 2015). Some authors have pointed out that CWs are classified as third spaces or third places.



	A total of 196 CWs are located in Barcelona, ​​making it the twelfth European city with the most spaces of this type (Institut Cerd{\`a}, 2019). Focusing on an intra-urban scale, the Ensanche district (Eixample in Catalan) concentrates 30.61\% of the CWs (Institut Cerd{\`a}, 2019), being the Trafalgar Textile District one of the urban spaces where its appearance has been most noticeable. The Trafalgar Textile District is a central urban space that is located in the vicinity of Plaza Catalunya and Paseo de Gracia, two of the most important urban commercial and business centers in the city, and adjacent to the Sant Pere neighborhood, one of the three that make up the historic center of Barcelona. The objective of the study is to analyze, first, the competitive advantages that DTT offers in the configuration of knowledge networks within the CWs and, second, how these develop and evolve within the same spaces.



	\&nbsp;



	\&nbsp;



	RESUMEN CAP{\'I}TULO



	Desde que en 2005 Brad Neuberg fund{\'o} en San Francisco el primer coworking (CW), el auge de estos espacios ha experimentado un aumento importante a escala internacional creciendo hasta los 26300 (Statista, 2021). La aparici{\'o}n de los CWs se explica por una serie de factores tales como la reconfiguraci{\'o}n del mercado de trabajo, el creciente uso de las TICs y el aumento de los flujos econ{\'o}micos globales. Estos hechos han provocado una progresiva fragmentaci{\'o}n de la cadena de valor a{\~n}adido aumentando el n{\'u}mero de empresas unipersonales (freelances) basadas en el conocimiento y la creatividad y tomando a los CWs como espacios de trabajo (Capdevila, 2013; Gerdenitsch, et al, 2016; Mariotti, et al, 2017; Merkel, 2015; Parrino, 2015). Un CW se define como un espacio compartido por diferentes profesionales dedicados a diversos campos dentro de la industria del conocimiento y la creatividad que alquilan instalaciones tales como una mesa o una conexi{\'o}n wifi (Gandini, 2015). Algunos autores han se{\~n}alado que los CWs se clasifican como terceros espacios o third places.



	En Barcelona se localizan un total de 196 CWs, siendo la decimosegunda ciudad europea con m{\'a}s espacios de este tipo (Institut Cerd{\`a}, 2019). Enfoc{\'a}ndonos a una escala intraurbana, el distrito del Ensanche (Eixample en catal{\'a}n) concentra el 30,61\% de los CWs (Institut Cerd{\`a}, 2019), siendo el Distrito Textil de Trafalgar uno de los espacios urbanos donde su aparici{\'o}n ha sido m{\'a}s notoria. El Distrito Textil de Trafalgar es un espacio urbano central que se localiza en las proximidades de Plaza Catalunya y Paseo de Gracia, dos de los centros comerciales urbanos y empresariales m{\'a}s importantes de la ciudad, y adyacente al barrio de Sant Pere, uno de los tres que conforman el centro hist{\'o}rico de Barcelona. El objetivo de estudio es analizar, primero, las ventajas competitivas que ofrece el DTT en la configuraci{\'o}n de redes de conocimiento dentro de los CWs y, segundo, c{\'o}mo estas se desarrollan y evolucionan dentro de los mismos espacios.



	\&nbsp;

},
	author = {VICENTE-SALAR, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Vera, Ana}
}
@inbook {694690,
	title = {Aix{\'\i} {\'e}s com la COVID-19 ha afectat el comer{\c c} exterior. This is how COVID-19 has affected foreign trade in Catalonia},
	booktitle = {La nova geograf{\'\i}a de la Catalunya postcovid. The new geography of post-COVID in Catalonia},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {205-220},
	publisher = {Societat Catalana de Geografia. Geographical Catalan Society},
	organization = {Societat Catalana de Geografia. Geographical Catalan Society},
	edition = {First Edition},
	address = {Barcelona},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Vera, Ana}
}
@proceedings {689388,
	title = {Are compact cities more carbon efficient? An integrated analysis of sustainability and Economic Geography based on Latin American urban settings},
	journal = {IX Jornadas de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica. Asociaci{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola de Geograf{\'\i}a (AGE)},
	year = {2021},
	publisher = {AGE},
	address = {Madrid (Espa{\~n}a)},
	abstract = {
	Cities are of central importance for both economic growth and sustainable development. While urbanization has enhanced agglomeration economies, urban sprawling has simultaneously increased land-use and energy consumption, making the transition to a low-carbon development pathway particularly complicated. In this context, compact cities (i.e. densely populated) have been increasingly mentioned as a key option to limit the global increase in temperature. However, in urban settings of Latin America, higher density might exacerbate negative congestion effects already affecting urban areas and produce uncertain impacts on CO2 emissions. To better understand the CO2 emissions impact of higher density in Latin-American cities, a new methodological approach is developed to systematically assess city-level CO2 emissions for a set of 570 cities distributed across 7 countries. Based on this new dataset, a spatial panel model is built with the purpose to find robust evidence that higher density reduces CO2 emissions at the city-level. Results also shed lights on the crucial role that spatial planning can play to help curbing CO2 emissions in Latin-American. 



	\&nbsp;



	Keywords: urban emissions; low-carbon cities; population-based clusters; economic geography; spatial patterns.

},
	author = {Van Der Borght, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@proceedings {687948,
	title = {Estructuras espaciales urbanas y emisiones de CO2 un an{\'a}lisis emp{\'\i}rico en las ciudades de 7 pa{\'\i}ses Latinoamericanos. Urban spatial patterns and CO2 emissions an empirical analysis of 7 Latin American countries. },
	journal = {XXVII Congreso de la Asociaci{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola de Geograf{\'\i}a},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {431-443},
	publisher = {Asociaci{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola de Geograf{\'\i}a, AGE},
	address = {La Laguna, Spain},
	author = {Van Der Borght, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@article {685035,
	title = {Thinking Deep. Acting on Top. Underground Built Heritage and Its Fringe as a Community Catalyst for Local Sustainable Development: Exploratory Cases from Poland and Greece. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414031},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	volume = {13},
	number = {24},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {14031},
	abstract = {
	Abstract



	Underground Built Heritage (UBH) is a distinct class of cultural heritage providing a focal point for community pride and engagement to become a springboard for local sustainable development (LSD). This research aims to articulate how local UBH and its fringe serve as a facilitator of communal identity to mobilize community care towards social and economic development with less involvement from the state and the market actors. For this purpose, local (and less-conspicuous) cases of UBH are employed in Warsaw, Poland, and Volos, Greece, indicating the power of UBH to connect and engage local communities with places, triggering a momentum for a truly bottom-up action that pays less attention to market considerations and state support. The studied UBH sites have been discussed according to an established common framework, dealing with five main issues: (a) general context and status, (b) history, (c) users and management, (d) ecosystem services, and (e) introduction of the paradigm of living labs. The analysis was based on a thorough literature review and complemented by field observations and interviews. The results provide evidence for UBH as a potential facilitator of social and economic development. The case studies in Poland and Greece showed that local actors were involved in activities and social networks of tacit knowledge, generating community building to reinforce bottom-up activities in contact with UBH.



	Keywords:\&nbsp;cultural heritage;\&nbsp;case study method;\&nbsp;living labs;\&nbsp;bottom-up processes;\&nbsp;place and community based approaches

},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/24/14031/htm},
	author = {Maksymiuk, G. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Arvanitidis, P. and Gawryszewska, B. J.}
}
@article {682268,
	title = {Presentaci{\'o}n. Reposicionamiento y reconfiguraci{\'o}n de las actividades econ{\'o}micas en las ciudades espa{\~n}olas tras la recesi{\'o}n (2010-2020)},
	journal = {Documents d{\textquoteright}An{\`a}lisi Geogr{\`a}fica},
	volume = {67},
	number = {3},
	year = {2021},
	note = {https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.711 ISSN 0212-1573 (impr{\`e}s), ISSN 2014-4512},
	pages = {355-361},
	abstract = {El Grupo de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica de la Asociaci{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola de Geograf{\'\i}a,en su inter{\'e}s por avanzar en el estudio de las teor{\'\i}as donde se enmarcan sustrabajos de investigaci{\'o}n y las metodolog{\'\i}as que utilizan, decidi{\'o} organizar unapublicaci{\'o}n especial para evidenciar las preguntas que se hac{\'\i}an los ge{\'o}grafosecon{\'o}micos en Espa{\~n}a y obtener unos resultados rigurosos en pleno siglo xxi.Este n{\'u}mero especial de Documents d{\textquoteright}An{\`a}lisi Geogr{\`a}fica es el resultado de estalabor. El objetivo se concreta en mostrar la riqueza y la variedad de tem{\'a}ticasen las que la geograf{\'\i}a econ{\'o}mica espa{\~n}ola est{\'a} centrando algunas desus investigaciones. Cabe decir que la geograf{\'\i}a econ{\'o}mica en Espa{\~n}a puedeconsiderarse mucho m{\'a}s amplia que los enfoques ofrecidos en este especial, ensus objetivos, teor{\'\i}as, m{\'e}todos y tareas. De hecho, para darle una coherencia,se tuvieron que restringir los art{\'\i}culos publicados y centrarse en el estudio delos problemas econ{\'o}micos en la escala urbana. Aun as{\'\i}, y con esta limitaci{\'o}n,se puede observar que la geograf{\'\i}a econ{\'o}mica es una disciplina muy viva, ubicua,comprometida social y pol{\'\i}ticamente, por tanto, los resultados son muyamplios. Este n{\'u}mero ofrece una peque{\~n}a muestra de lo que, por otra parte,se puede encontrar en revistas prestigiosas de geograf{\'\i}a, tanto en el {\'a}mbitonacional como en el internacional, sobre las investigaciones que llevan a cabolos ge{\'o}grafos econ{\'o}micos en Espa{\~n}a. Por tanto, el contenido de este ejemplar esen s{\'\i} ambicioso y riguroso, aunque somos conscientes de que no es exhaustivo.},
	author = {Alonso Logro{\~n}o, Pilar and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Vera, Ana}
}
@article {663186,
	title = {Grid orientation and natural ventilation in Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s 1860 urban plan for Barcelona. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2020.1816210. Eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/YYGVCSMC9MZRFIGDRJ8B/full?target=10.1080/02665433.2020.1816210 ,
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/YYGVCSMC9MZRFIGDRJ8B/full?target=10.1080/02665433.2020.1816210},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Meritxell Gisbert and Anna Badia}
}
@inbook {585251,
	title = {Spatial Inequality in Ecuador: A Structural Gap Approach},
	booktitle = {Urban and Regional Planning and Development: 20th Century Forms and 21st Century Transformation},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {139-155},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {Cham, Switzerland},
	abstract = {
	Classical analyses of constraints and challenges associated with development in middle-income Latin American countries have been performed based on per capita income levels. Since the first decade of the twenty-first century, the structural gap approach has been an alternative criterion to that of per capita income. It identifies areas where there are gaps, such as poverty, inequality and social inclusion, which hinder social and economic development. In the present study, we used hierarchical cluster analysis to assess the socioeconomic development of cities in Ecuador. The goal was to add depth and flexibility to the study in order to assess a more complex reality regarding the development level of the country. This way, the resulting taxonomies of cities could be used to address specific policies to improve quality of life and sustainability of the population.



	\&nbsp;



	Keywords: Hierarchical cluster analysis, Latino America, Structural gap theory, Socioeconomic development.\&nbsp;



	
		DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-31776-8.
	

},
	author = {Canelos-Salazar, Ramiro and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Vera, Ana}
}
@inbook {667792,
	title = {Chinese investment in mature economic spaces. The textile district of Trafalgar in Barcelona},
	booktitle = {The Spanish metropolitan areas between competitiveness and sustainability. New tools for an urban policy in the global context},
	volume = {Capter XIII},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {307-320},
	publisher = {Tirant Lo Blanch},
	organization = {Tirant Lo Blanch},
	address = {Valencia},
	abstract = {
	ABSTRACT



	Since the last decades, China has become one of the most important countries in the world economy. The country{\textquoteright}s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) (2001) and the Beijing Consensus (2004), among other factors, have outlined its economic strategy in aspects such as international trade. Through massive investment in developing countries through win-win cooperation (Alves, 2013) and taking soft power as its main strategy (Wang, 2008), China is becoming one of the main economic powers in the world. This new world scenario is reflected in cities. Million-dollar investments by Chinese companies are having an increasing presence in the economic development of European cities (Casaburi and Blanco, 2013). An example of this is the Hong Kong Company Hutchinson Port Holdings in Barcelona (Frago, 2015). Its investment in the creation of the Barcelona Europe South Terminal (BEST) port center, in 2012, has led to positioning the city as one of the most important logistics hubs in the Mediterranean area. On the other hand, the policy of opening up the Chinese population to emigration (Song and Liang, 2019) has implied their entry into American and European cities, sometimes leading to the opening of small and medium-sized companies in different sectors (Chaudhry and Crick, 2004; Fong et al., 2012; Guerassimoff, 2003; Katila and Wahlbeck, 2012).



	\&nbsp;



	RESUMEN



	Desde las {\'u}ltimas d{\'e}cadas, China se ha convertido en uno de los pa{\'\i}ses m{\'a}s importantes en la econom{\'\i}a mundial. La entrada del pa{\'\i}s en la Organizaci{\'o}n Mundial del Comercio (OMC) (2001) y el Consenso de Beijing (2004), entre otros factores, han trazado su estrategia econ{\'o}mica en aspectos como el comercio internacional. A trav{\'e}s de la inversi{\'o}n masiva en pa{\'\i}ses en desarrollo a trav{\'e}s de una cooperaci{\'o}n win-win (Alves, 2013) y tomando como estrategia principal el soft power (Wang, 2008), China se est{\'a} convirtiendo en una de las principales potencias econ{\'o}micas del mundo. Este nuevo escenario mundial tiene su reflejo en las ciudades. Inversiones millonarias de empresas chinas est{\'a}n teniendo cada vez m{\'a}s presencia en el desarrollo econ{\'o}mico de las ciudades europeas (Casaburi y Blanco, 2013). Un ejemplo de ello es la empresa de Hong Kong Hutchinson Port Holdings en Barcelona (Frago, 2015). Su inversi{\'o}n en la creaci{\'o}n del centro portuario Barcelona Europe South Terminal (BEST), en el 2012, ha supuesto colocar a la ciudad como uno de los hubs log{\'\i}sticos m{\'a}s importantes en la zona del Mediterr{\'a}neo. Por otra parte, la pol{\'\i}tica de apertura a la emigraci{\'o}n de la poblaci{\'o}n china (Song y Liang, 2019) ha implicado su entrada en ciudades americanas y europeas conllevando, en algunas ocasiones, la apertura de peque{\~n}as y medianas empresas en diferentes sectores (Chaudhry y Crick, 2004; Fong et al., 2012; Guerassimoff, 2003; Katila y Wahlbeck, 2012).

},
	author = {VICENTE-SALAR, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@inbook {667790,
	title = {Metropolitan protected natural spaces as sentinel landscapes of global change. The Montseny Natural Park and reserve of the biosphere in the metropolitan region of Barcelona},
	booktitle = {The Spanish metropolitan areas between competitiveness and sustainability. New tools for an urban policy in the global context},
	volume = {Chapter IX},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {227-248},
	publisher = {Tirant Lo Blanch},
	organization = {Tirant Lo Blanch},
	address = {Valencia},
	abstract = {
	ABSTRACT



	Protected natural spaces (ENP) located in metropolitan areas are increasingly integrated into the socio-economic dynamics of these territories. The presence of these spaces near large urban areas plays a very important role both for their environmental sustainability and for the quality of life of their inhabitants, through the provision of recreational, cultural, productive environmental services and the regulation of different processes. Currently, in a context of environmental crisis on a planetary scale, global change manifests a threat to the provision of environmental services. For this reason, it is of great importance to study the manifestations of this global change process, through the so-called sentinel landscapes, which are defined as those with a high sensitivity and indicator capacity to global change, as presented in the next section. The second part of this chapter presents the case study of the protected natural spaces of the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona, ​​with the Montseny Natural Park and Biosphere Reserve as a paradigmatic example of a sentinel landscape of global change in a metropolitan context.



	\&nbsp;



	\&nbsp;
	
		RESUMEN
	
	Los espacios naturales protegidos (ENP) localizados en {\'a}reas metropolitanas est{\'a}n cada vez m{\'a}s integrados en las din{\'a}micas socioecon{\'o}micas de estos territorios. La presencia de estos espacios cerca de las grandes zonas urbanas tiene un papel muy importante tanto para su sostenibilidad ambiental como para la calidad de vida de sus habitantes, a trav{\'e}s de la provisi{\'o}n de servicios ambientales recreativos, culturales, productivos y de regulaci{\'o}n de distintos procesos naturales. Actualmente, en un contexto de crisis ambiental a escala planetaria, el cambio global manifiesta una amenaza para la provisi{\'o}n de servicios ambientales. Por este motivo, tiene una gran importancia el estudio de las manifestaciones de este proceso de cambio global, a trav{\'e}s de los denominados paisajes centinela, que se definen como aquellos con una alta sensibilidad y capacidad indicadora al cambio global, tal y como se presenta en el siguiente apartado. En la segunda parte de este cap{\'\i}tulo se presenta el caso de estudio de los espacios naturales protegidos de la Regi{\'o}n Metropolitana de Barcelona, con el Parque Natural y Reserva de la Biosfera del Montseny como ejemplo paradigm{\'a}tico de paisaje centinela del cambio global en un contexto metropolitano.

},
	author = {Pujantell Alb{\'o}s, Josep Antoni and Boada Junc{\`a}, Mart{\'\i} and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Barriocanal Lozano, Carles}
}
@inbook {667789,
	title = {Urban biodiversity, welfare and urban planning: the city of Barcelona as an ecosystem},
	booktitle = {The Spanish metropolitan areas between competitiveness and sustainability. New tools for an urban policy in the global context},
	volume = {Chapter VIII},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {207-226},
	publisher = {Tirant Lo Blanch},
	organization = {Tirant Lo Blanch},
	address = {Valencia},
	abstract = {
	In the second decade of the twenty-first century, urban space finds itself at a key juncture in history where biodiversity, population growth, and climate change are highly relevant elements in the context of global change. A more holistic perception of urban analysis has highlighted the significance of the benefits for human health that derive from experiences with nature and associated biodiversity. Urban ecosystems contain a varied and little known biodiversity, which can be a key element in the culture of sustainability. Additionally, the level of proximity of the population to urban services, such as health, education, or parks, increases the degree of satisfaction, quality of life and well-being of the population (Pallares-Barbera et al., 2011; 2005; 1986). New studies reveal the relationship between more holistic urban planning that includes elements of climate and nature and that can offer a range of important benefits in terms of health, well-being and adaptation and mitigation to climate change. On the contrary, the reduction of biodiversity or the scarcity of services can generate spaces of well-being void and an increase in social conflict. The innovation in this chapter focuses on two fundamental axes: urban biodiversity and planning as inseparable elements to achieve sustainability, the case study being the city of Barcelona.



	\&nbsp;



	\&nbsp;



	RESUMEN:



	En la segunda d{\'e}cada del siglo veintiuno, el espacio urbano se encuentra en una coyuntura clave en la historia donde la biodiversidad, el crecimiento de la poblaci{\'o}n, y el cambio clim{\'a}tico constituyen elementos muy relevantes en el contexto del cambio global. Una percepci{\'o}n m{\'a}s hol{\'\i}stica del an{\'a}lisis urbano ha puesto en valor la significancia de los beneficios para la salud humana que se derivan de las experiencias con la naturaleza y la biodiversidad asociada. Los ecosistemas urbanos contienen una variada y poco conocida biodiversidad, que puede constituir un elemento clave en la cultura de la sostenibilidad. Complementariamente, el nivel de proximidad de la poblaci{\'o}n a los servicios urbanos, como la sanidad, la educaci{\'o}n, o los parques, incrementa el grado de satisfacci{\'o}n, calidad de vida y bienestar de la poblaci{\'o}n (Pallares-Barbera et al., 2011; 2005; 1986). Nuevos estudios revelan la relaci{\'o}n entre una planificaci{\'o}n urbana m{\'a}s hol{\'\i}stica que incluya elementos del clima y de la naturaleza y que puede ofrecer una gama de beneficios importantes en temas de salud, bienestar y adaptaci{\'o}n y mitigaci{\'o}n al cambio clim{\'a}tico. Por el contrario, la reducci{\'o}n de la biodiversidad o la escasez de servicios puede generar espacios de vac{\'\i}o de bienestar y de aumento de conflicto social. La innovaci{\'o}n de este cap{\'\i}tulo se centra en dos ejes fundamentales: la biodiversidad urbana y la planificaci{\'o}n como elementos indisolubles para conseguir la sostenibilidad, siendo el caso de estudio la ciudad de Barcelona.

},
	author = {Marl{\`e}s Magre, Jaume and S{\'a}nchez-Mateo, S{\`o}nia and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Boada Junc{\`a}, Mart{\'\i}}
}
@inbook {667788,
	title = {Capturing demand movements and patterns using big data in Barcelona. An inferential analysis in the geography of behavior},
	booktitle = {The Spanish metropolitan areas between competitiveness and sustainability. New tools for an urban policy in the global context},
	volume = {Capter III},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {85-104},
	publisher = {Tirant Lo Blanch},
	organization = {Tirant Lo Blanch},
	address = {Valencia},
	abstract = {
	ABSTRACT



	Individuals can move through space, but since not all space is the same, they will be attracted to certain preferential locations. There is an uneven distribution of economic activity in space, and it will attract consumers based on the constraints of demand preferences, increased returns to scale, and transportation costs (Hamilton and Linge, 1979). Spatial variations in demand depend on consumer preferences, among other characteristics, according to the type of goods offered by the different areas of the city, the cultural origin of individuals in the city, the time of day and the day of week. Therefore, the decisions that individuals make to use the space are limited by what the market offers in this space. The relationship between demand and supply will cause spaces where productivity will be higher, such as cities and others where there will be no productivity, such as deserts. The reason these differences exist is due to agglomerations of activities that attract consumers and these are concentrated in cities.



	\&nbsp;



	\&nbsp;



	RESUMEN



	Los individuos pueden moverse a trav{\'e}s del espacio, pero dado que no todo el espacio es igual se ver{\'a}n atra{\'\i}dos por determinadas localizaciones preferenciales. Existe una distribuci{\'o}n desigual de la actividad econ{\'o}mica en el espacio, y {\'e}sta atraer{\'a} a consumidores en funci{\'o}n de las limitaciones de preferencias de demanda, del aumento de los rendimientos a escala y de los costos de transporte (Hamilton y Linge, 1979). Las variaciones espaciales en la demanda dependen de las preferencias de los consumidores, entre otras caracter{\'\i}sticas, seg{\'u}n el tipo de bienes ofrecidos por las diferentes {\'a}reas de la ciudad, el origen cultural de los individuos en la ciudad, la hora del d{\'\i}a y el d{\'\i}a de la semana. Por tanto, las decisiones que toman los individuos para usar el espacio est{\'a}n limitadas por lo que ofrece el mercado en este espacio. La relaci{\'o}n entre demanda y oferta causar{\'a} espacios donde la productividad ser{\'a} mayor, como las ciudades y otras donde no habr{\'a} productividad, como los desiertos. El por qu{\'e} existen estas diferencias es debido a aglomeraciones de actividades que atraen a consumidores y {\'e}stas est{\'a}n concentradas en las ciudades.

En este cap{\'\i}tulo se sugieren nuevas discusiones dentro de la {\textquotedblleft}geograf{\'\i}a del comportamiento{\textquotedblright} (Pred, 1967) sobre la demanda, de nuevas metodolog{\'\i}as de an{\'a}lisis de Big Data y de posibles usos de los resultados para pol{\'\i}ticas de mejora de un urbanismo m{\'a}s sostenible.},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Masala, Elena}
}
@conference {655178,
	title = {De cl{\'u}steres a microcl{\'u}steres: coworkings como nuevos espacios econ{\'o}micos en el Distrito Textil de Trafalgar en Barcelona. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21747/9789898969460/geoa11.},
	booktitle = {La Geograf{\'\i}a de las Redes Econ{\'o}micas Y la Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica en Red},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {119-128},
	publisher = {Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	organization = {Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	address = {Porto},
	abstract = {El objetivo de la comunicaci{\'o}n es analizar el papel de las econom{\'\i}as externas en la evoluci{\'o}n productiva del Distrito Textil de Trafalgar (DTT). A lo largo del siglo XX, el DTT albergaba empresas relacionadas con el textil configur{\'a}ndose un cl{\'u}ster. Actual-mente, el cl{\'u}ster textil pr{\'a}cticamente ha desaparecido dando lugar a microcl{\'u}steres creativos y del conocimiento a trav{\'e}s de la aparici{\'o}n de los coworkings (CWs). La metodolog{\'\i}a se enmarca dentro del an{\'a}lisis estad{\'\i}stico espacial y de entrevistas en pro-fundidad. Los resultados muestran que, desde el siglo XX hasta la actualidad, la evoluci{\'o}n en la naturaleza de las econom{\'\i}as externas que ofrece Barcelona y, particularmente, el DTT est{\'a} fomentando la evoluci{\'o}n productiva del distrito. Consecuente-mente, el DTT se considera, actualmente, un espacio econ{\'o}mico en transici{\'o}n donde reminiscencias del cl{\'u}ster textil y un n{\'u}-mero creciente de CWs cohabitan en un mismo espacio urbano.Palabras claves: econom{\'\i}as externas, coworkings, microcl{\'u}steres, estad{\'\i}stica espacial, Distrito Textil de Trafalgar, Barcelona.},
	author = {VICENTE-SALAR, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Vera, Ana}
}
@article {634146,
	title = {How urban green management is influencing passerine birds{\textquoteright} nesting in the Mediterranean: A case study in a Catalan city https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.03.012},
	journal = {Urban Forestry \& Urban Greening},
	volume = {41},
	number = {May},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019},
	pages = {221-229},
	abstract = {A B S T R A C TThe vegetation within the urban system provides sheltering and food provisions to birds, influencing their nesting options. This study analyses for the first time in the Mediterranean area how different socio-ecological factors related with public urban green management can influence the nesting of the passerine bird order. It uses a case study in the city of Valls (Catalonia, Spain). First, the public urban green was quantitatively and qualitatively characterised; then the nests from the passerine birds were collected and identified, and finally, potential associations between nests and urban green-related socio-ecological factors such as vegetation type (tree, shrub, herb, liana), plant species, neighbourhood type, pruning type, fruit and seed production, and presence of insect plague were analysed. A total of 300 nests were identified and belonged, mostly, to the family of Fringillidae and Sylviidae, all from Mediterranean agroforestry areas. Passerine birds show preference for the historic centre, being this area the one with highest biodiversity of vegetation in the city, in detriment of surrounding neighbourhoods, which in turn are less biodiverse. Passerine birds do not consider four tree species (Celtis australis, Laurus nobilis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus pinea) suitable for nesting whereas showing preference for two tree species of medium height and size (Hibiscus syriacus and Melia azederach). Also, passerine birds seem to preferably nest in trees that have been pruned intensively. These results suggest that, to strengthen the passerine bird diversity in cities, urban green management should promote certain species of trees of medium size and intensive pruning while supporting the overall biodiversity of the urban green. All these results contribute to inform effective urban planning and management strategies for passerine birds conservation that aim to reconcile urban development and urban biodiversity protection.\&nbsp;Keywords: Ornithofauna, Urban Biodiversity.},
	author = {MARL{\`E}S MAGRE, J. and BOADA JUNC{\`A}, M. and CAMPANERA, J. M.⁠ and BACH PAG{\`E}S, A. and RUIZ MALL{\'E}N, I. and MANEJA ZARAGOZA, R. and S{\'A}NCHEZ MATEO, S. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and BARRIOCANAL LOZANO, C.}
}
@article {634298,
	title = {Wildfires in the wildland-urban interface in Catalonia: Vulnerability analysis based on land use and land cover change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.012},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	volume = {673},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {184-196},
	abstract = {
	The crisis in traditional forest and farming activities that began in the second half of the 20th century has given way to a new territorial structure, characterised by greater forest density and an acceleration of urban sprawl, which has affected the impact of fires on the territory and especially on the inhabitants. The increased vulnerability of homes located at the wildland-urban interface (WUI) and the differences in the intensity of fire impact makes it necessary to identify different typologies of WUI zones. Characterization of WUI typologies was based on four forest fires with distinct characteristics, selected from fires that occurred in Catalonia in 2003 and 2012. Based on the different landscape units that have been studied and the dynamics of the changes that have occurred in the study area over the past 15 years, together with the occurrence of fires during this period, identified three major WUI zone typologies: a) metropolitan, b) agroforest and c) mountain agrosilvopastoral. The results, based on Kappa index and Rate of Change, show significant changes in Land Use and Land Cover between 2003 and 2009 in each study area, but the economic and social context in each region generated different territorial dynamics for each typology. This diagnosis contributes to knowledge that expands the available planning and management tools to mitigate the effects of wildfires.



	Keywords: Landscape, Kappa index, Rate of change, Wildfire prevention.

},
	author = {Anna Badia and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Valldeperas, Nat{\`a}lia and Meritxell Gisbert}
}
@inbook {632915,
	title = {Exploring the Concept of Cyberpark: What the Experts Think},
	booktitle = {CyberParks - The Interface Between People, Places and Technology - New Approaches and Perspectives},
	volume = {LNCS, 11380},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {50{\textendash}66},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Cham, Switzerland},
	abstract = {
	Abstract. The chapter aims to provide a contextualisation of the cyberpark concept as this is perceived by a wide range of experts in public space and information technologies. To do so it makes use of a questionnaire survey conducted with the participants of the CyberParks COST Action, which collected their views on a number of aspects concerning both the mediated and the not mediated public open spaces, such as: their elements and qualities, the facilities they should offer, the activities they should facilitate, the type of space and location that are most suitable to accommodate them, their appropriate size and manner for their development, their target user group and other aspects of their configuration. The analysis brings out the commonalities and differences in experts{\textquoteright} views regarding the mediated and the not mediated public open spaces, and, as such, it contributes to specify further the cyberpark concept, mapping out its characteristics and dimensions. This should enrich the ongoing dialogue within the literature and facilitate interactions between relevant, yet fragmented, scientific disciplines in the area to inform the production and appropriation of both mediated and the not mediated public open spaces.



	\&nbsp;



	Keywords: experts, views, diversity, survey.

},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13417-4_5},
	author = {Arvanitidis, P. and Lalenis, K. and Artopoulos, G. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@inbook {632912,
	title = {Challenging Methods and Results Obtained from User-Generated Content in Barcelona{\textquoteright}s Public Open Spaces https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13417-4_10},
	booktitle = {CyberParks - The Interface Between People, Places and Technology - New Approaches and Perspectives},
	volume = {LNCS, 11380},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {120{\textendash}136},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Cham, Switzerland},
	abstract = {
	Abstract. User-generated content (UGC) provides useful resources for academics, technicians and policymakers to obtain and analyse results in order to improve lives of individuals in urban settings. User-generated content comes from people who voluntarily contribute data, information, or media that then appears in a way which can be viewed by others; usually on the Web. However, to date little is known about how complex methodologies for getting results are subject to methodology-formation errors, personal data protection, and reliability of outcomes. Different researches have been approaching to inquire big data methods for a better understanding of social groups for planners and economic needs. In this chapter, through UGC from Tweets of users located in Barcelona, we present different research experiments. Data collection is based on the use of REST API; while analysis and representation of UGC follow different ways of processing and providing a plurality of information. The first objective is to study the results at a different geographical scale, Barcelona{\textquoteright}s Metropolitan Area and at two Public Open Spaces (POS) in Barcelona, Enric Granados Street and the area around the F{\`o}rum de les Cultures; during similar days in two periods of time - in January of 2015 and 2017. The second objective is intended to better understand how different types of POS{\textquoteright} Twitter-users draw urban patterns. The Origin-Destination patterns generated illustrate new social behaviours, addressed to multifunctional uses. This chapter aims to be influential in the use of UGC analysis for planning purposes and to increase quality of life.

Keywords: User-generated content; Big data; Twitter; Public open spaces; Spatial analysis.},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Masala, E. and Jokovic, J. and Djukic, A. and Albacete, X.}
}
@report {610629,
	title = {Book Review. Manero Miguel, Fernando and Garc{\'\i}a Cuesta, Jos{\'e} Luis (Coordinadores) (2016) Patrimonio cultural y desarrollo territorial. Cultural heritage and territorial development. DAG, 65/1185-203},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {185-187},
	institution = {Documents d{\textquoteright}An{\`a}lisi Geogr{\`a}fica},
	address = {Barcelona},
	abstract = {
	Those who lose their origins lose their identity! Cultural heritage incorporates many elements, but its material and immaterial assets are rooted in history, cultivated in tradition and embody a shared memory, as Manero Miguel and Garc{\'\i}a Cuesta point out in the introduction of the book. Cultural heritage assets also bring identity to a territory and society. In the twenty-first century, differentiation represents an important asset, hence heritage{\textquoteright}s relevance is revealed when territories become differentiated owing to their heritage assets in this globalized world. Differentiation, moreover, is the nature of territorial competitiveness. The main goal of this book is to vindicate the role of the cultural landscape as a motor for sustainable development and as a factor behind territorial competitiveness. This book is important in many ways. Besides its obvious roles in research and policymaking, in such a period of political turmoil even world heritage has become a bargaining chip, as in the case of negotiations between the Trump administration in the United States of America and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In October 2017, the Trump administration declared that the USA would withdraw from UNESCO, claiming that the latter{\textquoteright}s member nations have an anti-Israel bias. Thus, in the political complexity of nonsenses, cultural heritage must be vindicated because it has many functions: it is an incentive to preserve historic monuments, to develop new economic activities (and therefore create jobs and revenue), and to inculcate pride and identity in cultural heritage amongst inhabitants.

},
	url = {https://dag.revista.uab.es/article/view/v65-n1-pallares },
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@article {104086,
	title = {Social networks as the backbone of women{\textquoteright}s work in the Catalan Pyrenees},
	journal = {European Urban and Regional Studies},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {65-79},
	abstract = {
	



	



	SOCIAL CAPITAL, SYMBOLIC POWER



	This paper discusses how historically the accumulation of symbolic power by men produced a glass ceiling for women in the Catalan Pyrenees and how women have overcome this constraint by engaging in male-led networks, founding gender balanced networks and developing women-nurtured networks. Through semi-structured qualitative interviews and ethnographic work, the paper investigates the strategies women employed to maintain their involvement in networking activities over a 10-year period, and identifies the importance of being connected with horizontal organizations and the empowerment of sharing experiences provided by social bridge agents. The results of this research make a strong case for more inclusive and gender-aware policies in rural areas as a means to promote economic and social viability while empowering women.



	Keywords



	Gender inequality, rural areas, social bridge agents, social capital, social networks, symbolic power



	\&nbsp;



	DOI: 10.1177/0969776417730864



	\&nbsp;

},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0969776417730864},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Casellas, Ant{\`o}nia}
}
@conference {626428,
	title = {Urban planning, health and quality of life: Analyzing the consistency in Barcelona{\textquoteright}s Cerd{\`a} grid-orientation using LiDAR technology. CONFERENCE POSTER},
	booktitle = {Urban Transitions. Integrating Urban and Transport Planning, Environment and Health for healthier Urban Living},
	year = {2018},
	note = {THIS IS A CONFERENCE POSTER.},
	address = {Sitges (Barcelona) Spain},
	abstract = {Compact cities increase their temperature under the effects of heat island and global climate change. Important literature addressed passive energy cooling and solar urban planning. However, to date little is known about the relevant planning variables for getting insolation and natural ventilation. Failures in planning have caused important overuse of air conditioning and, in lower income areas, high temperatures put serious risk on their population. This paper addresses this important topic grounded on the Barcelona{\textquoteright}s urbanization theory of Cerd{\`a} (1860); who already based his planning under both, insolation and wind flow of the urban fabric. In this research we concentrate to analyse the consistency in his pattern of orienting the urban grid for getting better insolation and wind-flow. Methodologically, to study the urban grid orientation consistency with winds and solar radiation, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology and wind data are used to obtain digital elevation surface and to calculate insolation and wind flow in the streets in the summer solstice (21st of June) and the winter solstice (21st of December). The results were contrasted by rotating the street grid 90 degrees north. We expect to confirm the following hypothesis. Firstly, streets are differently insolated depending on street grid orientation. Secondly, the height of the buildings project patterns of shadows in streets subject to the grid orientation. Thirdly, the direction of wind flow would enter differently to the city, depending on orientation of the urban solid. Finally, insolation and natural ventilation influence population comfort, health and decrease energy consumption creating a more sustainable urban environment, and improving quality of life.Key words: Insolation, natural ventilation, Cerd{\`a}, Barcelona, compact city, LiDAR.},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Anna Badia and Meritxell Gisbert}
}
@proceedings {612503,
	title = {AN{\'A}LISIS CL{\'U}STER A PARTIR DEL SABI: APLICABILIDAD Y VIABILIDAD EN LA DETECCI{\'O}N DE ESPACIOS ECON{\'O}MICOS TEXTILES EN BARCELONA, 2016. Poster.},
	journal = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles. XVIII CONGRESO DE TECNOLOG{\'I}AS DE LA INFORMACI{\'O}N GEOGR{\'A}FICA},
	volume = {Poster},
	year = {2018},
	address = {Valencia: Universitat de Valencia (Spain)},
	abstract = {
	\&nbsp;



	El Distrito Textil de Trafalgar (DTT) es un espacio econ{\'o}mico urbano localizado en la Dreta del Eixample de Barcelona y especializado desde principios del siglo XX en actividades relacionadas con el textil. Las empresas que tradicionalmente se han localizado en el distrito han sido las sedes sociales de la manufactura textil, el comercio mayorista textil y de ropa y, en menor medida, la manufactura de la confecci{\'o}n formando un cl{\'u}ster urbano. Actualmente, dicha especializaci{\'o}n se ha difuminado casi por completo permaneciendo alrededor de un centenar de empresas mayorista y talleres de confecci{\'o}n.



	\&nbsp;



	La comunicaci{\'o}n tiene un doble objetivo. En primer lugar, detectar y analizar la localizaci{\'o}n de cl{\'u}steres mayoristas y de confecci{\'o}n en Barcelona en el 2016. En segundo lugar, analizar la consistencia del Sistema de An{\'a}lisis de Balances Ib{\'e}ricos (SABI) como fuente de informaci{\'o}n en el estudio de las tipolog{\'\i}as de espacios econ{\'o}micos textiles.

},
	author = {VICENTE-SALAR, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Ana Vera-Martin}
}
@conference {610630,
	title = {The transformation of the urban economic space of the Barcelona{\textquoteright}s Trafalgar Garment District, 1916 - 2017},
	booktitle = {2018 Annual Meeting AAG},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1-20},
	publisher = {Association of American Geographers Meeting},
	organization = {Association of American Geographers Meeting},
	address = {New Orleans, Louisiana},
	abstract = {The aim of the communication is to analyze the factors that have driven the deep economic transformation of the Barcelona{\textquoteright}s Trafalgar Garment District (TGD) along the 20th century. In the first half of the century, textile headquarters and warehouses concentrated in the TGD. Since 1950s until the end of the century, wholesaling traders and sewing workshops also concentrated in the district. Thus, the TGD became an urban textile cluster. Currently, the TGD is not devoted anymore to textile activities, but to higher value-added ones as knowledge-based, creative and cultural firms and tourism. This economic transformation has two causes. First, from 1970s to 2000s, the textile industry faced different economic crisis entailing firm{\textquoteright}s closures or reorganizations. The oil crisis, the Asiatic competition and the entrance of Spain in the European Union (1986) caused that the Catalonian textile industry faded. The lack of innovation in the value chain produced a decrease in its competitiveness. Second, since 2000s, Barcelona became a first-order global city triggering the attraction of new economy and lodging firms. The 22@Barcelona (2000) was the most important project to turn Barcelona into a knowledge-based city. The shift of Barcelona toward an innovative and entrepreneurial city attracted high competitive big and small-and-medium enterprises changing the economic configuration of some inner urban areas. These two main aspects led the change of the TGD{\textquoteright}s urban economic space. Therefore, the economic transformation of the TGD is based on market-led processes, being the role of the local government scant.},
	author = {VICENTE-SALAR, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Ana Vera-Martin}
}
@inbook {390351,
	title = {Digital Tools for Capturing User{\textquoteright}s Needs on Urban Open Spaces: Drawing Lessons from Cyberparks Project},
	booktitle = {Citizen Empowerment and Innovation in the Data-Rich City},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {177-194},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing },
	organization = {Springer International Publishing },
	address = {Cham, Switzerland},
	abstract = {Title: Digital Tools for Capturing User{\textquoteright}s Needs on Urban Open Spaces: Drawing Lessons from Cyberparks Project\&nbsp;AbstractThe chapter discusses how ICT can be used to enhance the understanding of the relationship between space, users and social practices. As an example of possible use of ICT for capturing and better understanding user{\textquoteright}s needs, the new digital tool WAY Cyberparks is presented and discussed. A {\textquotedblleft}cyberpark{\textquotedblright} is defined as a new type of urban landscape where nature and ICTs blend together to generate hybrid experiences and enhance quality of life. The WAY Cyberparks digital tool consists of a smart phone application, server/cloud and web services. Through the experiences from testing it in selected urban open spaces in Barcelona, Lisbon and Ljubljana opportunities are presented and lessons are drawn about relevant aspects of the ICT towards building a more participatory and collaborative process in planning of public spaces. A relevant aspect of the ICT lays in their ability to enhance communication with (potential) users, transforming the production of public open spaces into an interactive process, and enabling creative community participation and empowerment. Furthermore, some challenges of the increasing penetration of digital technologies devices (smart phones, smart watches, tablets, etc.) within the broader context of their use in public urban open spaces such as parks, gardens, squares, plazas are discussed, together with the consequences of this interweaving, which is growing at a rapid pace, unfolds research needs in the future.\&nbsp;},
	author = {Smaniotto Costa, Carlos and Bahillo Mart{\'\i}nez,  Alfonso and {\'A}lvarez, Fernando J. and {\v S}uklje Erjavec, Ina and Menezes, Marluci and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@proceedings {609641,
	title = {LA APLICACI{\'O}N DE ESTAD{\'I}STICA ESPACIAL EN LA DETECCI{\'O}N Y AN{\'A}LISIS DE ESPACIOS ECON{\'O}MICOS URBANOS. EL DISTRITO TEXTIL DE TRAFALGAR, 1916-1954.  https://doi.org/10.15366/ntc.2017 },
	journal = {XXV Congreso de la Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles. Naturaleza, Territorio y Ciudad en un Mundo Global},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1705-1714},
	address = {Madrid},
	abstract = {ABSTRACTThe aim of the paper is to identify and analyze, through spatial statistics, the Barcelona{\textasciiacute}s Trafalgar Garment District (TGD) as an economic space related to the textile industry in the first half of the 20th century. Since the 19th century, Barcelona has been a powerful textile industrial city. In the first half of the 19th century, the location of the industry concentrated in the walled city. Since the second half of the 19th century, due to both the demolition of the walls (1857) and the construction of the Eixample by the Pl{\`a} Cerd{\`a} (1859), the textile industry experienced new location spatial patterns. Not only moved the manufacture side of the textile firm towards different zones of the new city, but also its headquarters and storages. The new location was in the Dreta del Eixample neighborhood and, specifically, in TGD. The TGD played as the textile industry{\textquoteright}s decision-making center since at the beginnings of the 20th century. Nowadays, the presence of headquarters and storages of textile industrial firms is residual. They have been replacing by higher value-added economic activities. The extension of this old economic spaces is analyzed through Global Moran{\textasciiacute}s I and Local Moran{\textasciiacute}s indexes.Keywords: textile industry, Trafalgar Garment District, Eixample, Barcelona, spatial analysis, statistical analysis},
	url = {https://libros.uam.es/?press=uam\&page=catalog\&op=view\&path\%5B\%5D=558\&path\%5B\%5D=1036\&path\%5B\%5D=828-1},
	author = {VICENTE-SALAR, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@conference {609574,
	title = {Big Data and Geography. Spatial analysis from the demand side. Big Data y Geograf{\'\i}a. An{\'a}lisis Espacial desde la Demanda},
	booktitle = {XXV Congreso Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles. Organizing Group: Tecnolog{\'\i}as de la Informaci{\'o}n Geogr{\'a}fica, AGE. Mesa Tem{\'a}tica: Big data: nuevas fuentes de informaci{\'o}n en la investigaci{\'o}n geogr{\'a}fica},
	year = {2017},
	address = {Madrid},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@proceedings {609572,
	title = {The economic reactivation of the surroundings of Can Batll{\'o} (Barcelona) based on the social economy. La reactivaci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica del entorno de Can Batll{\'o} (Barcelona) a partir de la econom{\'\i}a social.  https://doi.org/10.15366/ntc.2017},
	journal = {XXV Congreso de la Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1035-1044},
	address = {Madrid},
	abstract = {
	ABSTRACT: In the second decade of the twenty-first century, projects of community development and social and economic revival emerge in Barcelona from the social economy. The research is based on finding out why in one territory there are factors driving this type of initiatives, and in others not. The working hypothesis is that in urban environments with an associative and working tradition, a social, cultural and economic fabric has been developed. In order to study new urban productive spaces, the research analyzes the innovative initiatives of Can Batll{\'o} case in Sants/La Bordeta, Barcelona. In Can Batll{\'o} {\textendash} a central urban land encompassing a working class neighborhood andhistorical industrial premises {\textendash} the community have been locked in a struggle between community groups and developers for 20 years. The purpose of this paper is to examine the trend for repurposing traditional industry sites as new working environments using innovative economic models which emphasize collaboration rather than focusingsolely on profit (2008-2016). The work methodology is based on in-depth interviews, the collection of statistical data and non-direct participant observation. The results obtained can contribute to the study of the reconceptualization of the economic urban landscape and to the valorization of the role of the social economy in the territorial development of Barcelona.1 Esta investigaci{\'o}n se realiza con el apoyo de los proyectos CSO2016-74888-C4-2-R, CSO2016-81718-REDT, y 2014 SGR1090.2Key words: Barcelona, Social Economy, local development, economic activity spaces.



	\&nbsp;



	RESUMEN: En la segunda d{\'e}cada del siglo XXI surgen en Barcelona proyectos de desarrollo comunitario y de reactivaci{\'o}n social y econ{\'o}mica a partir de la econom{\'\i}a social. La investigaci{\'o}n se fundamenta en averiguar porque en un determinado territorio existen factores impulsores de este tipo de iniciativas y en otros no. La hip{\'o}tesis de trabajo es que en entornos urbanos con tradici{\'o}n asociativa y obrera se ha desarrollado un tejido social, cultural y econ{\'o}mico que es la base de la econom{\'\i}a social. El objetivo de la investigaci{\'o}n es la identificaci{\'o}n de los agentes, la caracterizaci{\'o}n de las acciones y la valoraci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica y social en los procesos bottom-up que surgen en el contexto de la ciudad post-crisis (2008-2016). Para valorar la reconfiguraci{\'o}n espacial del trabajo en la ciudad y el dibujo de los nuevos espacios productivos urbanos la investigaci{\'o}n analiza las iniciativas emprendedoras e innovadoras del caso de Can Batll{\'o} en Sants/La Bordeta. Los barrios de Sants y La Bordeta tienen una larga tradici{\'o}n industrial y del movimiento obrero. La metodolog{\'\i}a de trabajo se basa en la realizaci{\'o}n de entrevistas en profundidad, la recopilaci{\'o}n de datos estad{\'\i}sticos y la observaci{\'o}n participante no directa. Los resultados obtenidos pueden contribuir al estudio de la reconceptualizaci{\'o}n del paisaje urbano econ{\'o}mico y a la valorizaci{\'o}n del papel de la econom{\'\i}a social en el desarrollo territorial de Barcelona.



	Palabras-clave: Barcelona, Econom{\'\i}a Social, Desarrollo comunitario, Espacio productivo

},
	url = {https://libros.uam.es/?press=uam\&page=catalog\&op=book\&path\%5B\%5D=55},
	author = {Dot, Esteve and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@conference {525111,
	title = {Urban transitions: Replacing traditional work practices in traditional workspaces  },
	booktitle = {Urban Studies Foundation Seminar Series: Reconceptualising Urban Landscapes of Work. 20-21 April},
	year = {2017},
	address = {University of Portsmouth},
	abstract = {Moving towards a new paradigm of work-practices brought up by new communication and information technologies embedded in the production system, particular places in the city have experienced interesting new functions; old fashioned traditional industry buildings are fractioned in medium to tiny spaces used by very small one to two-person firms in a multiple sector start-ups of collaborative economy. But the most interesting element in this process is that firms are out of the market in the classical sense; they belong from the social economy. Firms mostly started coming out from urban social groups fighting to gain managing power over spaces in the city, asking to get social public services by saving industrial heritage and getting mutual collaboration, a bottom-up local adaptation of former working spaces to a more social and collaborative functions. This is the case of Can Batll{\'o} in the neighborhood of Sants in Barcelona the process started by social movements to prevent the old huge factory premises to be turned down and to follow a process of private housing development. Eight hectares of central city land in a working class neighborhood with industrial heritage premises have been in struggle for twenty years and finally the agreement has been set in a cooperative form managing the premises, the social activities program and the space devoted to economic activities. The purpose of this paper is to study both the taking over traditional industry spaces and reconceptualizing them into new work places by economic activities which their primary focus are not the pure economic profit.DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26119.19368},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Esteve Dot Jutgla}
}
@conference {525091,
	title = {The economic transformations of inner urban areas. The Barcelona{\textasciiacute}s Trafalgar Garment District },
	booktitle = {The Association of American Geographer{\textquoteright}s Meeting 2017, April 5-9.},
	year = {2017},
	address = {Boston},
	abstract = {The globalization of the economy has direct consequences in the transformation of inner urban spaces. The competition between higher and lower value-added activities for locating in central urban spaces causes the displacement or the disappearance of the latter. Thus, inner urban spaces are accommodating new economic activities related to culture, creativity, knowledge, with massive use of ICTs, and tourism, to the detriment of traditional activities. The Trafalgar Garment District (TGD), located in downtown Barcelona, is an economic urban space historically devoted to the garment wholesaling trade. External and internal shocks to the textile industry in the last 50 years caused, firstly, the disintegration of the Catalonian garment regional cluster which supplied textile goods to wholesale firms in TGD. Secondly, they also caused either the disappearance or the relocation of wholesale firms to the metropolitan area. As a result, the TGD{\textquoteleft}s empty spaces have become occupied with firms related to the lodging industry and to the new economy. In the case of the lodging industry, TGD has become a hot spot reflecting in the building of new hotels. Regarding new economy firms, they are microbusinesses concentrating in co-workings and fab labs. The consequence of the increase of higher value-added firms in the TGD is the bloom of businesses which satisfied higher-skilled worker{\textquoteleft}s demands as fancy restaurants, art galleries and other cultural amenities. In spite of this fact, some wholesale firms still remain. They are adopting new management strategies, upgrading their products and restructuring their internal organization to become more competitive.DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15738.29128},
	author = {VICENTE-SALAR, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Ana Vera-Martin}
}
@conference {525081,
	title = {1.       Territorial disparity in Ecuador through the structural gaps approach},
	booktitle = {The Association of American Geographer{\textquoteright}s Meeting 2017. April 5-9.},
	year = {2017},
	address = {Boston},
	abstract = {\&nbsp;Classical analysis of constraints and challenges associated with development in Latin American middle-income countries were done based on countries{\textquoteright} per capita income levels. Since the first decade of the twenty-one century (CEPAL, 2012) the structural gap approach is an alternative criterion to that of per capita income. It identifies key areas where there are "gaps" that hamper their social and economic development (OECD, 2014); such as poverty, inequality, and social inclusion. In this article, we use hierarchical cluster analysis methods to study the socio-economic development of cities in Ecuador. The aim is to add depth and flexibility to study a more complex reality on the level of development inside a country. Therefore, from the resulting city taxonomy specific policies could be addressed to improve quality of live and sustainability of population.DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18254.87362},
	author = {CANELOS SALAZAR, Ramiro and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Ana Vera-Martin}
}
@proceedings {609642,
	title = {Evoluci{\'o}n de la especializaci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica en espacios urbanos: distribuci{\'o}n mayorista, empresas del conocimiento y turismo en el Distrito Textil de Trafalgar en Barcelona, 1940-2016},
	journal = {VII Jornadas del Grupo de Trabajo de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica. Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	year = {2016},
	address = {Santiago de Compostela},
	author = {VICENTE-SALAR, Rafael and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@proceedings {609573,
	title = {Espacios econ{\'o}micos emergentes en Barcelona a partir de la econom{\'\i}a social. El Poblenou y Sants, 2008-2015},
	journal = {VII Jornadas de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica, 6-8 de Julio. Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles, Grupo de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {57-63},
	publisher = {http://www.age-geografia.es/site/?p=2210},
	address = {Universidade de Santiago de Compostela},
	abstract = {RESUMEN: En la segunda d{\'e}cada del siglo XXI, el resurgimiento de la ciudad post-crisis ha dibujado espacios econ{\'o}micos emergentes en Barcelona a partir de la econom{\'\i}a social. La investigaci{\'o}n se fundamenta en averiguar porque en un determinado territorio existen factores impulsores de este tipo de iniciativas y en otros no. La hip{\'o}tesis de trabajo es que en territorios con tradici{\'o}n asociativa se ha desarrollado un tejido donde el apoyo mutuo y la cooperaci{\'o}n ha sido la base de la econom{\'\i}a social. El objetivo de la investigaci{\'o}n es la identificaci{\'o}n de los agentes, la caracterizaci{\'o}n de las acciones y la valoraci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica y social en los procesos bottom-up que surgen en el periodo 2008-2015. Los casos de estudio se centran en las iniciativas emprendedoras e innovadoras de dos barrios con larga tradici{\'o}n industrial y movimiento obrero: El Poblenou y Sants. La metodolog{\'\i}a est{\'a} basada en la realizaci{\'o}n de entrevistas en profundidad, la recopilaci{\'o}n de datos estad{\'\i}sticos y la observaci{\'o}n participante no directa. Los resultados obtenidos pueden contribuir a valorar el papel de la econom{\'\i}a social en el desarrollo territorial y su contribuci{\'o}n al modelo de desarrollo econ{\'o}mico y urbano de Barcelona.\&nbsp;Palabras-clave: Barcelona, Econom{\'\i}a Social, Ciudad emprendedora, Espacio productivo.},
	author = {Dot, Esteve and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@magazinearticle {509226,
	title = {Barcelona{\textquoteright}s unloved planner invents science of {\textquoteright}urbanisation{\textquoteright}},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	volume = {13},
	number = {April 1th},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/01/story-cities-13-eixample-barcelona-ildefons-cerda-planner-urbanisation},
	url = {https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/01/story-cities-13-eixample-barcelona-ildefons-cerda-planner-urbanisation},
	author = {Bausells, Marta}
}
@magazinearticle {453901,
	title = {Los elementos patrimoniales industriales y la estrategia de desarrollo econ{\'o}mico y urbano en el Poblenou-22@Barcelona (2000{\textendash}2013)},
	journal = {GeocritiQ},
	volume = {251},
	year = {2016},
	month = {15 September},
	abstract = {
	A finales del siglo XX el espacio productivo de origen industrial de las ciudades se reestructura. Las administraciones locales tienen entre sus retos fundamentales encontrar soluciones para la dinamizaci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica de las {\'a}reas urbanas. En las estrategias pol{\'\i}ticas de desarrollo territorial y atracci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica el patrimonio industrial se convierte en un elemento b{\'a}sico. Es as{\'\i} como en ciudades europeas y norteamericanas se han recuperado edificios industriales convirti{\'e}ndolos en nuevas sedes para empresas, viviendas, equipamientos y centros culturales.

},
	url = {http://www.geocritiq.com/2016/09/los-elementos-patrimoniales-industriales-y-la-estrategia-de-desarrollo-economico-y-urbano-en-el-poblenou-22barcelona-2000-2013/},
	author = {Dot, E.}
}
@conference {402761,
	title = {Espacios econ{\'o}micos emergentes en Barcelona a partir de la econom{\'\i}a social. El Poblenou y Sants, 2008-2015},
	booktitle = {VII Jornadas del Grupo de Trabajo de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica. Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1-6},
	address = {Universidad de Santiago de Compostela},
	abstract = {RESUMEN: En la segunda d{\'e}cada del siglo XXI, el resurgimiento de la ciudad post-crisis ha dibujado espacios econ{\'o}micos emergentes en Barcelona a partir de la econom{\'\i}a social. La investigaci{\'o}n se fundamenta en averiguar porque en un determinado territorio existen factores impulsores de este tipo de iniciativas y en otros no. La hip{\'o}tesis de trabajo es que en territorios con tradici{\'o}n asociativa se ha desarrollado un tejido donde el apoyo mutuo y la cooperaci{\'o}n ha sido la base de la econom{\'\i}a social. El objetivo de la investigaci{\'o}n es la identificaci{\'o}n de los agentes, la caracterizaci{\'o}n de las acciones y la valoraci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica y social en los procesos bottom-up que surgen en el periodo 2008-2015. Los casos de estudio se centran en las iniciativas emprendedoras e innovadoras de dos barrios con larga tradici{\'o}n industrial y movimiento obrero: El Poblenou y Sants. La metodolog{\'\i}a est{\'a} basada en la realizaci{\'o}n de entrevistas en profundidad, la recopilaci{\'o}n de datos estad{\'\i}sticos y la observaci{\'o}n participante no directa. Los resultados obtenidos pueden contribuir a valorar el papel de la econom{\'\i}a social en el desarrollo territorial y su contribuci{\'o}n al modelo de desarrollo econ{\'o}mico y urbano de Barcelona.\&nbsp;Palabras-clave: Barcelona, Econom{\'\i}a Social, Ciudad emprendedora, Espacio productivo.},
	author = {Dot, Esteve and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@conference {390356,
	title = {When Internet became Geography. Spatial patterns on urban open spaces through the analysis of user-generated data in Barcelona},
	booktitle = {ICiTy - Enhancing Places through Technology. MALTA: 18-19. The mid-term conference for COST Action TU1306 CyberParks: Fostering Knowledge about the Relationship between Information and Communication Technologies and Public Spaces. https://www.um.edu.mt},
	year = {2016},
	month = {19 April},
	publisher = {COST Action TU 1306 CYBERPARKS. www.cyberparks-project.eu},
	organization = {COST Action TU 1306 CYBERPARKS. www.cyberparks-project.eu},
	address = {Valletta, Malta},
	abstract = {\&nbsp;The main objective that motivates the paper concerns the study on user-generated data (UGD) for exploring new methodologies that could support and improve the understanding of spatial patterns for urban planning and design of open spaces in urban areas. This paper aims at taking a step forward from current literature, providing on the one hand a method for social science analysis and, on the other hand, expecting to motivate the possible outcomes of user-generated data coming from two ICT platforms into policy driving strategies in order to improve quality of life. In order to do so, this paper examines UGD coming from social network platforms and apps to provide a visual and scientific exploration of the resulting spatial pattern, specifically of locals, visitors and tourists which have used two urban open spaces (UOS) in Barcelona, Enric Granados Street and Forum. In addition, for the purpose of analysis, the spatial patterns have been discriminated by language to study the further insides of how diverse groups of population construct different spatial patterns given by their preferences in visiting a city.Keywords - Big Data, Mapping, Twitter, Urban Open Spaces.},
	author = {Masala, Elena and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@conference {388801,
	title = {Barcelona Wise City: urban planning and health. Insolation and natural ventilation in the Cerd{\`a} grid orientation},
	booktitle = {THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS MEETING AND THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR URBAN HEALTH},
	year = {2016},
	note = {
	CITATION:



	Pallares-Barbera, M. (2016). Barcelona Wise City: urban planning and health. Insolation and natural ventilation in the Cerd{\`a} grid orientation. Presentation to: THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS MEETING AND THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR URBAN HEALTH, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, MARCH 29-APRIL 3.

},
	month = {1 April},
	pages = {1-34},
	publisher = {The Association of American Geographers},
	organization = {The Association of American Geographers},
	address = {San Francisco},
	abstract = {
	Useful resources for policymakers in improving the lives and health of individuals in urban settings were channeled through urban planning. However, to date little is known about how complex underlying goals shape organization for getting insolation and natural ventilation in cities around the world, and how concerns for health play out in urban planning projects such expansion of cities, such as Barcelona, Chicago and New York. Through an analysis of Barcelona{\textquoteright}s Cerd{\`a} Urban Plan, I unravel the most relevant planning variables aimed to get insolation and natural ventilation and the motivations to improve health and comfort of population, thereby addressing to physical and ideological dimensions of the city planning.



	Keywords: Barcelona, Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s Plan, Insolation, Natural Ventilation, Population Health, Urban Planning.

},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@article {667505,
	title = {Patrimonio industrial, revitalizaci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica y compacidad urbana en el Poblenou22@Barcelona {\textquestiondown}un nuevo modelo Barcelona?},
	journal = { Bolet{\'\i}n de la Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {9-35},
	abstract = {
	La evoluci{\'o}n de la ciudad postindustrial se reestructur{\'o} a partir de nuevas actividades, generalmente de servicios, en espacios donde previamente se hab{\'\i}an desarrollado procesos de desindustrializaci{\'o}n. El objetivo de este art{\'\i}culo es analizar como el patrimonio industrial se convierte en un elemento competitivo de la ciudad del conocimiento, d{\'o}nde el sector p{\'u}blico presionado por los movimientos ciudadanos, introduce pol{\'\i}ticas de protecci{\'o}n de este patrimonio en favor de la construcci{\'o}n de la ciudad cultural. La pregunta estructural es analizar c{\'o}mo se produce el patrimonio industrial, c{\'o}mo se consume, y cu{\'a}les son los agentes que participan en ambos procesos; y c{\'o}mo el patrimonio deviene un elemento b{\'a}sico del proceso de revitalizaci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica y de compacidad urbana en el Poblenou-22@Bar-celona; finalmente se postula como esta estrategia representa un Nuevo Modelo Barcelona. La pol{\'\i}tica de cl{\'u}steres en el {\'a}rea del Poblenou, donde se localiza el plan 22@Barcelona, represent{\'o} una propuesta innovadora para la transformaci{\'o}n urban{\'\i}stica, econ{\'o}mica y social de la ciudad de Barcelona.



	Palabras clave: Patrimonio industrial, 22@Barcelona, desarrollo econ{\'o}mico, ciudad simb{\'o}lica, compacidad urbana, Nuevo Modelo Barcelona.

},
	url = {file:///C:/Users/1004095/AppData/Local/Temp/Dialnet-PatrimonioIndustrialRevitalizacionEconomicaYCompac-5281505-1.pdf},
	author = {Dot-Jutgl{\`a}, Esteve and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@article {667504,
	title = {Industrial heritage, economic revitalization and urban compactness in Poblenou-22@barcelona. A new Barcelona model? },
	journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n De La Asociaci{\'o}n De Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {493-497},
	abstract = {
	Poblenou{\textquoteright}s intense development has been a result of the urban project 22@Barcelona



	(2000) which revitalized urban morphology and the a



	rea{\textquoteright}s previous economic downturn



	during period 2000-2013. This article analyzes how



	the industrial heritage remaining in



	Poblenou becomes a competitive element of the so-called city of knowledge, where civil



	society forced the public sector to introduce policies to protect this heritage for the cons-



	truction of the cultural city. The structural question is to analyze how the industrial heritage



	was produced, how it was consumed, and which agents were involved in both processes.



	In addition, the focus of the paper is to study how heritage becomes a basic element of the



	process of economic revitalization, of symbolic projection and of urban compactness in the



	urban project Poblenou-22@Barcelona. Economic cluster policy in the area represents an



	innovative strategy for the urban, economic and social transformation of the whole city of



	Barcelona.

},
	url = {https://bage.age-geografia.es/ojs/index.php/bage/article/view/1912/1828},
	author = {Dot-Jutgl{\`a}, Esteve and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@article {509331,
	title = {El Bergued{\`a} un medi innovador resilient: passat, present i futur},
	journal = {Revista Erol, Dep{\'o}sito legal: B-17569-1982, ISSN: 02 12-445},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2015},
	pages = { 32-35},
	abstract = {ResumLa capacitat d{\textquoteright}adaptaci{\'o} i de resist{\`e}ncia depenen freq{\"u}entment de factors complementaris als purament econ{\`o}mics. Aprendre del frac{\`a}s i encarar-s{\textquoteright}hi pot ser moltes vegades tant important com obtenir l{\textquoteright}{\`e}xit. El Bergued{\`a} s{\textquoteright}ha enfrontat a diferents crisis al llarg dels darrers 100 anys i immediatament hi ha hagut per{\'\i}odes de recuperaci{\'o} i re-emerg{\`e}ncia; fet que explicaria a priori la capacitat de resili{\`e}ncia d{\textquoteright}aquest territori econ{\`o}mic. Els emprenedors econ{\`o}mics, socials i pol{\'\i}tics han desenvolupat diferents accions per enfortir els processos de desenvolupament econ{\`o}mic local. Per{\`o}, Quins s{\'o}n els agents resilients? Quines han estat les estrat{\`e}gies en el seu recorregut? Com es troben ara?Els anys 90s del passat segle el Bergued{\`a} s{\textquoteright}enfrontava a una profunda crisis consistent en la desindustrialitzaci{\'o} del sector t{\`e}xtil i miner, que ja feia anys que persistia. A partir del 1994 el PIB comen{\c c}{\`a} a repuntar i tamb{\'e} ho va fer la representaci{\'o} del sector industrial en el PIB. El sector t{\`e}xtil es va concentrar, i els sectors de la transformaci{\'o} del metall, i l{\textquoteright}alimentari van ser els responsables principals d{\textquoteright}aquesta remuntada; que tamb{\'e} anava acompanyada del sector serveis, principalment cap al turisme, i la construcci{\'o}. L{\textquoteright}entramat de petites i mitjanes empreses era d{\textquoteright}estructura familiar. No eren empreses de nova creaci{\'o}; algunes procedien de finals dels anys 1970s, i la majoria d{\textquoteright}elles van ser fundades durant els anys vuitanta; i en el per{\'\i}ode dels 1990s van canviar d{\textquoteright}activitat. Es distingien dos tipus de fundadors: a) empleats d{\textquoteright}altres empreses que es constitu{\"\i}en com a socis fundadors, per{\`o} que anteriorment ja estaven involucrats en negocis similars, -com a empleats a sou, o amb participaci{\'o} en el capital d{\textquoteright}una altra empresa; b) propietaris de petits negocis familiars, del sector de la distribuci{\'o} o de petits tallers que ampliaven, amb nous socis fora del negoci familiar, i fundaven l{\textquoteright}empresa en un sector succedani del primer. Eren empresaris de perfil altament din{\`a}mic, que tenien o havien tingut fins a 10 empreses simult{\`a}nies; algunes creades ad hoc, per respondre a necessitats puntuals de la demanda i que tancaven, un cop aquesta satisfeta.},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Vera, Ana}
}
@article {360626,
	title = {PATRIMONIO INDUSTRIAL, REVITALIZACI{\'O}N ECON{\'O}MICA Y COMPACIDAD URBANA EN EL POBLENOU-22@BARCELONA {\textquestiondown}UN NUEVO MODELO BARCELONA?},
	journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n de la Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {9-35},
	abstract = {La evoluci{\'o}n de la ciudad postindustrial se reestructur{\'o} a partir de nuevas actividades,\&nbsp;generalmente de servicios, en espacios donde previamente se hab{\'\i}an desarrollado procesos\&nbsp;de desindustrializaci{\'o}n. El objetivo de este art{\'\i}culo es analizar como el patrimonio industrial\&nbsp;se convierte en un elemento competitivo de la ciudad del conocimiento, d{\'o}nde el sector\&nbsp;p{\'u}blico presionado por los movimientos ciudadanos, introduce pol{\'\i}ticas de protecci{\'o}n deeste patrimonio en favor de la construcci{\'o}n de la ciudad cultural. La pregunta estructural\&nbsp;es analizar c{\'o}mo se produce el patrimonio industrial, c{\'o}mo se consume, y cu{\'a}les son los\&nbsp;agentes que participan en ambos procesos; y c{\'o}mo el patrimonio deviene un elemento b{\'a}sico\&nbsp;del proceso de revitalizaci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica y de compacidad urbana en el Poblenou-22@Barcelona; finalmente se postula como esta estrategia representa un Nuevo Modelo Barcelona.La pol{\'\i}tica de cl{\'u}steres en el {\'a}rea del Poblenou, donde se localiza el plan 22@Barcelona,\&nbsp;represent{\'o} una propuesta innovadora para la transformaci{\'o}n urban{\'\i}stica, econ{\'o}mica y social\&nbsp;de la ciudad de Barcelona.},
	url = {http://boletin.age-geografia.es/articulos/69/01\%20BAGE69.pdf},
	author = {Esteve Dot Jutgla and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@article {317501,
	title = {INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE, ECONOMIC REVITALIZATION AND URBAN COMPACTNESS IN POBLENOU-22@BARCELONA. A NEW BARCELONA MODEL?},
	journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n de la Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {493-497},
	abstract = {Poblenou{\textquoteright}s intense development has been a result of the urban project 22@Barcelona(2000) which revitalized urban morphology and the area{\textquoteright}s previous economic downturnduring period 2000-2013. This article analyzes how the industrial heritage remaining inPoblenou becomes a competitive element of the so-called city of knowledge, where civilsociety forced the public sector to introduce policies to protect this heritage for the constructionof the cultural city. The structural question is to analyze how the industrial heritagewas produced, how it was consumed, and which agents were involved in both processes.In addition, the focus of the paper is to study how heritage becomes a basic element of theprocess of economic revitalization, of symbolic projection and of urban compactness in theurban project Poblenou-22@Barcelona. Economic cluster policy in the area represents aninnovative strategy for the urban, economic and social transformation of the whole city ofBarcelona.},
	url = {http://boletin.age-geografia.es/articulos/69/21\%20BAGE69.pdf},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Dot, E.}
}
@inbook {258461,
	title = {The entrepreneurial city. New bases for the urban space in crisis. The 22@Barcelona (La ciudad emprendedora. Nuevas bases para el espacio urbano en crisis. El 22@Barcelona)},
	booktitle = {Geograf{\'\i}a de la crisis econ{\'o}mica en Espa{\~n}a},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {691-716},
	publisher = {Publicacions de la Universitat de Val{\`e}ncia},
	organization = {Publicacions de la Universitat de Val{\`e}ncia},
	address = {Valencia},
	abstract = {
	A principios del siglo XXI, la innovaci{\'o}n tecnol{\'o}gica basada en el conocimiento como factor de producci{\'o}n y la innovaci{\'o}n en la organizaci{\'o}n de los procesos de pro-ducci{\'o}n o en las redes de empresas se posicionaron como elementos relevantes que aportaron un mayor crecimiento econ{\'o}mico a nivel local y regional (CTESC, 2009), sobre todo urbano. En la segunda d{\'e}cada de este siglo la fuerte crisis financiera ha convertido la ciudad en un elemento m{\'a}s vulnerable, donde los factores competiti-vos que hab{\'\i}an prevalecido hasta este momento tendr{\'\i}an que ponerse en cuesti{\'o}n; y otros elementos deber{\'\i}an reinventarse para crear la nueva ciudad del siglo XXI. La definici{\'o}n de ciudad emprendedora, que se propone como objetivo de estudio en este cap{\'\i}tulo, persigue resultados de {\'e}xito competitivo en la innovaci{\'o}n urbana a partir de redefinirse, bas{\'a}ndose en un cambio de mentalidad de los agentes urbanos, incorporando ideas de futuro. En la nueva ciudad, la innovaci{\'o}n se encuentra, a ve-ces, en procesos de superaci{\'o}n local, que no necesariamente tienen que incluir alta tecnolog{\'\i}a, sino que son procesos de estrategias ganadoras; donde las empresas com-petitivas en su entorno local generan al mismo tiempo externalidades positivas en su entorno inmediato que son de diferente naturaleza, no solo econ{\'o}micas, sino sociales que contribuyen a la creaci{\'o}n de redes, tanto emprendedoras como interpersonales. El incremento de las redes envuelve y fortalece el barrio y otros nuevos negocios se instauran contribuyendo a la riqueza y al bienestar entre las personas, con coalicio-nes urbanas que contribuyen al desarrollo econ{\'o}mico y al incremento emprendedor, dando lugar a una atm{\'o}sfera emprendedora. El territorio delimitado por el plan 22@Barcelona ofrece un espacio interesante para estudiar procesos de cambio en el mar-co de ciudad emprendedora. A partir del a{\~n}o 2000 que se aprueba el Plan de Reforma Urbana (PRU), comienzan a actuar en el barrio los agentes sociales, los p{\'u}blicos y los privados. El barrio est{\'a} en plena ebullici{\'o}n. Los cambios se notan de semana en semana. A partir del 2008, un nuevo periodo se intuye en el 22@Barcelona, nuevas estrategias se delinean y los agentes tienen necesariamente que replantear objetivos. En este art{\'\i}culo se explican las bases hist{\'o}ricas, las condiciones previas y los resul-tados actuales; adem{\'a}s se analizan los elementos que podr{\'\i}an contribuir a empujar la ciudad o el barrio hacia el futuro.

},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Dot Jutgla, E. and Casellas, A.}
}
@article {85606,
	title = {An appraisal of the CORINE land cover database in airport catchment area analysis using a GIS approach},
	journal = {Journal of Air Transport Management},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {12-16},
	author = {SUAU-SANCHEZ, Pere and BURGHOUWT, Guillaume and Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@inbook {146561,
	title = {CO-EVOLUTION AND NETWORK FORMATION IN THE AIR TRANSPORT SECTOR. ISBN: 978-84-8458-429-2},
	booktitle = {Crisis econ{\'o}mica e impactos territoriales},
	year = {2013},
	note = {CITATION: SUAU-SANCHEZ, Pere; PALLARES-BARBERA, Montserrat (2013). CO-EVOLUTION AND NETWORK FORMATION IN THE AIR TRANSPORT SECTOR. In Crisis econ{\'o}mica e impactos territoriales. Girona (Spain): V Jornadas de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica. AGE Univ. de Girona 2012; pp. 164-177. ISBN: 978-84-8458-429-2.},
	pages = {164-177},
	publisher = {Universitat de Girona. V Jornadas de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	organization = {Universitat de Girona. V Jornadas de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	address = {Girona (Spain)},
	abstract = {
	Air transportation has been a common theme in economic geography literature in relation to the analysis of airline routes and flows, the study of international supply chains, location analysis, the impact of airport noise on residential property values and environmental issues (e.g., WILTOX et al. 2007; BURGHOUWT, 2007; LEINBACH and BOWEN, 2004; SEGU{\'I} and MART{\'I}NEZ, 2004; GRAHAM, 1995; ESPEY and LOPEZ, 2000; G{\'A}MIR and RAMOS, 2002; TOMKINS et al., 1998; STUTZ, 1986; KARASKA and BRAMHALL, 1960). Meanwhile, economic geography has moved away from traditional economic analysis and has become a more interdisciplinary speciality adopting insights from social, cultural and political sciences (BOSCHMA and FRENKEN, 2006). A relatively recent development in economic geography is the evolutionary approach, which combines different kinds of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, all based on an evolutionary approach (BOSCHMA and FRENKEN, 2007), which borrows the Darwinian concepts of selection, retention (heredity) and variety in order to apply them to social sciences. This approach overcomes static theories and focuses on innovation and technology as elements of self-transformation. This chapter discusses the evolution, the current situation and the future prospects of the air transportation industry. The complexity of this industry and the constraints on the capacity of airports to cope with future growth are the central elements considered in discussing the limits of network formation. We have identified the selective environment (the liberalised market and the context of insufficient capacity), technology (engineering and aeronautics technology) and policies (air transportation regulations and other policies) as three co-evolving elements. In a context of increasing demand and environmental Co-evolution and network formation in the air transport sector, the issue is how the co-evolution of these three factors has influenced the path for coping with the level of network formation demanded by society.



	\&nbsp;



	CITATION:



	SUAU-SANCHEZ, Pere; PALLARES-BARBERA, Montserrat (2012). Co-evolution and network formation in the air transport sector. In Crisis econ{\'o}mica e impactos territoriales. Girona: V Jornadas de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica AGE Univ. de Girona, ISBN: 978-84-8458-429-2 pp. 164-177.



	\&nbsp;

},
	author = {Suau-Sanchez, P. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {37260,
	title = {An evolutionary approach to air transport: market, technology and institutional co-evolution},
	journal = {Documents d{\textquoteright}An{\`a}lisi Geogr{\`a}fica},
	volume = {59},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {543-557},
	abstract = {Air transportation has been a common theme in economic geography literature in relation to the analysis of airline routes and flows, the study of international supply chains, location analysis, the impact of airport noise on residential property values and environmental issues (e.g., WILTOX et al. 2007; BURGHOUWT, 2007; LEINBACH and BOWEN, 2004; SEGU{\'I} and MART{\'I}NEZ, 2004; GRAHAM, 1995; ESPEY and LOPEZ, 2000; G{\'A}MIR and RAMOS, 2002; TOMKINS et al., 1998; STUTZ, 1986; KARASKA and BRAMHALL, 1960). Meanwhile, economic geography has moved away from traditional economic analysis and has become a more interdisciplinary speciality adopting insights from social, cultural and political sciences (BOSCHMA and FRENKEN, 2006). A relatively recent development in economic geography is the evolutionary approach, which combines different kinds of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, all based on an evolutionary approach (BOSCHMA and FRENKEN, 2007), which borrows the Darwinian concepts of selection, retention (heredity) and variety in order to apply them to social sciences. This approach overcomes static theories and focuses on innovation and technology as elements of self-transformation.},
	url = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/revista?codigo=431},
	author = {Suau-Sanchez, P. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@conference {363691,
	title = {BIENESTAR, PLANIFICACI{\'O}N URBANA Y BIODIVERSIDAD. EL CASO DE BARCELONA},
	booktitle = {Regional Science International Conference},
	year = {2012},
	month = {November 23th},
	pages = {1-18},
	publisher = {Regional Science Association},
	organization = {Regional Science Association},
	address = {Bilbao (Spain)},
	abstract = {El objetivo de esta comunicaci{\'o}n es estudiar el bienestar de la poblaci{\'o}n urbana, basada en dos pilares fundamentales: la proximidad a los servicios de la poblaci{\'o}n, y la biodiversidad urbana. El valor social de este proyecto consiste en\&nbsp;combinar elementos de urbanismo {\'e}tico que persigue el inter{\'e}s p{\'u}blico (localizando servicios a la poblaci{\'o}n), factores de biodiversidad, y Sistemas de Informaci{\'o}n Geogr{\'a}fica (SIG). El principal objetivo del proyecto es analizar los niveles de bienestar de la poblaci{\'o}n basada en la biodiversidad y la provisi{\'o}n de servicios con la construcci{\'o}n de una tecnolog{\'\i}a digital e interactiva basada en un SIG que permita trasladar el conocimiento del bienestar de un territorio urbano, en t{\'e}rminos de informaci{\'o}n de la provisi{\'o}n de servicios y de la biodiversidad urbana, a la poblaci{\'o}n y a los agentes implicados y, a su vez, reforzar el sentimiento de identidad.},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Boada, M. and S{\`a}nchez-Mateo, S. and Duch, J. and Barriocanal, C. and Marl{\`e}s-Magre, J.}
}
@article {37259,
	title = {Artists, Cultural Gentrification and Public Policy},
	journal = {Urbani Izziv Urban Challenge},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {S104 - S114},
	abstract = {Since the 1980s, artists have been studied as agents of urban gentrification. Well established theories and case studies have provided numerous evidences of the role of artists as initiators of the gentrification process in working-class neighborhoods. From a productive-side perspective, placing an emphasis on the rent-gap and land development, as well as consumption-side perspective, analyzing the features of individuals, art production and artists have been identified as a source of initial gentrification. Complementary theorizations have studied the second wave of displacement produced by the massive arrival of private capital, which often has affected the artists themselves. The present paper adds to the body of literature than identifies the public sector as another key agent of gentrification. The paper analyzes the role of Barcelona{\textquoteright}s public sector in the process of implementing this redevelopment program, and its interaction with artists in the neighborhood. In specific terms, it discusses the case of the Hangar Collective, located in Can Ricart, an old factory building which had been the home of small firms and artist groups. This center was at the heart of the urban struggle to maintain the status of firms and artists in the neighborhood, and to preserve the architectonic structure of the old factory complex. By 2010, once displaced small firms and groups of low-budget artists, only the artist{\textquoteright}s association with Hangar, supported by public funds, remained in Can Ricart.
Keywords: public policy, gentrification, artist, new economy, Barcelona
},
	url = {http://urbani-izziv.uirs.si/en/Specialissues/2012.aspx},
	author = {Casellas, A. and Dot-Jutgla, E. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {37258,
	title = {Relational Dimensions of Regional Growth: Introduction to the Special Issue},
	journal = {Urbani Izziv Urban Challenge},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {S2 - S6},
	abstract = {The study of the distribution of economic activities across space has always been the essence of economic geography, regional economics, and related disciplines. Empirical analyses have provided significant evidence, for example, that especially urbanized regions are very successful in developing innovation and employment (e.g., Wedemeier 2009). A prerequisite for the generation of economic growth is, however, the capability of economic agents to be creative and to develop new ideas. A relational perspective places the analytical focus on the complex nexus of economic relations between actors and structures. It has been argued that changes in the relations between actors and structures foster dynamic transformations in the spatial organization of economic activities (Boggs and Rantisi 2003). Hence, relational economic growth is concerned with the ways in which socio-spatial relations of actors are interlaced with structures and processes of economic change at various geographical scales (Yeung, 2005). Bathelt and Gl{\"u}ckler (2003) argued that the relational perspective has three fundamental components: (a) economic actors operate within frameworks of social and institutional relations; (b) economic processes are path-dependent, with future actions constrained to some extent by past decisions; and (c) economic processes can also shaped by agents{\textquoteright} free will, unconstrained by existing development paths. According to Jones (2009, p. 487) recent years {\textquotedblleft}have witnessed a burgeoning of work on {\textquoteright}thinking space relationally{\textquoteright}{\textquotedblright}, even though there seem exists some silence on factors that, for example, constrain, structure, and connect space (see also Sunley 2008).
},
	url = {http://urbani-izziv.uirs.si/en/Specialissues/2012.aspx},
	author = {Suau-Sanchez, P. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Tam{\'a}sy, Ch. and Taylor, M.}
}
@article {37257,
	title = {Globalising Economic Spaces, Uneven Development and Regional Challenges: Introduction to the Special Issue},
	journal = {Urbani Izziv Urban Challenge},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {S2 - S10},
	abstract = {The phenomenon of spatially uneven development has always captured the interest of economic geographers, forming one of the foundation stones of the discipline and a major research focus in analyses of both advanced or emerging economies (Hayter and Patchell, 2011; Sheppard et al., 2009). The economic exploitation of localized resources to improve the quality of people{\textquoteright}s lives inevitably leads to widening of interregional economic disparities, engendering dynamics, which, over time, change little and are rarely reversed. Interregional disparities simply transform, assume different guises and, at times, shift between places. They never really vanish. And convergence is rare, as investigations of interregional disparities in Europe have shown (Badingera et al., 2004; Martin, 2001) and the USA (Caselli and Coleman, 2001). However, measuring the dynamics of interregional divergence and convergence is both demanding and problematic (Puga, 1999; Rey and Janikas, 2005). Consequently, the dynamics of spatially uneven development remain a major research question with significant and enduring policy relevance.
},
	url = {http://urbani-izziv.uirs.si/en/Specialissues/2012.aspx},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Suau-Sanchez, P. and Le Heron, R. and Fromhold-Eisebith, M.}
}
@case {29767,
	title = {Barcelona Urban Evolution from 1860},
	journal = {http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/Barcelona_urban_evolution/CRE},
	year = {2012},
	note = {In using this map, cite it as: Pallares-Barbera, M., Duch, J. (2012) Barcelona Urban Evolution since 1860. Harvard University Institute for Quantitative Social Sciences Center for Geographical Analysis. montserrat.pallares@uab.cat.},
	month = {January 17, 2012},
	url = {http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/Barcelona_urban_evolution/CRG},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Duch, J.}
}
@case {29766,
	title = {Urban Planning and service provision in the Cerd{\`a} Barcelona Expansion},
	journal = {http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/Barcelona_Cerda_1860/CRD},
	year = {2012},
	month = {January 17, 2012},
	abstract = {Cerd{\`a} and Barcelona: The need for a new city and service provision The objective of this project is to study Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s Plan of Urban Expansion of Barcelona from 1860; specifically, how and why it was conceived in a unique way in which the provision of services to the population was an important part of it. Ildefonso Cerd{\`a} based his expansion proposal on an in-depth socio-statistic study of old Barcelona{\textquoteright}s population conditions. High mortality rates of the working class population, and poor health and education conditions pushed Cerd{\`a} to design a new type of urban planning, which he defined as {\textquotedblleft}urbanism{\textquotedblright}, In the proposal of the new city he planned the location of services, such as marketplaces, schools and hospitals. In the first part of this paper we introduce the urban and political preconditions of Barcelona and the statistics on which Cerd{\`a} based his contribution. In the second part, we use location theory and Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze the pattern of location and population served by markets and hospitals. In addition, using topographic maps from 1926 and 1975 we study the development of the Expansion up to when it was fully developed. The evolution of the city differed from Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s proposal, partly due to unexpected increases in population density, built environment and larger building occupation size. Nevertheless, Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s lay-out of streets and avenues has prevailed.},
	url = {http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/Barcelona_Cerda_1860/CRD},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Duch, J.}
}
@article {10357,
	title = {Productive gentrification, deindustrialization and industrial relocation (Gentrificaci{\'o} productiva, desindustrialitzaci{\'o} i relocalitzaci{\'o} industrial)},
	journal = {Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {27-53},
	abstract = {
	Abstract: Productive gentrification, deindustrialization and industrial relocationThe aim of this paper is to present a theoretical discussion on the definition and identification of the process of productive gentrification. From the discussions of the concept of gentrification, broadly conceptualized and studied in processes taking place in residential areas of central cities, the contribution of this paper focuses on redefining the concept in the production sphere, taking businesses as units of analysis and institutions as agents of change. To illustrate this, the article examines the impact of the 22 @ Barcelona project initiated in 2000 in the neighborhood of Poblenou, Barcelona. The analysis focuses on the study of Can Ricart, analyzing the process of expulsion of the industries of an old textile industrial complex, which by the time of the approved urban renewal plan, it contained 34 small and medium enterprises from various sectors.Keywords: productive gentrification, urban renewal, 22@Barcelona, urban policy.

},
	url = {URL: http://revistes.iec.cat/index.php/TSCG/article/view/63642},
	author = {Dot Jutgla, E. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Casellas, A.}
}
@article {10355,
	title = {Incorporating annoyance in airport environmental policy: noise, societal response and community participation},
	journal = {Journal of Transport Geography },
	volume = {19},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {275{\textendash}284},
	abstract = {Airport capacity continues to be one of the air transport issues that creates the most concern. The major environmental constraint for airports is the noise generated by aircraft. Annoyed communities living around airports have become a limiting factor for airport capacity and operability. This paper brings together the existing literature in the fields of airport environmental capacity, non-acoustic factors of noise annoyance, NIMBYism and environmental conflicts. We also analyze the socio-environmental conflict between Barcelona airport and the community of Gav{\`a} Mar. This case shows that the lack of trust between parties, the impossibility of predicting noise exposure, the absence of opportunities for civil society to speak and the difficulty of accessing relevant information foster annoyance and mobilization in the communities that live around the airport. In addition, it is shown that, in such a situation, communities{\textquoteright} reactions can evolve to a post-NIMBY stage in which proactive attitudes replace reactive ones.
Keywords
    Airport capacity;
    NIMBY syndrome;
    Non-acoustic factors of noise annoyance;
    Airport policy;
    Barcelona airport
},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692310000141},
	author = {Suau-Sanchez, P. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Pa{\"u}l, V.}
}
@article {16666,
	title = {Cerda and Barcelona: The need for a new city and service provision},
	journal = {Urbani izziv Urban Challenge},
	volume = {Volume 22, no. 2 },
	number = {December 2011},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {122-136},
	abstract = {The objective of this paper is to study Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s Plan of Urban Expansion of Barcelona from 1860; specifically, how and why it was conceived in a unique way in which the provision of services to the population was an important part of it. Ildefonso Cerd{\`a} based his expansion proposal on an in-depth socio-statistic study of old Barcelona{\textquoteright}s population conditions. High mortality rates of the working class population, and poor health and education conditions pushed Cerd{\`a} to design a new type of urban planning, which he defined as {\textquotedblleft}urbanism{\textquotedblright}, In the proposal of the new city he planned the location of services, such as marketplaces, schools and hospitals. In the first part of this paper we introduce the urban and political preconditions of Barcelona and the statistics on which Cerd{\`a} based his contribution. In the second part, we use location theory and Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze the pattern of location and population served by markets and hospitals. In addition, using topographic maps from 1926 and 1975 we study the development of the Expansion up to when it was fully developed. The evolution of the city differed from Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s proposal, partly due to unexpected increases in population density, built environment and larger building occupation size. Nevertheless, Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s lay-out of streets and avenues has prevailed. 
Keywords: urban planning, location theory, optimization, wellbeing, GIS, spatial decisions support system
},
	url = {http://urbani-izziv.uirs.si/en/Urbaniizziv/tabid/95/Default.aspx},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Badia, A. and Duch, J.}
}
@conference {14156,
	title = {CERD{\`A} AND BARCELONA. OPTIMAL LOCATION OF SERVICES AND URBAN PLANNING},
	booktitle = {Association of American Geographers Meeting},
	year = {2011},
	month = {April 12},
	publisher = {AAG},
	organization = {AAG},
	address = {Seattle},
	abstract = {In this paper we analyze a case study, Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s Urban Expansion of Barcelona
(1860). We reexamine Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s positioning of marketplaces and hospitals using location
theory as well as GIS for data capturing and analysis. In addition, using topographic
map-series we study the developments of the Expansion up to now. We study the
allocation of services in the urban grid as a way of distributing wellbeing among
individuals. The actual evolution of the city through history differed from Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s
proposal, partly due to unexpected increases in population density, built environment
and larger building occupation size. Nevertheless, Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s lay-out of streets and
avenues has prevailed. Moreover, later plans of urban expansion and restructuration of
the city have been in line with Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s ideas. Urban planning is an important factor in
the determination of quality of life and wellbeing. This paper is concerned with a design
of urban environment that seeks better spatial efficiency and social wellbeing.
Keywords. Urban planning, location theory, optimization, wellbeing, GIS, Spatial
Decisions Support System.
},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Badia, A. and Duch, J.}
}
@article {25146,
	title = {How to change in difficult times? Advantages and disadvantages in the competitive Barcelona and symbolic economy (Com canviar quan els canvis s{\'o}n dif{\'\i}cils? Avantatges i desavantatges de la Barcelona competitiva des de l{\textquoteright}economia simb{\`o}lica)},
	journal = {Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {229-245},
	abstract = {Despite of historical economic changes, cities have always been the efficient
pinpoint of production systems. In this article I postulate that at the first
decade of the twenty-first century, the symbolic economy seems the equivalent
to what in previous periods were the Fordism or the Flexible Production System.
The objective is to analyze how the symbolic economy is formed, how
the cultural good is commodified and who demands it. In Barcelona, buildings
as the MACBA, designed by Richard Meier, or the AGBAR tower, by Jean
Nouvel, are public and private investments, respectively, which constitute two
of the global city symbols. The MACBA was specifically designed to be a
cultural institution. Otherwise, the AGBAR tower is an office premise. In this
article I argue that many of the symbolic elements were not built as such, but
they are part of the symbolic economy of a city.
Key words: Commodification, symbolic economy, economic geography.
},
	url = {http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000173\%5C00000088.pdf},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@conference {11826,
	title = {Productive gentrification in Barcelona: The effects of the new economy (Gentrificaci{\'o}n productiva en Barcelona: efectos del nuevo espacio econ{\'o}mico)},
	booktitle = {IV JORNADAS DE GEOGRAF{\'I}A ECON{\'O}MICA},
	year = {2010},
	month = {1-2 July},
	publisher = {Grupo de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica de la AGE},
	organization = {Grupo de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica de la AGE},
	address = {Le{\'o}n, Spain},
	abstract = {In the year 2000 it started in Barcelona{\textasciiacute}s Poblenou neighborhood a strategy of implementation of urban regeneration and economic development under the leadership of the public sector. The implementation of the 22@Barcelona project involves a transformation toward specialization in knowledge-intensive tertiary activity. As a result of new urban planning guidelines, the project has led to a productive process of displacement of traditional activities located in the new technological district. This paper presents a theoretical approach for the identification of the process of {\textquotedblleft}productive gentrification", a concept that helps to interpret the relationships and effects on the productive base of the new economic space. The phenomenon of gentrification has been broadly defined and studied at residential level, especially within the Anglo-Saxon literature. The contribution of this paper focuses on redefining the concept in the field of production, taking business as units of analysis. To this end, we analyze the impact that the 22@Barcelona has generated focusing on the case of the industrial complex of Can Ricart. The urban reform plan implemented under the 22@Barcelona focuses on defining and promoting productive activities for new economy, which has resulted in the relocation of businesses to new metropolitan areas or its closing down. In this sense, the interpretation of the relationship between economic activities and connections of the new urban space can be understood from the productive gentrification concept, which is formulated and discussed in the article. Key words: productive gentrification, urban redevelopment, 22@Barcelona, public policy.
},
	author = {Dot, E. and Casellas, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {10359,
	title = {Image creation, visibility and tourism. Growth strategies for the future (Creaci{\'o}n de imagen, visibilidad y turismo como estrategias de crecimiento econ{\'o}mico de la ciudad)},
	journal = {Finisterra},
	volume = {XLV},
	number = {90},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {153-172},
	abstract = {Image creation, visibility and tourism. Growth strategies for the future? The aim of this paper is to analyse how Barcelona{\textquoteright}s economic growth since the 1990s has been based on the production of advanced services, in which image creation and tourism have played a key role. In this context, we emphasise the role played by macro-events, such as the 1992 Olympic Games, which have brought about important changes to Barcelona{\textquoteright}s economic model, and we highlight the importance of public-private partnerships and strategic planning. Additionally, we analyse the economic impact of tourism upon the city in the period 1990-2010, and we conclude with some reflections on the implications upon public space entailed by this growth strategy. Key words: Barcelona, tourism, economic development, public space, marketing.
},
	author = {Casellas, A. and Dot, E. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {10358,
	title = {The fuzziness of knowledge intensive production: the new economic space of Poblenou (Barcelona) (L{\textquoteright}ambig{\"u}itat de la producci{\'o} intensiva en coneixement: el nou espai econ{\`o}mic del Poblenou)},
	journal = {Documents d{\textquoteright}An{\`a}lisi Geogr{\`a}fica},
	volume = {56},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {389-408},
	abstract = {At the beginning of the 21st century the economic activity of the Poblenou (Barcelona) has been transformed and it has been producing deep changes that affect the urban morphology and the behavior of economical and social agents of the neighborhood. This transformation takes place within a political structural frame, which involves an urban reform plan to convert this axis of the city into a new competitive technological and digital cluster. To study and evaluate the urban and economic transformation process of the area, this paper is divided into two parts. First, from a literature review approach, the paper analyzes the concept of knowledge economy and the implications that this productive model has on cities. Second, the paper focuses on the study of the development of the economic space of Poblenou and the implantation of the 22@Barcelona plan in period 2000-2006. Then, the definition and classification of economic knowledge activities is discussed. The analysis demonstrates that the definition of knowledge economy is fuzzy. The concept of knowledge as added value in the production is not easy to measure due to its intangible character; however, knowledge is included in the production process through new technologies and in other economic sectors. Key words: new economy, knowledge economy, urban regeneration, 22@Barcelona.},
	author = {Dot Jutgla, E. and Casellas, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {10349,
	title = {Public sector intervention in embodying new economy in inner urban areas: the Barcelona experience},
	journal = {Urban Studies },
	volume = {46},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1137-1155},
	author = {Casellas, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@inbook {26620,
	title = {EL 22@BARCELONA O EL LIDERAZGO DEL ESPACIO URBANO. LA ECONOM{\'I}A DEL CONOCIMIENTO EN LA BARCELONA DEL SIGLO XXI},
	booktitle = {Localizaci{\'o}n: Territorios, sociedades y pol{\'\i}ticas },
	year = {2009},
	pages = {525-536},
	publisher = {Universidad Pablo de Olavide ISBN 978-84-933457-8-5},
	organization = {Universidad Pablo de Olavide ISBN 978-84-933457-8-5},
	address = {Sevilla, Spain},
	abstract = {En este art{\'\i}culo se distinguen y caracterizan las diferentes tipolog{\'\i}as de actividades, estructuras urbanas y sociales que han convivido durante estos dos {\'u}ltimos siglos en el barrio del Poblenou de Barcelona. En este sentido la estructura del art{\'\i}culo incide especialmente en las morfolog{\'\i}as resultantes de la nueva econom{\'\i}a industrial. En concreto se analiza el proyecto 22@Barcelona (22@Bcn) como elemento que ha definido el espacio urbano de la nueva econom{\'\i}a del Poblenou de principios del siglo veintiuno.
En segundo lugar se analiza el territorio con los agentes sociales y econ{\'o}micos, y las organizaciones capaces de adaptarse al nuevo escenario. La econom{\'\i}a creativa que se podr{\'\i}a definir como aquella d{\'o}nde el mayor {\'e}nfasis est{\'a} en la imaginaci{\'o}n humana, la innovaci{\'o}n y la creatividad, repone en el reconocimiento de que la tecnolog{\'\i}a es la herramienta que ha permitido el cambio entre la econom{\'\i}a industrial y la del conocimiento. As{\'\i}, se podr{\'\i}a decir que la relaci{\'o}n entre creaci{\'o}n y tecnolog{\'\i}a se cruzan y constituyen los determinantes competitivos de las nuevas empresas.
Finalmente, en tercer lugar se introducen algunos de los principales conflictos de la nueva transformaci{\'o}n de la ciudad de Barcelona. Por un lado las distintas velocidades del 22@Bcn dan c{\'o}mo resultado la reconversi{\'o}n del distrito industrial en tecnol{\'o}gico y, al mismo tiempo, las cr{\'\i}ticas de los vecinos que aprecian diferencias entre el avance del eje de negocios y el progreso de su entorno social.
},
	url = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3150537},
	author = {Dot Jutgla, E. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Vera Mart{\'\i}n, A.},
	editor = {Feria Toribio, J.M. and Garc{\'\i}a Garc{\'\i}a, A. and Ojeda Rivera, J. A.}
}
@inbook {11829,
	title = {Nation boundaries and the twin city model (La frontera y el modelo de regiones gemelas)},
	booktitle = {Territorios, sociedades y pol{\'\i}ticas},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {511-524},
	publisher = {Universidad Pablo de Olavide},
	organization = {Universidad Pablo de Olavide},
	address = {Sevilla, Spain},
	abstract = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3150533
},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Tulla, A. and Pallares-Blanch, M.}
}
@conference {11442,
	title = {The Spanish aviation network: the competitive position of Madrid and the Mediterranean axis, 2000-2008},
	booktitle = {Papers from the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers },
	year = {2009},
	publisher = { Association of American Geographers },
	organization = { Association of American Geographers },
	address = {San Francisco},
	abstract = {Since the liberalization of the European air transport market large airlines have built hub-and-spoke networks. However, since 2001 a number of European hubs have been torn down by their home based carriers. For example, British Airways at London Gatwick and Air France at Clermont-Ferrand. One of the last examples of network rationalization is the end of hub operations at Barcelona airport by Iberia. Instead, Iberia has been implementing a single hub operation in Madrid-Barajas.The first goal of this paper is to discuss the evolution of the Spanish airline network for the period 2000-2008. With this paper the authors fill a gap in the current scientific literature about the changing the connectivity levels and the competitive position of the Spanish airports and airline networks. Special attention will be given to the recent changes in the role of Madrid and Barcelona. We use the so-called NETSCAN model to quantify connectivity levels of airports and airline networks. Netscan measures the number of direct and indirect (transfer) connections and weighs these connections for their quality in terms of transfer and detour times.The second goal of this paper is to evaluate the competitive position in the air transport market of the Madrid mega-city region and the airport system of the Mediterranean axis (airports of Girona, Barcelona, Reus, Valencia and Alicante). First findings of this ongoing research show that in the Mediterranean axis while direct connectivity to Europe improves thanks to low-cost carriers, direct and indirect connectivity in the intercontinental market decreases dramatically.   Descriptors: Airports | Evolution Models |},
	url = {http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs\&collection=ENV\&recid=12575822\&q=\&uid=790731714\&setcookie=yes},
	author = {Suau-Sanchez, M. and Burghouwt, G. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@inbook {10697,
	title = {Naturbanization and Local Development in the mountain areas of the Catalan Pyrenees},
	booktitle = {Naturbanization. New identities and processes for rural-natural areas},
	year = {2009},
	pages = { 75-92},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis Group, Publishers},
	organization = {Taylor \& Francis Group, Publishers},
	address = {Leiden, Netherlands: 265 },
	abstract = {http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/9780203881149.ch4
ABSTRACT: A process of urbanization has developed around the alpine ski resorts and the Natural Protected Areas (NPA). There are also processes of abandonment of settlement populations and mountain cultures by the disappearance of traditional economic activities. This entails a contradiction: the natural features of a territory can facilitate naturbanization, but it can also deteriorate the natural and socioeconomic environment of the territory. Local development, in the mountainous areas of Europe, can be explained by the existence of comparative advantages with regard to urban areas. In the Catalan Pyrenees, the theory of comparative advantage and the use of the territorial embeddedness theory enable us to demonstrate that, in the future, this short term analysis will have to be replaced by longer term analyses that also take into account environmental, social and cultural externalities.
},
	url = {http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/9780203881149.ch4},
	author = {Tulla, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Vera, A.}
}
@inbook {513126,
	title = {Els efectes de la immigraci{\'o} estrangera sobre la despesa},
	booktitle = {La immigraci{\'o}, un motor econ{\`o}mic. Reflexions entorn de l{\textquoteright}impacte de la poblaci{\'o} estrangera en l{\textquoteright}economia catalana},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Obra Social Caixa de Sabadell. Fundaci{\'o} Jaume Bofill},
	organization = {Obra Social Caixa de Sabadell. Fundaci{\'o} Jaume Bofill},
	address = {Barcelona},
	abstract = {\&nbsp;CATALANDes que alguns Homo sapiens van sortir de l{\textquoteright}{\`A}frica i van escampar-se pel m{\'o}n, la hist{\`o}ria de la humanitat s{\textquoteright}explica pels moviments migratoris. Aqu{\'\i} a Catalunya el fenomen ha adquirit una import{\`a}ncia crucial i serveix per explicar el r{\`a}pid creixement demogr{\`a}fic despr{\'e}s d{\textquoteright}un llarg per{\'\i}ode en qu{\`e} {\'e}rem sis milions. Ara en som 7,4 i en els darrers cinc anys la poblaci{\'o} immigrada ha passat de ser el 4,4\% del total de la poblaci{\'o} catalana a ser-ne el 9,1\%. Una proporci{\'o} que ens situa al nivell dels pa{\"\i}sos de l{\textquoteright}Europa rica, que s{\'o}n un dest{\'\i} atractiu per als qui busquen un futur millor per a ells i els seus fills.El paisatge hum{\`a} del nostre pa{\'\i}s ha canviat. No {\'e}s estrany que el tema estigui present als mitjans de comunicaci{\'o}, als discursos dels pol{\'\i}tics i a les converses ciutadanes; de vegades amb preocupaci{\'o}, d{\textquoteright}altres amb optimisme, sempre amb inter{\`e}s.En un context en qu{\`e} apareixen opinions, estudis, reflexions sobre la immigraci{\'o} hem volgut posar-hi la nostra mirada d{\textquoteright}economistes; la nostra aportaci{\'o} est{\`a} feta des d{\textquoteright}una perspectiva concreta i limitada, sabem la import{\`a}ncia que tenen els altres enfocaments i hem volgut fer la nostra aportaci{\'o} a un debat en el qual totes les veus han de ser escoltades.Volem agrair a la Fundaci{\'o} Jaume Bofill que ens hagi ofert el marc institucional i la capacitat de convocat{\`o}ria que va fer possible un exercici de reflexi{\'o} conjunta, que ha estat una experi{\`e}ncia intel{\textperiodcentered}lectual que ens ha marcat positivament. Agra{\"\i}m a l{\textquoteright}Obra Social de Caixa Sabadell l{\textquoteright}inter{\`e}s mostrat des del comen{\c c}ament per la publicaci{\'o} d{\textquoteright}aquest treball.Aquelles sessions no haurien estat tan fruct{\'\i}feres sense l{\textquoteright}ajuda de la nostra col{\textperiodcentered}lega i amiga Maria Franch, que va fer feines de documentalista i de transcriptora que s{\textquoteright}han tornat a revelar essencials quan hem ordenat els materials treballats.Amb l{\textquoteright}esperan{\c c}a que siguin elements positius en un debat que, ben segur, ha de continuar.\&nbsp;},
	url = {http://www.fbofill.cat/publicacions/la-immigracio-un-motor-economic},
	author = {ARCOS, Diego and SERRA RAMONEDA, Antoni and PALLARES-BARBERA, Montserrat (Session Chair)}
}
@inbook {345046,
	title = {Estrategia de regeneraci{\'o}n urbana y procesos de gentrificaci{\'o}n en el distrito Tecnol{\'o}gico de Barcelona},
	booktitle = {Globalizaci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica: amenazas y oportunidades para los territorios},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {109-118},
	publisher = {Nau Llibres},
	organization = {Nau Llibres},
	address = {Valencia (Spain)},
	abstract = {ABSTRACTSince the 1980s, artists have been studied asagents of urban gentrification. Well establishedtheories and case studies have provided numerousevidences of the role of artists as initiators of thegentrification process in working-class neighborhoods.From a productive-side perspective, placing anemphasis on the rent-gap and land development, aswell as consumption-side perspective, analyzing thefeatures of individuals, art production and artists havebeen identified as a source of initial gentrification.Complementary theorizations have studied the secondwave of displacement produced by the massivearrival of private capital, which often has affectedthe artists themselves. The present paper adds to thebody of literature than identifies the public sector asanother key agent of gentrification. It is examinedby exploring the experience of a traditional workingclass neighbourhood in Barcelona (Spain) which hasundergone a dramatic urban regeneration process ledby the city council and that has affected groups ofartists in a very different ways.Key words: public policy, gentrification, artist,new economy, Barcelona.
RESUMENDesde los a{\~n}os 1980, los artistas han sido estudiadoscomo agentes de gentrificaci{\'o}n urbana. Diferentesteor{\'\i}as consolidadas y estudios de caso hanproporcionado numerosas evidencias del papel delos artistas como iniciadores del proceso de gentrificaci{\'o}nen barrios de clase obrera. Desde el punto devista productivo, haciendo {\'e}nfasis en el diferencialde renta del suelo, as{\'\i} como desde el punto de vistade consumo, haciendo {\'e}nfasis en las caracter{\'\i}sticasde los individuos, la presencia de artistas ha sidoidentificada como una fuente inicial de gentrificaci{\'o}n.Otras teor{\'\i}as complementarias han estudiado laoleada de desplazamientos producidos por la masivallegada de capital privado, que a menudo ha afectadoa algunos de los propios artistas. En el presente documentose presenta un enfoque te{\'o}rico que identificaal sector p{\'u}blico como agente clave de gentrificaci{\'o}n.En concreto se explora la experiencia del barrio deEl Poblenou en Barcelona, el cual ha experimentadoun dr{\'a}stico proceso de regeneraci{\'o}n urbana lideradopor el ayuntamiento y que ha afectado a grupos deartistas de diferentes modos.Palabras clave: pol{\'\i}tica p{\'u}blica, gentrificaci{\'o}n,artista, nueva econom{\'\i}a, Barcelona},
	author = {Casellas, A. and Dot, E. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@book {15317,
	title = {Geografia regional},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Universitat Oberta de Catalunya},
	organization = {Universitat Oberta de Catalunya},
	address = {Barcelona},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Tulla Pujol, A.F. and Albet Mas, A. and Baylina Ferr{\'e}, M. and Caball{\'e} Rivera, A. and Estalella Boadella, H. and Garcia Ramon, M.D. and Garriga Puigdengolas, G. and Prats Ferret, M.}
}
@conference {10360,
	title = {Overcoming airport capacity environmental tensions at Barcelona{\textquoteright}s airport and future airport development strategies},
	booktitle = {First Airneth Annual Conference Airneth/G.A.R.S research workshop {\textquotedblleft}Optimal Use of Scarce Airport Capacity{\textquotedblright}},
	volume = {www.airneth.com},
	year = {2007},
	month = {13 April 2007},
	publisher = {www.airneth.com},
	organization = {www.airneth.com},
	address = {The Hague},
	abstract = {The current European airport framework presents socio-environmental and territorial conflicts that are difficult to resolve. There is a need for the development of airport infrastructure; but such development can damage the environment and the interests of nearby inhabitants. The technical features of airport infrastructures are not the only elements relevant to increasing air-traffic volume. Enlarging airport capacity will also depend, in the short term, on management of the environmental impact on surrounding areas. This paper deals with the decision-making process involved in airport-planning based on the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) model in Catalonia{\textquoteright}s airports. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the particular socio-environmental conflict that has taken place in the Municipalities of Gav{\`a} and Castelldefels since of the new third runway and the new South Terminal (still under construction) came into operation at Barcelona Airport. Objection to the acoustic pollution caused by aircraft landing and taking off on the third runway forced the airport authority to limit the capacity of the airport. This conflict has been partially resolved through certain work within the airport platform and through important changes to the Traffic Management Advisor. This conflict re-opened the debate concerning the suitability of a planned fourth runway, to be located over the sea, which would not only provide greater airport capacity but would also avoid noise disruption. While this option seems preferable to the political and entrepreneurial groups, others believe it would be more reasonable to solve the issue of airport capacity by extending the two secondary airports in Catalonia. Keywords: Socio-environmental conflicts, airport capacity, Strategic Environmental Assessment, Barcelona Airport, Catalan Airport System, airport development.
},
	url = {http://www.airneth.nl/index.php/cat_view/33-activities/9-13-4-2007-airnethgars-research-workshop-papers-and-presentations.html},
	author = {Suau-Sanchez, P. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@inbook {279051,
	title = {ACTIVIDADES ECON{\'O}MICAS Y NATURBANIZACI{\'O}N EN EL ENTORNO DE LOS PARQUES NATURALES DEL {\textquotedblleft}CAD{\'I}{\textendash} MOIXER{\'O}{\textquotedblright} Y DEL {\textquotedblleft}ALT PIRINEU{\textquotedblright} (PIRINEO CATAL{\'A}N)},
	booktitle = {Espacios Naturales protegidos / Les espaces naturels prot{\'e}g{\'e}s},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {543},
	publisher = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	organization = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	address = {Baeza (Seville)},
	abstract = {Resumee
La diversit{\'e} des approches adopt{\'e}es pour {\'e}tudier les espaces naturels
prot{\'e}g{\'e}s a enrichi nos connaissances sur ces espaces, caract{\'e}ris{\'e}s avant
tout par leur exceptionnelle singularit{\'e} et par la qualit{\'e} des {\'e}l{\'e}ments qui les
composent; par la valeur aussi de leurs paysages si intimement li{\'e}s {\`a} la soci{\'e}t{\'e}
qui les occupent, les organisent et les utilisent.
La crise et le lent d{\'e}clin de l{\textquoteright}agriculture ainsi que des soci{\'e}t{\'e}s rurales
traditionnelles qui l{\textquoteright}entretenaient sont responsables d{\textquoteright}une d{\'e}prise parfois g{\'e}n{\'e}ralis{\'e}e
qui a progressivement cr{\'e}{\'e} une nouvelle image de ces territoires et leur ont
donn{\'e} un nouveau statut: de leur r{\^o}le essentiellement agricole il sont pass{\'e}s {\`a}
des fonctions et des utilisations plus {\textquotedblleft}{\'e}cologiques{\textquotedblright} fond{\'e}s sur la mise en valeur
de leur patrimoine naturel et culturel; ainsi s{\textquoteright}est produit un rapprochement {\'e}troit et
une confusion progressive entre les territoires ruraux, les espaces p{\'e}riph{\'e}riques ou
marginaux et les espaces naturels. Les orientations structurelles et sectorielles de
l{\textquoteright}Union Europ{\'e}enne ont contribu{\'e} aussi {\`a} la r{\'e}cup{\'e}ration de ces territoires comme
{\textquotedblleft}espaces naturels{\textquotedblright} n{\'e}cessitant un r{\'e}gime de protection, de nouvelles conceptions
d{\textquoteright}am{\'e}nagement et une r{\'e}glementation de leur utilisation. Ces directives se sont
concr{\'e}tis{\'e}es dans un ensemble de comportements tendant, d{\textquoteright}une fa{\c c}on g{\'e}n{\'e}rale,
{\`a} l{\textquoteright}{\'e}mergence d{\textquoteright}un nouveau mode plus extensif d{\textquoteright}utilisation du territoire et {\`a}
l{\textquoteright}attribution de nouvelles missions {\`a} ces espaces. La Politique Agricole Commune
(PAC) a jou{\'e} un r{\^o}le d{\'e}cisif dans cette r{\'e}orientation vers de nouvelles fonctions
territoriales: gel de terres, adoption d{\textquoteright}une extensivit{\'e} g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, reboisement, jouissance
de la nature et {\textquotedblleft}consommation d{\textquoteright}espace{\textquotedblright}, etc. Conjointement, la politique de
coh{\'e}sion territoriale, avec ses fonds structurels associ{\'e}s, et l{\textquoteright}{\'e}laboration progressive
d{\textquoteright}une politique de l{\textquoteright}environnement de l{\textquoteright}Union Europ{\'e}enne, ont progressivement
introduit de nouvelles r{\`e}gles devant favoriser un d{\'e}veloppement plus {\'e}quilibr{\'e}, le
{\textquotedblleft}d{\'e}veloppement durable{\textquotedblright}, transformant ainsi les espaces naturels prot{\'e}g{\'e}s en facteurs
favorables {\`a} un nouvelle dynamique des territoires.
Resumen
En las {\'a}reas de monta{\~n}a de muchos pa{\'\i}ses en Europa
encontramos la misma paradoja: muchas {\'a}reas rurales de
monta{\~n}a se est{\'a}n despoblando r{\'a}pidamente mientras en {\'a}reas
cercanas es cada vez m{\'a}s escaso el espacio disponible, debido
a un fuerte desarrollo de las actividades de ocio y las segundas
residencias (Tulla, A.F. y Pallar{\`e}s, M., 2003c). Esta es tambi{\'e}n la
situaci{\'o}n en la mayor parte del Pirineo Catal{\'a}n. En nuestro grupo
de investigaci{\'o}n (SEJ2006-04009 {\textquotedblleft}El desarrollo local sostenible
en zonas de monta{\~n}a en el umbral entre el abandono del territorio
y la naturbanizaci{\'o}n{\textquotedblright}), nos planteamos analizar las posibles
soluciones a {\textquotedblleft}la paradoja de la monta{\~n}a europea{\textquotedblright} analizando,
primero, el proceso de naturbanizaci{\'o}n; segundo, los efectos
del despoblamiento; y, tercero, las actuaciones que permitan un
desarrollo local sostenible. En relaci{\'o}n al despoblamiento, hay dos
l{\'\i}neas de trabajo b{\'a}sicas. Por un lado, el estudio del medio natural
antropizado y su evoluci{\'o}n como consecuencia del abandono
humano del territorio, y por otro lado, la implantaci{\'o}n de espacios
naturales protegidos (ENP) con las implicaciones que conlleva
su modelo de gesti{\'o}n y, muy especialmente en los municipios
del entorno de estos ENP. En el objetivo de la naturbanizaci{\'o}n
debemos analizar, tanto la atracci{\'o}n que ejercen los ENP para su
existencia, as{\'\i} como los efectos, en la estructura natural y social,
que genera en un territorio de monta{\~n}a, frecuentemente muy
fr{\'a}gil. Finalmente, en el objetivo del desarrollo local sostenible,
nos planteamos que actividades econ{\'o}micas, en base a las
teor{\'\i}as de la {\textquotedblleft}incrustaci{\'o}n territorial{\textquotedblright} y de la {\textquotedblleft}ventaja comparativa{\textquotedblright},
juntamente con el Planeamiento Territorial pueden ayudar a una
diversifi caci{\'o}n de las actividades econ{\'o}micas y de la poblaci{\'o}n en
el territorio, as{\'\i} como al mejor nivel de vida de esta, paliando en lo
posible tanto los desequilibrios generados por el despoblamiento
como por la naturbanizaci{\'o}n.},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Antoni Tulla and Anna Badia and Ana Vera-Martin}
}
@report {28960,
	title = {Creative clusters in Urban Settings: 22@BCN and Shoredicht East London. (Cl{\'u}sters creatius en entorns urbans: 22@Bcn i Shoreditch East London)},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1-34},
	institution = {AGAUR. Generalitat de Catalunya},
	address = {Barcelona},
	abstract = {\&nbsp;Creative clusters in Urban Settings: 22@BCN and Shoredicht East LondonABSTRACTAlthough the distance variable is not as important as in the past, the location of companies\&nbsp;of new economy in urban zones areas continues to be a fact. Location factors such as\&nbsp;infrastructures, close to demand, and face to face transactions first quarter of the twenty-first century ties the\&nbsp;creative economy to cities in a similar way as factories located at the\&nbsp;beginning of twentieth century.\&nbsp;The city played an outstanding role in the development of "the\&nbsp;new industrial economy" at the beginning of twentieth century, and it does so in the "the new creative economy" with the label of city of the knowledge. The morphological, social, economic and urban results are very different in each period; both phenomena\&nbsp;impact the cities remarkably well. The goal of this research study is to analyze the mechanisms of\&nbsp;agglomeration and clustering mechanisms in the\&nbsp;creation of knowledge, advanced services, competitive activities at the\&nbsp;top of the leading-edge developments in the cities of the twenty-one century. In Barcelona, the project 22@BCN, and in East London, the Shoreditch projects are compared.\&nbsp;The effort that local authorities have put on creating the appropriate environment to attract and to create\&nbsp;innovative companies, as engines for development at some European cities, has resulted in the emergence of\&nbsp;very dynamic urban centers that are prepared and accommodate nodes of knowledge creation ("Urban\&nbsp;Knowledge Hubs"), which represent a pool of high qualified jobs. This is the case of the projects of Barcelona\&nbsp;(22@bcn) and East London (Shoreditch).Key words. Knowledge Economy, Clustering, Leading Cities.\&nbsp;},
	issn = {2006PBR10014},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Leonard, S. and et al.}
}
@report {26632,
	title = {THE RURAL WORLD IN THE 21ST CENTURY: A COMPROMISE BETWEEN RURAL CULTURE, COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURES, NEW TECHNOLOGY AND LOCAL INITIATIVE. Summary},
	year = {2007},
	month = {04/31},
	pages = {1-5},
	institution = {Abertis Foundation},
	address = {Barcelona},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Tulla, A. F. and et al}
}
@proceedings {11603,
	title = {The leadership of urban spaces: The 22@BCN Project (El 22@Barcelona o el liderazgo del espacio urbano. La econom{\'\i}a del conocimiento en la Barcelona del siglo XXI)},
	journal = {XX Congreso AGE La geograf{\'\i}a en la frontera de los conocimientos},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1-12},
	publisher = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	address = {Sevilla Spain},
	abstract = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3150537
},
	author = {Dot, E. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Vera Mart{\'\i}n, A.}
}
@report {10356,
	title = {The rise of the Spanish multinationals. European business in the global economy. Mauro F. Guill{\'e}n},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Volume 83},
	pages = {Economic Geography, 83: 453-454},
	address = {Worcester, MA, 02138},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {10353,
	title = {Airport planning and environmental strategies in Catalonia (Planificaci{\'o}n aeroportuaria y estrategias ambientales en Catalunya)},
	journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n de la Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {395-401, 99-121},
	abstract = {Recent social movements have alerted public opinion and political administrations to the safety of the areas surrounding airports and the negative externalities produced by airport developments. From the economic geography perspective this is not a new issue, but due to the increasing importance of enlargements in airport capacity this has become a hot topic for policy makers and academics. Responsible airport development planning would avoid social conflicts and negative externalities in surrounding territories. Traditionally, the planning of airport developments has only focused on elements inside the airport; such as supply and demand forecasts and other aeronautical, engineering and economic variables. But the current airport framework presents new situations that cannot be solved by traditional methods since new and external variables are intrinsic to the decision-making process (Graham and Guyer, 1999). This paper deals with these new variables; in the sense of discussing how the trade-off between enlarging infrastructure and minimizing externalities are important elements in the decision making process regarding difficult-to-resolve incompatible land uses.},
	url = {http://age.ieg.csic.es/boletin/45/05-planificacion.pdf},
	author = {Suau-Sanchez, P. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@webarticle {10361,
	title = {The use of new technology in teaching geography in the EHEA. The subjects of Social and Economic Geography, Cartography and Photointerpretation, and GIS},
	journal = {http://digithum.uoc.edu/ojs/index.php/digithum/article/view/526},
	year = {2006},
	note = {RECOMMENDED CITATION:
BADIA, A.; PALLARES-BARBERA, M.; LLURD{\'E}S, J.C. (2006). The use of new technology in teaching geography in the EHEA. The subjects of Social and Economic Geography, Cartography and Photointerpretation, and GIS. Digithum [online article]. Iss. 8. UOC.
ISSN 1575-2275
},
	month = {May 2006},
	abstract = {Over the last five years, the Autonomous University of Barcelona{\textquoteright}s Geography Department studies have undergone a series of structural changes. Adaptation to an online system has led to a structural change in the way in which knowledge is disseminated and materials produced, and the application of the so-called Bologna Process (adaptation to the European Higher Education Area, EHEA) has brought with it the need to change certain habits in the way knowledge is disseminated, a new credit transfer system (ECTS) and skills-based training. The Department has taken part in a pilot test project initiated by the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). In this period of change, we are simultaneously offering three teaching systems: the traditional system, in line with the study plan from 2002; the Bologna Process system, started in 2005-2006, and the online system, which was started in the academic year 2001-2002 and which does not form part of the Bologna Process. Two or three years from now, there will be two systems, face-to-face and online, both of which are to be adapted to the Bologna Process. This article looks to show what these changes have meant, in terms of the experience in subjects we teach (Cartography and Photo-interpretation, Social and Economic Geography and Geographic Information Systems), which provides the basis for a discussion of the pros and cons of adaptation of Geogr@phy On-line and to the Bologna Process. 
},
	url = {http://digithum.uoc.edu/ojs/index.php/digithum/article/view/526},
	author = {Badia, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Llurd{\'e}s, J.C.}
}
@article {10350,
	title = {Spatial distribution of ignitions in Mediterranean periurban and rural areas: The case of Catalonia},
	journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {187-196},
	author = {Badia Perpiny{\`a}, A and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@conference {26764,
	title = {THE TWIN CITY MODEL IN THE PYRENEES TERRITORY: ANDORRA AND ALT URGELL BORDER REGION},
	booktitle = {Sixth European Urban and Regional Studies Conference},
	year = {2006},
	month = {6 September},
	publisher = {EURS. Governance, territoriality and network policies or Diverse economies in Europe},
	organization = {EURS. Governance, territoriality and network policies or Diverse economies in Europe},
	address = {Comwell Hotel, Roskilde, Denmark},
	abstract = {Citation:
Tulla, A. F.; Pallares-Blanch, M.; Pallares-Barbera, M.; Vera, A. (2006). THE TWIN CITY MODEL IN THE PYRENEES TERRITORY: ANDORRA AND ALT URGELL BORDER REGION. Sixth European Urban and Regional Studies Conference. Governance, territoriality and network policies on Diverse economies in Europe. 21-24 September; Comwell Hotel, Roskilde, Denmark.
The new Europe of 25 countries still has different boundary spots inside like Switzerland with special agreements. One of these cases is the Principat d{\textquoteright}Andorra in the Pyrenees, between France and Spain. Since the 1960{\textquoteright}s decade this mountainous country of 465 sq. km has grown from 6,000 to more than 70,000 inhabitants in 2005 taking advantage of commercial and financial opportunities in relation to French and Spanish states but also to the European Union laws.
At the beginning of the 21rst century different policies from the government of Andorra have tried to diversify economic activities, to bring under control urban growth and developing territorial links with Alt Urgell a Catalan county of 22,000 inhabitants close to the southern boundary. There are human, goods, services and capital movements in both directions and public and private transport is very important. Because of that is possible to say that a twin city system is in process to be implemented. Our research group has completed a study which has elaborated primary data results on different type of relations in this city system.
The first wave of migration into Andorra was from Catalonia after the Spanish Civil War and from Alt Urgell and surroundings (1960-80) promoting important links between families. Many of them now have Andorran nationality. After the 1980 was there an important Spanish and Portuguese migration with an actual population of Andorrans 38\%, Catalans 22\%, Spaniards 17\%, Portuguese 10\%, French 6\% and others 7\%. The official language is Catalan and the currency is the euro. The number of visitors in Andorra was more than 13 million people in 2005 with important winter resorts. The Government of Andorra, recently, has taken the important decision to strengthen relations with the European Union, adapting several laws, even with a risk of reducing financial and commercial advantages.
In this paper we explain a model of reciprocal networks to be set up between economies and citizens of both, Andorra and Alt Urgell, territories. Mainly, there are flows in both directions, in relation to labour force mobility, goods and services purchase and direct economic investment. There are also plans to increase efficient transport networks and to make agreements related to environmental management. Andorra has more population and economic and financial initiatives whereas Alt Urgell has more urban and agrarian land available but also cultural and specific retail trade to give satisfaction to the whole population of twin city system. On top of that, the special governance of Andorra gives an important role to Alt Urgell. The Bishop of Urgell is at the same time the co-Princep of Andorra, together with the French President, and the seat of both religious and political positions are in the Seu d{\textquoteright}Urgell.
},
	author = {Tulla, A. F. and Pallares-Blanch, M. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Vera, A.}
}
@proceedings {15882,
	title = {New economy in traditional industrial urban spaces. The 22@Barcelona (LA NUEVA ECONOM{\'I}A Y LOS ESPACIOS INDUSTRIALES TRADICIONALES: EL CASO DEL 22@ BARCELONA)},
	journal = {II Jornadas de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica. Industria y Ciudad: Geograf{\'\i}a de una relaci{\'o}n renovada},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1-11},
	address = {Salamanca},
	abstract = {Reference: Vera, A.; Pallares-Barbera, M.; Tulla, A.F. (2006). La Nueva Econom{\'\i}a y los espacios industriales tradicionales: El caso del 22@Barcelona. En Alonso Santos, J.A.; Aparicio Amador, L.J.; Sanchez Fernandez, J.L. [Eds.]. Industria y Ciudad. Geograf{\'\i}a de una relaci{\'o}n renovada. Salamanca: II Jornadas de Geograf{\'\i}a Econ{\'o}mica: 1-11.
Las tecnolog{\'\i}as de la innovaci{\'o}n y la comunicaci{\'o}n han cambiado la estructura productiva de los negocios al mismo tiempo que la morfolog{\'\i}a urbana. La nueva econom{\'\i}a ha configurado un nuevo modelo de localizaci{\'o}n industrial, generando en las ciudades un espacio propicio para el desarrollo y creaci{\'o}n de empresas innovadoras. En el interior de los nuevos espacios urbanos industriales es posible acoger redes de empresas basadas en las nuevas tecnolog{\'\i}as, como universidades o centros de innovaci{\'o}n y desarrollo dando lugar a un claro ejemplo de nueva econom{\'\i}a basada en la econom{\'\i}a del conocimiento. El Barrio Barcelon{\'e}s del Poblenou ha sido testimonio de dichas transformaciones, pasando de un espacio industrial tradicional a un nuevo espacio destinado al nuevo sistema econ{\'o}mico. La finalidad de este art{\'\i}culo es presentar {\'e}stos cambios a trav{\'e}s del proyecto del 22@ Barcelona.},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Vera, A. and Tulla, A. F.}
}
@conference {11605,
	title = {Creating urban knowledge-activity hubs in Barcelona (Spain): A history of success?},
	booktitle = {102th Annual Meeting of Association of American Geographers},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {AAG},
	organization = {AAG},
	address = {Chicago IL},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@conference {11597,
	title = {The twin city model in the Pyrenees territory: Andorra and Alt Urgell border regions},
	booktitle = {Sixth European Urban and Regional Studies Conference},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1-13},
	publisher = {Governance, territoriality and network policies or Diverse economies in Europe},
	organization = {Governance, territoriality and network policies or Diverse economies in Europe},
	address = {Roskilde, Denmark},
	author = {Tulla, A. and Pallares-Blanch, M. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Vera, A.}
}
@article {10363,
	title = {Social capital as an analytical structure for studying gender and space (Capital social como estructura de an{\'a}lisis. Validaciones en perspectivas de g{\'e}nero y territorio)},
	journal = {Cuadernos de Geograf{\'\i}a},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {177 - 190},
	abstract = {This article examines the analytical categories of the concept of social capital from a gender perspective. How social capital is produced and distributed, and who are its beneficiaries are the subject of an ongoing debate amongst different disciplines. In geography, social capital can be described as a basic tool for interpretation, especially when studying the jobs of women in rural mountainous areas. This article analyses the contributions by four of the most important theoreticians of the concept: Pierre Bourdieu, James Coleman, Robert Putnam and Nan Lin, with the purpose of undertaking a re-interpretation of social capital that helps to open up a debate on how to identify and analyse the contributions made by women in the realm of social capital. KEY WORDS: Social capital, women{\textquoteright}s jobs, rural areas, network analysis.},
	url = {http://www.uv.es/cuadernosgeo/CG78_177_190.pdf},
	author = {Casellas, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {10362,
	title = {Optimum location in the Cerd{\`a}{\textquoteright}s Plan. The p-median model in the L1 orthogonal network of Barcelona{\textquoteright}s Expansion (La percepci{\'o} d{\textquoteright}optimalitat en el Pla Cerd{\`a}. El model p-median en el disseny ortogonal L1 de l{\textquoteright}eixample de Barcelona)},
	journal = {Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {223-253},
	abstract = {Many of the present days {\textquoteleft}modern cities were transformed from their medieval past based on blueprints laid out by visionary city planners. These city planners resorted to methods of calculation prevailing in their day and age. This was probably combined with instinct and intuition that identified the talented city planner from the rest. Ildefonso Cerd{\`a} was one of such planner and the advent of the city structure of modern Barcelona must be attributed to his plan. Although Barcelona today is not entirely as Cerd{\`a} had visualized it, it is important to note that it is the result of changes imposed subsequently on the original Cerd{\`a} Plan. In order to chart out a course for future city planning in Barcelona it is essential to understand the original plan in the context of the objectives and analytical tools currently in vogue. Several programming techniques have been developed to resolve problems posed by various constraints to desirable objectives. Hence, various programming models have been applied to the problem of suitable locating facilities, like schools, subject to criteria that define the user{\textquoteright}s convenience. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how the p-Median Model can be used to test the optimality of the distribution of schools in Barcelona as proposed by Cerd{\`a}. The purpose here is to show different methodologies for making such comparisons. A meaningful optimality check would ordinarily require using the whole plan. However, a small sample of nodes has been considered for the limited purpose of showing the application of techniques. Key words: optimality, urban planning, urban facilities, p-median model.},
	url = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2574955},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {10351,
	title = {Spatial loyalty and territorial embeddedness in the multi-sector clustering of the Bergued{\`a} region in Catalonia (Spain)},
	journal = {Geoforum},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {635-649},
	abstract = {The development of clusters of local growth is supported by different processes. Endogenous economic development produced by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is based on family firms in which local market characteristics influence the sectorial diversification that emerges within certain regions. In the Bergued{\`a} region (Catalonia, Spain), the formation of a successful network of SMEs in three main sectors (food, textile and machinery) in the 1990s demonstrated the importance of grass-roots prerequisites, including industrial tradition, social networks and a sense of spatial loyalty, one of the main concepts studied in this paper. The aim of this paper is to study how institutions, local economic networks and collective social agents generate a propitious economic space that constitutes favourable embedding in Bergued{\`a}. However, the key element in this industrial system is the loyalty that entrepreneurs and workers feel towards their industrial region. These two processes, territorial embeddedness and spatial loyalty, appear to be two of the major forces behind the economic dynamism of the region and have led to the formation of a new cluster of firms. Author Keywords: Spatial loyalty; Local development; Territorial embeddedness; Multi-sector clustering; Identity},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Tulla, A. F. and Vera, A.}
}
@article {10399,
	title = {Innovation, networks and flows in the study of the territory (Innovaci{\'o}n, redes y flujos en el estudio del territorio)},
	journal = {Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia},
	volume = {57},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {159-180},
	abstract = {
	While space might shrink, the flows of goods in space gets constantly wider. Great inventions in history have marked the reorganization of space as well as some activities, some spatial relations and the value of territory. Space has been adapting to these needs offering new opportunities and challenges. Geography has become the leading science to analyze and mediate in these processes. The space of markets, the relations between the digital world and the real world, {\textquotedblleft}geolocalization{\textquotedblright} of services and new economic activities have moved geography to a new level within social sciences. This round table starts from the following standpoint: How do the extreme speed of flows affects the meaning and perception that in different social and cultural settings people have? Keywords: innovation, flows, networks.

},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {10381,
	title = {Areas Taxonomy using GIS and Socioeconomic variables factor analysis (Taxonom{\'\i}as de {\'a}reas en el Pirineo Catal{\'a}n: Aproximaci{\'o}n metodol{\'o}gica al an{\'a}lisis de variables socioterritoriales)},
	journal = {GeoFocus},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2004},
	month = {11 February 2004},
	pages = {209-245},
	abstract = {This article proposes a methodology based on geographical information systems and factor-analysis to carry out taxonomies for mountain areas in the Catalan Pyrenees. Initially, socio-economic and spatial variables have been used in the classification of the areas. Subsequently, the discrimination of homogeneous areas becomes important in order to undertake posterior studies about their development and to facilitate the creation of specific public policies adjusted to their main competitive advantages. The confrontation of such extreme and rival neighbouring uses in small Pyrenean regions -such as natural parks and productive activities- with externalities arising and affecting each others{\textquoteright} activities, requires governmental instruments to intervene in order to achieve a more efficient allocation of resources in the face of externalities, to decrease production where there is external cost and to increase it where there are external benefits. Necessarily, these policies would have to be related to urban planning and to take into account economic and social aspects. Keywords: local development, GIS, multivariate analysis, rural mountainous areas, natural protected areas.},
	url = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1168573},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Tulla, A. and Badia, A. and Vera, Ana and Serra, P.}
}
@article {10365,
	title = {Location determinants of Barcelona{\textquoteright}s hinterland at the beguinning of the twenty one century (Estructura productiva i potencials de localitzaci{\'o} de l{\textquoteright}{\`a}rea d{\textquoteright}influ{\`e}ncia de Barcelona al tomb dels segle XXI)},
	journal = {Revista de Geografia},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {63-92},
	url = {http://www.revistadegeografia.com/revista3/PALLARES.pdf},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {48696,
	title = {The adoption of the Internet in the semi-remote districts of industrial tradition in Catalonia and the perception of the new economy (La adopci{\'o}n de Internet en la red de empresas y la percepci{\'o}n de la nueva econom{\'\i}a en comarcas semi-remotas de tradici},
	journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n de la Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {129-147},
	author = {Vera, A. and Badia, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {11591,
	title = {The transformation of agrarian space in mountain areas of Catalonia (La transformaci{\'o} del model agrari en {\`a}rees de muntanya)},
	journal = {Espais},
	volume = {49},
	number = {Spring},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {82-97},
	url = {http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Espais/article/viewArticle/91760/0},
	author = {Tulla, A. and Soriano, J.M. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Vera, A.}
}
@inbook {10705,
	title = {Local development, socioeconomic and natural externalities in mountain areas. ISBN: 80-86377-09-1},
	booktitle = {Regional Geography and its applications},
	year = {2003},
	pages = { 178-185},
	publisher = {Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Institute of Geonics},
	organization = {Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Institute of Geonics},
	address = {Brno (Txeck Republic)},
	abstract = {In the mountainous areas of Europe, local development can be explained by the existence of comparative advantages with regard to the more heavily populated areas. When applied to the Catalan Pyrenees, the revision of the theory of comparative advantage within the framework of the centre-periphery model and the use of the territorial embeddedness theory of economic activities enables us to demonstrate that in the future, short term analysis will have to be replaced by long term analysis that also considers environmental, social and cultural externalities.},
	author = {Tulla, A. and Vera, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@book {10392,
	title = {Social Capital and women{\textquoteright}s work in the Pyrennees (Capital social i treball de les dones als Pirineus. El cas de l{\textquoteright}Alt Urgell)},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Catalonia Women{\textquoteright}s Institute (Institut Catal{\`a} de les Dones)},
	organization = {Catalonia Women{\textquoteright}s Institute (Institut Catal{\`a} de les Dones)},
	address = {Barcelona},
	url = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=187201},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Tulla, A. and Pallares, M.}
}
@article {10382,
	title = {Economic geography and industrial location (Geografia econ{\`o}mica i localitzaci{\'o} industrial)},
	journal = {Documents d{\textquoteright}An{\`a}lisi Geogr{\`a}fica},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {171-182},
	abstract = {In human geography, the theory of localisation and, specifically, that of industrial localisation has been one of the most broadly covered issues over time, and is closely related to other disciplines. This article outlines the various contributions made in industrial localisation, from Weberian analysis up to the network economy, without forgoing a consideration of mass-production or Just-in-Time systems. Methodologically, the analysis of industrial localisation is framed within the structure of globalisation/regionalisation in which the economic activity of the 20th and 21st Centuries takes place. It also focuses on the impact on the productive system caused by innovation in areas such as technology, communication, infrastructures and business organisation, and how this has been reflected in industrial space. Key words: localisation theory, economic geography, industrial localisation.},
	url = {http://www.raco.cat/index.php/DocumentsAnalisi/article/view/31790/31625},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {10354,
	title = {Firm network and Internet in the mountain rural areas of Catalonia (Spain) (La adopci{\'o}n de Internet en la red de empresas y la percepci{\'o}n de la nueva econom{\'\i}a en comarcas semi-remotas de tradici{\'o}n industrial de Catalunya)},
	journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n de la Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {129-147},
	abstract = {The decreasing impact of distance in the exchange of information has changed the way in which business are done. Mountain areas close to metropolitan spaces have received new firms and the old business network adjusted to these new technologies in their everyday operations. Competitive advantages have reshaped regions and they generated new locational model. The objective of this article is to study the process of business location in Catalonia{\textquoteright}s mountain areas (Spain) taking into account Internet and new technologies. Keywords: ICT, rural areas, industrial location, economic geography.},
	url = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=765888},
	author = {Vera, A. and Badia, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@conference {11969,
	title = {Area taxonomy in the Pyrenees (Taxonom{\'\i}a de {\'a}reas en el Pirineo catal{\'a}n: aproximaci{\'o}n metodol{\'o}gica al an{\'a}lisis de variables socio-territoriales)},
	booktitle = {M{\'E}TODOS CUANTITATIVOS, SISTEMAS DE INFORMACI{\'O}N GEOGR{\'A}FICA Y TELEDETECCI{\'O}N. CIENCIA Y TECNOLOG{\'I}A DE LA INFORMACI{\'O}N GEOGR{\'A}FICA EN UN MUNDO GLOBALIZADO},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {AGE Grupo Tecnolog{\'\i}as de la Informaci{\'o}n Geogr{\'a}fica},
	organization = {AGE Grupo Tecnolog{\'\i}as de la Informaci{\'o}n Geogr{\'a}fica},
	address = {Valladolid, Spain},
	abstract = {http://age.ieg.csic.es/metodos/congresos/valladolid02.html},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Tulla A. and Badia Perpiny{\`a}, A and Serra Ruiz, P., and Vera Mart{\'\i}n, A.}
}
@inbook {10720,
	title = {Enterprise embeddedness and Industrial Innovation in Spain: An Overview},
	booktitle = {Embedded enterprise and social capital: international perspectives},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Ashgate: 113-126},
	publisher = {Ashgate},
	organization = {Ashgate},
	address = {Aldershot UK},
	abstract = {The concept of {\textquotedblleft}embeddedness{\textquotedblright} refers to the social construction of inter-firm relationships and the enmeshing of economic relationships within broader social structures and relationships in particular places. Previous research has suggested {\textquotedblleft}embedding{\textquotedblright} is the best way to generate local growth and social capital and has focused on SMEs in Europe and North America, although the existing model is being more widely adopted now. This volume is the first to examine the complex processes of {\textquotedblleft}embedding{\textquotedblright} in this wider context. Bringing together a broad range of case studies from the developed and developing world which address the nature of embeddedness from various perspectives, it not only questions the universality of the current model and the policy initiatives it has spawned but also provides a much wider understanding of {\textquotedblleft}embeddedness{\textquotedblright}. It does so by discussing the social dimensions more fully and
by throwing light on the spatial and temporal ambiguity of the concept and its inadequate treatment of power. 
Contents
Approaching embeddedness, Michael Taylor and Simon Leonard; Embeddedness and innovation, Ron Boschma, Jan Lambooy and Veronique Schutjens; Rethinking institutions and embeddedness in a third world context, Giles Mohan; Supply chains, embeddedness and the restructuring of Argentina{\textquoteright}s tanning industry, Kjersti W{\o}lneberg; Going places? Reflections on embedding and disembedding in agriculture and horticulture under neoliberalism: the example of Hawke{\textquoteright}s Bay, New Zealand, David Hayward, Christina Stringer and Richard Le Heron; Weakening ties: the embeddedness of small UK electronics firms, Sara Openshaw and Michael Taylor;
Enterprise embeddedness and industrial innovation in Spain: an overview, Montserrat Pallares-Barbera; Local embeddedness in global financial services: Australian evidence in {\textquoteleft}the end of geography{\textquoteright}, Pierre Agnes; Local embeddedness and service firms: evidence from Southern England, Paul Search
and Michael Taylor; Embedded project-production in magazine publishing: a case of self-exploitation?, Carol Ekinsmyth; Local embeddedness, {\textquoteleft}institutional thickness{\textquoteright} and the state regulation of local labour markets, Simon Leonard; Diasporic embeddedness and Asian women entrepreneurs in the UK, Irene Hardill, Parvati Raghuram and Adam Strange; Over- and Under-embeddedness: failures in developing mixed embeddedness among Israeli entrepreneurs, Michael Sofer and Izhak Schnell; Enterprise, embeddedness and exclusion: business relationships in a small island developing economy, Michael Taylor; The local embeddedness of firms in Turkish industrial districts: the changing roles of networks in local development, Ayda Eraydin; Understanding embeddedness, Michael Taylor and Simon Leonard.
},
	url = {http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Embedded-Enterprise-and-Social-Captial/Michael-Taylor/e/9780754615170$\#$TABS},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@webarticle {10716,
	title = {Towards a web based system for teaching quantitative geography models},
	journal = {International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies in Education (ICTE 2002) ICTE_Badajoz_2002},
	year = {2002},
	month = {July, 2002},
	pages = {1035-1039},
	url = {International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies in Education (ICTE 2002), Badajoz, Spain, 20-23 Nov 2002.},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Minguill{\'o}n Alfonso, J. and Lloret, T}
}
@article {10383,
	title = {Fires in peripherical urban areas and fires in rural areas. A case study of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona and the county of Bages (Incendis periurbans front a incendis rurals. Els casos de l{\textquoteright}{\`A}rea Metropolitana de Barcelona i la comarca del Bages)},
	journal = {Documents d{\textquoteright}An{\`a}lisi Geogr{\`a}fica},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {17-42},
	abstract = {Forest fires require specific response depending on the physical features of the terrain and its social use. This paper shows two areas which, have completely different ignitor characteristics despite their spatial proximity. These are the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, which is completely urban, and the county of Bages, much more rural. These differences have been observed from the collection and analysis of the data of the fires that took place in these two areas between 1987 and 1998. The data show a different distribution of fire outbreaks in more dense urban areas and in more spread out rural areas, where fires are more difficult to detect. This fact explains why a larger area was burnt in Bages during the lapse of time studied. It is important, thus, that the policies to be applied are customized with specific and differentiate characteristics for every case. Key words: forest fires, ignition, propagation, Geographical Information Systems, continuity of vegetation mass.},
	url = {http://www.raco.cat/index.php/DocumentsAnalisi/search/results?query=montserrat+pallar\%C3\%A8s+barber\%C3\%A0\&searchField=1},
	author = {Badia i Perpiny{\`a}, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Pi{\~n}ol, J.}
}
@article {10384,
	title = {Economic spaces and industrial innovative milieus in the region of Bergued{\`a} (Spain) (Espais econ{\`o}mics i milieus innovatius industrials a la comarca del Bergued{\`a})},
	journal = {Documents d{\textquoteright}An{\`a}lisi Geogr{\`a}fica},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {33-53},
	abstract = {The main objective of this paper is to study comparative advantages of the Bergued{\`a} region (Catalonia) for the industrial network of small and medium enterprises, based on three elements: territory, economic and social. Results are placed on the basis of the performance of three main actors: small and medium enterprises, institutions and territory. Three endogenous development models are used to analyse competitive strategies of economic development in the region: industrial district, innovative milieu and industrial embeddedness. Key words: Bergued{\`a}, industrial district, innovative milieu, industrial embeddedness, endogenous development model.},
	url = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=226230},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Vera, A.}
}
@inbook {29866,
	title = {Industrial embeddedness and innovative milieu in the Bergued{\`a} County (Spain). (Incrustaci{\'o}n industrial y medio innovador en la comarca del Bergued{\`a})},
	booktitle = {Innovaci{\'o}n, peque{\~n}a empresa y desarrollo local en Espa{\~n}a},
	year = {2000},
	note = {
	CITATION:PALLARES-BARBERA, M. \&amp; VERA MART{\'I}N, A. (2000). "Incrustaci{\'o}n industrial y medio innovador en la comarca del Bergued{\`a}". Alonso, J.L. M{\'e}ndez, R. (coord.). Innovaci{\'o}n, Peque{\~n}a Empresa y Desarrollo Local en Espa{\~n}a. Civitas: Madrid: 195-210. ISBN 84-470-1505-X.

},
	pages = {195-210},
	publisher = {Civitas},
	organization = {Civitas},
	address = {Madrid},
	abstract = {Durante los noventa se han registrado procesos de desarrollo econ{\'o}mico local que han respondido a factores de diversos tipos. Muchos de estos han sobrepasado lo que estrictamente pueda explicarse como factor econ{\'o}mico, para enmarcarse en lo que se llaman factores enraizados en redes sociales y culturales de un espacio determinado. El objetivo de este cap{\'\i}tulo es el estudio del comportamiento de la actividad industrial en la comarca del Bergued{\`a}, en Catalunya, bas{\'a}ndose en las interrelaciones que se establecen entre la actividad econ{\'o}mica y el territorio. Enfatizando el papel constituyente de los v{\'\i}nculos entre empresa y colectivo social y cultural del propio territorio, como factor principal para el desarrollo local y base del resurgimiento de la actividad econ{\'o}mica e innovadora en la regi{\'o}n. Las caracter{\'\i}sticas intr{\'\i}nsecas del Bergued{\`a} como comarca con larga tradici{\'o}n industrial, pero alejada de las {\'a}reas consideradas m{\'a}s id{\'o}neas para la localizaci{\'o}n industrial, aportan inter{\'e}s espec{\'\i}fico para el an{\'a}lisis de su desarrollo econ{\'o}mico. No debe obviarse la particularidad de que el Bergued{\`a} constituye parte integrante del grupo de comarcas de monta{\~n}a de Catalunya, y de que fue uno de los territorios donde empez{\'o} la revoluci{\'o}n industrial en Espa{\~n}a. Por tanto, por una parte, la tradici{\'o}n industrial juega un papel esencial en cada estadio de su desarrollo, hasta cierto punto se puede afirmar que puede ser la semilla de posteriores revitalizaciones de la regi{\'o}n. Que, por otra parte, est{\'a} en continua dial{\'e}ctica con el bajo nivel de econom{\'\i}as de urbanizaci{\'o}n, carencia hist{\'o}rica de la zona. Hace falta a{\~n}adir que esta comarca sufri{\'o} unos altos niveles de desindustrializaci{\'o}n durante los ochenta, que hizo necesaria la intervenci{\'o}n de pol{\'\i}ticas institucionales encaminadas a paliar los crecientes niveles de desestructuraci{\'o}n econ{\'o}mica y desempleo. En este marco, el estudio de su restauraci{\'o}n industrial parece interesante para revelar los aspectos interiores del mecanismo revitalizador e innovador. Conocimiento necesario para el {\'e}xito o fracaso de su futuro desarrollo regional.},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Vera, A. and Alonso, J. L. and M{\'e}ndez, R.}
}
@conference {11823,
	title = {An{\'a}lisis de Cuadrados para Analizar la Concentraci{\'o}n de Igniciones en {\'A}reas Urbanas y Rurales. Los casos del {\'A}rea Metropolitana de Barcelona y la Comarca del Bages},
	booktitle = {Tecnolog{\'\i}as Geogr{\'a}ficas para el Desarrollo Sostenible},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Universidad de Alcal{\'a}, Spain: 367-380},
	organization = {Universidad de Alcal{\'a}, Spain: 367-380},
	address = {Alcal{\'a} de Henares, Madrid},
	abstract = {El objetivo de este art{\'\i}culo es demostrar estad{\'\i}sticamente que la distribuci{\'o}n de incendios responde a patrones de comportamiento regular, aleatorio o agrupado dependiendo de la tipolog{\'\i}a del territorio y de sus funciones. La metodolog{\'\i}a de base consiste en la aplicaci{\'o}n del an{\'a}lisis de cuadrados (AC), en el marco de los sistemas de informaci{\'o}n geogr{\'a}fica (SIG). La distinta distribuci{\'o}n espacial que se observa en zonas urbanas, con incendios m{\'a}s concentrados, y en zonas rurales, con incendios m{\'a}s dispersos, es el resultado de comportamientos ignitorios distintos y por lo tanto, las acciones y pol{\'\i}ticas que se tengan que aplicar, han de resolver situaciones con caracter{\'\i}sticas espec{\'\i}ficas y diferenciadas en cada caso. Para definir estos modelos se ha considerado dos {\'a}mbitos de la geograf{\'\i}a catalana muy distintos en cuanto al uso del territorio y por lo tanto, al comportamiento de los incendios, el {\'A}rea Metropolitana de Barcelona, zona completamente urbanizada (AMB) y la comarca del Bages, zona con una estructura mucho m{\'a}s rural. Palabras clave: SIG, an{\'a}lisis de cuadrados, igniciones en {\'a}reas urbanas, igniciones en {\'a}reas rurales.},
	author = {Badia, A. and Pallares-Barbera, M. and Pi{\~n}ol, J.}
}
@article {10352,
	title = {Changing production systems: The automobile industry in Spain.},
	journal = {Economic Geography},
	volume = {74},
	number = {4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {344-359},
	abstract = {DOI: 10.2307/144329.},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {10385,
	title = {Flexible production system, Just-In-Time and spatial adjustments in the automobile industry in Spain (Sistemas de producci{\'o}n Flexible y Just-In-Time en la industria del autom{\'o}vil en Espa{\~n}a)},
	journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n de la Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {53-71},
	abstract = {During the 1990s the main auto industries in Spain introduced the Just-In-Time system of production. This paper studies the spatial readjustments due too thr production system restructuration.},
	url = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1318563},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@inbook {10729,
	title = {Nissan Motor Ib{\'e}rica in Spain and Japanese production systems},
	booktitle = {Japan and the European periphery},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {180-191},
	publisher = {Macmillan},
	organization = {Macmillan},
	address = {Basingstoke/London},
	abstract = {
	The book describes Japanese economic links with peripheral regions in Europe. Focusing particularly on manufacturing investment, the impact of Japanese firms is assessed against a background of increasing European economic integration. The uneven distribution of Japan{\textquoteright}s economic presence in Europe is emphasized, as is the importance of core economic regions for future investment activity. The growing importance of core regions is then linked to emerging patterns in the growth of science-based industries, as well as efforts by national and regional agencies to attract inward investment.

},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@article {10386,
	title = {International economic integration. Industry and region. Interrelationship and dependence on new production systems (Ind{\'u}stria i territori. Interrelaci{\'o} i depend{\`e}ncia en els nous sistemes productius)},
	journal = {Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia},
	volume = {XI},
	number = {41},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {77-89},
	abstract = {The aim of this article is to provide a framework for understanding industrial geography in globalization. The economic conditions in which activities and in particular productive activity are following international economic integration. In particular, this article focuses on issues relating to the dynamic relationship between center-periphery and the life cycle of the industry, as well as the transition of production systems. An indirect aim of this paper is to offer an approach to industrial geography as complex phenomena for understanding in undergraduate courses in economic geography.},
	url = {http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000073/00000002.pdf},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@conference {10737,
	title = {Urban Planning, industrial activity and the city},
	booktitle = {Industrial Geography Colloquium},
	year = {1994},
	month = {June 14},
	publisher = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles AGE},
	organization = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Ge{\'o}grafos Espa{\~n}oles AGE},
	address = {Girona Spain},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.}
}
@mastersthesis {11426,
	title = {The structural and spatial adjustments of the automobile industry in Spain, 1975-1990},
	year = {1993},
	school = {University Microfilms International Dissertation Services, 257 pages; AAT 9317924 },
	type = {The structural and spatial adjustments of the automobile industry in Spain, 1975-1990},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	url = {http://dissexpress.umi.com/dxweb?\&query=AU\%28pallares\%20barbera\%29\%20AND\%20TI\%28The\%20structural\%20and\%20spatial\%20adjustments\%20of\%20the\%20automobile\%20industry\%20in\%20Spain\%2C\%201975-1990\%29\&page=1\&sitex=10020:22372:US},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.},
	editor = {Lata Chatterjee}
}
@book {585226,
	title = {Characteristics of housing, mobility and the perception of the territory (Caracter{\'\i}stiques de l{\textquoteright}habitatge, la mobilitat i la percepci{\'o} del territory)},
	year = {1992},
	publisher = {Institut d{\textquoteright}Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona},
	organization = {Institut d{\textquoteright}Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona},
	address = {Barcelona},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Riera, Pilar}
}
@book {585231,
	title = {Metropolitan Survey of Barcelona 1990: first results (Enquesta Metropolitana de Barcelona 1990: primers resultats)},
	year = {1991},
	publisher = {Institut d{\textquoteright}Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona},
	organization = {Institut d{\textquoteright}Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona},
	address = {Barcelona},
	author = {Various Authors}
}
@book {109281,
	title = {Secondary housing of Barcelona and its metropolitan area{\textquoteright}s population (1985-1990) (La resid{\`e}ncia secund{\`a}ria de la poblacio de Barcelona i de la seva area metropolitana (1985-1990))},
	series = {Papers: Regi{\'o} Metropolitana de Barcelona},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {86},
	publisher = {Papers, Regi{\'o} Metropolitana de Barcelona, Territori, Estrat{\`e}gies i Planejament, N{\'u}m. 8.},
	organization = {Papers, Regi{\'o} Metropolitana de Barcelona, Territori, Estrat{\`e}gies i Planejament, N{\'u}m. 8.},
	address = {Barcelona},
	url = {http://www.raco.cat/index.php/PapersIERMB/article/view/91949},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Riera, P. and Anton, S. and Ibarguren, B. and Lozares, C.}
}
@inbook {29869,
	title = {Industry (La industria)},
	booktitle = {Geografia Universal. La poblaci{\'o}n i l{\textquoteright}economia en el territori mundial},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {230-273},
	publisher = {Edicions 92},
	organization = {Edicions 92},
	address = {Barcelona},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M. and Mart{\'\i}nez Edo, X.}
}
@book {585236,
	title = {The effect of educational reform on the school network in the province of Barcelona (L{\textquoteright}efecte de la reforma educativa sobre la xarxa escolar a la prov{\'\i}ncia de Barcelona)},
	year = {1990},
	publisher = {Diputaci{\'o} de Barcelona. Institut d{\textquoteright}Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona},
	organization = {Diputaci{\'o} de Barcelona. Institut d{\textquoteright}Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona},
	address = {Barcelona},
	author = {Various Authors}
}
@book {585241,
	title = {Ten years of democratic city councils (1979-1989): discussion of the situation (Deu anys d{\textquoteright}ajuntaments democr{\`a}tics (1979-1989): elements per a un balan{\c c})},
	year = {1989},
	publisher = {Federaci{\'o} de Municipis de Catalunya},
	organization = {Federaci{\'o} de Municipis de Catalunya},
	address = {Barcelona},
	author = {Nel{\textperiodcentered}lo et al.}
}
@inbook {585221,
	title = {The urban property in the United States (La propiedad urbana en Estados Unidos)},
	booktitle = {La representaci{\'o}n de la propiedad urbana en Europa y los Estados Unidos},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1-11},
	publisher = {Ministerio de Econom{\'\i}a y Hacienda},
	organization = {Ministerio de Econom{\'\i}a y Hacienda},
	address = {Madrid},
	author = {Montserrat Pallares-Barbera}
}
@mastersthesis {11451,
	title = {The P-Median model and the location of schools in the Cerd{\`a} Plan of Expansion of Barcelona},
	year = {1986},
	school = {Department of Geography},
	type = {Master Thesis},
	address = {Boston MA},
	author = {Pallares-Barbera, M.},
	editor = {Jeffrey P. Osleeb and Samuel Ratick}
}
