%0 Journal Article %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences %D 2019 %T Punishing and toxic neighborhood environments independently predict the intergenerational social mobility of black and white children. %A Robert Manduca %A Robert J. Sampson %B Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences %V 116 %P 7772 – 7777 %G eng %U https://www.pnas.org/content/116/16/7772 %N 16