@article {sweeney_atmospheric_2020,
	title = {Atmospheric carbon cycle dynamics over the ABoVEdomain: an integrated analysis using aircraft observations (Arctic-CAP) and model simulations (GEOS)},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Copernicus GmbH},
	pages = {1{\textendash}30},
	abstract = {The Arctic Carbon Atmospheric Profiles (Arctic-CAP) project conducted six airborne surveys of Alaska and northwestern Canada between April and November 2017 to capture the spatial and temporal gradients of northern high-latitude carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO) as part of NASA{\textquoteright}s Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). The Arctic-CAP\&nbsp;sampling strategy involved acquiring vertical profiles of CO2, CH4 and CO from the surface to 5 km altitude at 25 sites around the ABoVE domain on a 4- to 6-week time interval. We observed vertical gradients of CO2, CH4 and CO that vary by eco-region and duration of the sampling period, which spanned the majority of the seasonal cycle. All Arctic-CAP measurements were compared to a global simulation using the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) modeling system. Comparisons with\&nbsp;GEOS simulations of atmospheric CO2, CH4 and CO highlight the potential of these multi-species observations to inform improvements in surface flux estimates and the representation of atmospheric transport. GEOS simulations provide estimates of the near surface average CO2 and CH4\&nbsp;enhancements that are well correlated with aircraft observations (R=0.74 and R=0.60 respectively), suggesting that GEOS has reasonable fidelity over this complex and heterogeneous region. This model-data comparison over the ABoVE domain reveals that while current state-of-the-art models and flux estimates are able to capture broadscale spatial and temporal patterns in near-surface CO2 and CH4 concentrations, more work is needed to resolve fine-scale flux features that are observed. The study also provides a framework for benchmarking a global model at regional scales, which is needed to use climate models as tools to investigate high-latitude carbon-climate feedbacks.},
	issn = {1680-7316},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-609},
	url = {https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2020-609/},
	author = {Sweeney, Colm and Chatterjee, Abhishek and Wolter, Sonja and McKain, Kathryn and Bogue, Robert and Newberger, Tim and Hu, Lei and Ott, Lesley and Benjamin Poulter and Schiferl, Luke and Weir, Brad and Zhen Zhang and Miller, Charles E.}
}
@article {von_schneidemesser_how_2020,
	title = {How will air quality effects on human health, crops and ecosystems change in the future?},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {378},
	number = {2183},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	pages = {20190330},
	abstract = {Future air quality will be driven by changes in air pollutant emissions, but also changes in climate. Here, we review the recent literature on future air quality scenarios and projected changes in effects on human health, crops and ecosystems. While there is overlap in the scenarios and models used for future projections of air quality and climate effects on human health and crops, similar efforts have not been widely conducted for ecosystems. Few studies have conducted joint assessments across more than one sector. Improvements in future air quality effects on human health are seen in emission reduction scenarios that are more ambitious than current legislation. Larger impacts result from changing particulate matter (PM) abundances than ozone burdens. Future global health burdens are dominated by changes in the Asian region. Expected future reductions in ozone outside of Asia will allow for increased crop production. Reductions in PM, although associated with much higher uncertainty, could offset some of this benefit. The responses of ecosystems to air pollution and climate change are long-term, complex, and interactive, and vary widely across biomes and over space and time. Air quality and climate policy should be linked or at least considered holistically, and managed as a multi-media problem.},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.2019.0330},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2019.0330},
	author = {von Schneidemesser, Erika and Charles Driscoll and Rieder, Harald E. and Schiferl, Luke D.}
}
@article {marais_nitrogen_2018,
	title = {Nitrogen oxides in the global upper troposphere: interpreting cloud-sliced NO2 observations from the OMI satellite instrument},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	volume = {18},
	number = {23},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {17017{\textendash}17027},
	abstract = {Nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) in the upper troposphere (UT) have a large impact on global tropospheric ozone and OH (the main atmospheric oxidant). New cloud-sliced observations of UT\&nbsp;NO2\&nbsp;at 450{\textendash}280 hPa (\~{}6{\textendash}9 km) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) produced by NASA and the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) provide global coverage to test our understanding of the factors controlling UT\&nbsp;NOx. We find that these products offer useful information when averaged over coarse scales (20o{\texttimes}32o, seasonal), and that the NASA product is more consistent with aircraft observations of UT\&nbsp;NO2. Correlation with Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) and Optical Transient Detector (OTD) satellite observations of lightning flash frequencies suggests that lightning is the dominant source of\&nbsp;NOx\&nbsp;to the upper troposphere except for extratropical latitudes in winter. The\&nbsp;NO2\&nbsp;background in the absence of lightning is 10{\textendash}20 pptv. We infer a global mean\&nbsp;NOx\&nbsp;yield of\&nbsp;280{\textpm}80 moles per lightning flash, with no significant difference between the tropics and midlatitudes, and a global lightning\&nbsp;NOx\&nbsp;source of\&nbsp;5.9{\textpm}1.7 Tg N a-1. There is indication that the\&nbsp;NOx\&nbsp;yield per flash increases with lightning flash footprint and with flash energy.},
	issn = {1680-7316},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-556},
	url = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/18/17017/2018/},
	author = {Eloise A. Marais and Daniel J. Jacob and Choi, Sungyeon and Joanna Joiner and Belmonte-Rivas, Maria and Cohen, Ronald C. and Beirle, Steffen and Murray, Lee T. and Schiferl, Luke D. and Shah, Viral and Jaegl{\'e}, Lyatt}
}
@article {schiferl_particulate_2018,
	title = {Particulate matter air pollution may offset ozone damage to global crop production},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	volume = {18},
	number = {8},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {5953{\textendash}5966},
	abstract = {Ensuring global food security requires a comprehensive understanding of environmental pressures on food production, including the impacts of air quality. Surface ozone damages plants and decreases crop production; this effect has been extensively studied. In contrast, the presence of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere can be beneficial to crops given that enhanced light scattering leads to a more even and efficient distribution of photons which can outweigh total incoming radiation loss. This study quantifies the impacts of ozone and PM on the global production of maize, rice, and wheat in 2010 and 2050. We show that accounting for the growing season of these crops is an important factor in determining their air pollution exposure. We find that the effect of PM can offset much, if not all, of the reduction in yield associated with ozone damage. Assuming maximum sensitivity to PM, the current (2010) global net impact of air quality on crop production varies by crop (+5.6, -3.7, and +4.5 \% for maize, wheat, and rice, respectively). Future emissions scenarios indicate that attempts to improve air quality can result in a net negative effect on crop production in areas dominated by the PM effect. However, we caution that the uncertainty in this assessment is large, due to the uncertainty associated with crop response to changes in diffuse radiation; this highlights that a more detailed physiological study of this response for common cultivars is crucial.},
	issn = {1680-7324},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-18-5953-2018},
	url = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/18/5953/2018/},
	author = {Schiferl, Luke D. and Heald, Colette L.}
}
@article {schiferl_resource_2018,
	title = {Resource and physiological constraints on global crop production enhancements from atmospheric particulate matter and nitrogen deposition},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {15},
	number = {14},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {4301{\textendash}4315},
	abstract = {Changing atmospheric composition, induced primarily by industrialization and climate change, can impact plant health and may have implications for global food security. Atmospheric particulate matter\&nbsp;(PM) can enhance crop production through the redistribution of light from sunlight to shaded leaves. Nitrogen transported through the atmosphere can also increase crop production when deposited onto cropland by reducing nutrient limitations in these areas. We employ a crop model\&nbsp;(pDSSAT), coupled to input from an atmospheric chemistry model\&nbsp;(GEOS-Chem), to estimate the impact of PM and nitrogen deposition on crop production. In particular, the crop model considers the resource and physiological restrictions to enhancements in growth from these atmospheric inputs. We find that the global enhancement in crop production due to PM in\&nbsp;2010 under the most realistic scenario is\&nbsp;2.3, 11.0, and 3.4\% for maize, wheat, and rice, respectively. These crop enhancements are smaller than those previously found when resource restrictions were not accounted for. Using the same model setup, we assess the effect of nitrogen deposition on crops and find modest increases ( \~{} 2\% in global production for all three crops). This study highlights the need for better observations of the impacts of PM on crop growth and the cycling of nitrogen throughout the plant{\textendash}soil system to reduce uncertainty in these interactions.},
	issn = {1726-4170},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4301-2018},
	url = {https://www.biogeosciences.net/15/4301/2018/},
	author = {Schiferl, Luke D. and Heald, Colette L. and Kelly, David}
}
@article {schiferl_interannual_2016,
	title = {Interannual variability of ammonia concentrations over the United States: sources and implications},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	volume = {16},
	number = {18},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {12305{\textendash}12328},
	abstract = {The variability of atmospheric ammonia (NH3), emitted largely from agricultural sources, is an important factor when considering how inorganic fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and nitrogen cycling are changing over the United States. This study combines new observations of ammonia concentration from the surface, aboard aircraft, and retrieved by satellite to both evaluate the simulation of ammonia in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and identify which processes control the variability of these concentrations over a 5-year period (2008{\textendash}2012). We find that the model generally underrepresents the ammonia concentration near large source regions (by 26 \% at surface sites) and fails to reproduce the extent of interannual variability observed at the surface during the summer (JJA). Variability in the base simulation surface ammonia concentration is dominated by meteorology (64 \%) as compared to reductions in SO2 and NOx emissions imposed by regulation (32 \%) over this period. Introduction of year-to-year varying ammonia emissions based on animal population, fertilizer application, and meteorologically driven volatilization does not substantially improve the model comparison with observed ammonia concentrations, and these ammonia emissions changes have little effect on the simulated ammonia concentration variability compared to those caused by the variability of meteorology and acid-precursor emissions. There is also little effect on the PM2.5 concentration due to ammonia emissions variability in the summer when gas-phase changes are favored, but variability in wintertime emissions, as well as in early spring and late fall, will have a larger impact on PM2.5 formation. This work highlights the need for continued improvement in both satellite-based and in situ ammonia measurements to better constrain the magnitude and impacts of spatial and temporal variability in ammonia concentrations.},
	issn = {1680-7324},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-16-12305-2016},
	url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/12305/2016/},
	author = {Schiferl, Luke D. and Heald, Colette L. and Van Damme, Martin and Clarisse, Lieven and Clerbaux, Cathy and Coheur, Pierre-Fran{\c c}ois and Nowak, John B. and Neuman, J. Andrew and Herndon, Scott C. and Roscioli, Joseph R. and Eilerman, Scott J.}
}
@article {schiferl_investigation_2014,
	title = {An investigation of ammonia and inorganic particulate matter in California during the CalNex campaign},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	volume = {119},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1883-1902},
	abstract = {Airborne observations from the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) campaign in May and June 2010 are used to investigate the role of ammonia (NH3) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) formation and surface air quality in California and test the key processes relevant to inorganic aerosol formation in the GEOS-Chem model. Concentrations of ammonia throughout California, sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the Central Valley, and ammonium nitrate in the Los Angeles (LA) area are underestimated several-fold in the model. We find that model concentrations are relatively insensitive to uncertainties in gas-particle partitioning and deposition processes in the region. Conversely, increases to anthropogenic livestock ammonia emissions (by a factor of 5) and anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions in the Central Valley (by a factor of 3{\textendash}10) and a reduction of anthropogenic NOx emissions (by 30\%) substantially reduce the bias in the simulation of gases (SO2, NH3, HNO3) throughout California and PM2.5 near LA, although the exact magnitudes of emissions in the region remain uncertain. Using these modified emissions, we investigate year-round PM2.5 air quality in California. The model reproduces the wintertime maximum in surface ammonium nitrate concentrations in the Central Valley (regional mean concentrations are three times higher in December than in June), associated with lower planetary boundary layer heights and colder temperatures, and the wintertime minimum in the LA region (regional mean concentrations are two times higher in June than December) associated with ammonia limitation. Year round, we attribute at least 50\% of the inorganic PM2.5 mass simulated throughout California to anthropogenic ammonia emissions.},
	keywords = {0469 Nitrogen cycling, Ammonia, California, CalNex, emissions, GEOS-Chem, inorganic PM},
	issn = {2169-8996},
	doi = {10.1002/2013JD020765},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013JD020765/abstract},
	author = {Schiferl, Luke D. and Heald, Colette L. and Nowak, John B. and John S. Holloway and Neuman, J. Andrew and Bahreini, Roya and Pollack, Ilana B. and Ryerson, Thomas B. and Wiedinmyer, Christine and Murphy, Jennifer G.}
}
