@workingpaper {687346,
	title = {Cumulative Climate Shocks and Migratory Flows: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {We re-examine the effects of negative weather anomalies during the growing season on the decision to migrate in rural households in five sub-Saharan African countries. To this end we combine a multi-country household panel dataset with high-resolution gridded precipitation data. We find that while the effect of recent adverse weather shocks is on average modest, the cumulative effect of a persistent exposure to droughts over several years leads to a significant increase in the probability to migrate. The results show that more frequent adverse shocks can have more significant and long-lasting consequences in challenging economic environments.},
	url = {https://www.cesifo.org/en/publikationen/2022/working-paper/cumulative-climate-shocks-and-migratory-flows-evidence-sub-saharan},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Di Falco, Salvatore and Kis, Anna B.}
}
@workingpaper {687011,
	title = {Labor Market Integration, Local Conditions and Inequalities : Evidence from Refugees in Switzerland},
	year = {Working Paper},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X23001067},
	author = {M Viarengo and Mueller, T and Pannatier, P}
}
@workingpaper {685612,
	title = {Towards a Right to Learn: Concepts and Measurement of Global Education Poverty},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {The idea that children have a {\textquotedblleft}right to education{\textquotedblright} has been widely accepted since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 (United Nations, 1948) and periodically reinforced since. The {\textquotedblleft}right to education{\textquotedblright} has always, explicitly or implicitly, encompassed a {\textquotedblleft}right to learn.{\textquotedblright} Measures of schooling alone, such as enrollment or grade attainment, without reference to skills, capabilities, and competencies acquired, are inadequate for defining education or education poverty. Because of education{\textquoteright}s cumulative and dynamic nature, education poverty needs an {\textquotedblleft}early{\textquotedblright} standard (e.g., Grade 3 or 4 or age 8 or 10) and a {\textquotedblleft}late{\textquotedblright} standard (e.g., Grade 10 or 12 or ages 15 and older). Further, as with all international poverty definitions, there needs to be a low, extreme standard, which is found almost exclusively in low- and middle-income countries and can inform prioritization andaction, and a higher {\textquotedblleft}global{\textquotedblright} standard, against which even some children in high income countries would be considered education poor but which is considered a reasonable aspiration for all children. As assessed against any proposed standard, we show there is a massive learning crisis: students spend many years in school and yet do not reach an early standard of mastery of foundational skills nor do they reach any reasonable globalminimum standard by the time they emerge from school. The overwhelming obstacle to addressing education poverty today is not enrollment/grade attainment nor inequality in learning achievement, but the fact that the typical learning profile is just too shallow for children to reach minimum standards.},
	url = {https://riseprogramme.org/publications/towards-right-learn-concepts-and-measurement-global-education-poverty},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Pritchett, Lant and Kaffenberger, Michelle}
}
@article {674298,
	title = {A Generation of Italian Economists},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {We examine the role of financial aid in shaping the formation of human capital in economics. Specifically, we study the impact of a large merit-based scholarship for graduate studies in affecting individuals{\textquoteright} occupational choices, career trajectories, and labor market outcomes of a generation of Italian economists with special focus on gender gaps and the role of social mobility. We construct a unique dataset that combines archival sources and includes microdata for the universe of applicants to the scholarship program and follow these individuals over their professional life. Our unique sample that focuses on the high end of the talent and ability distribution also allows us to analyze the characteristics of top graduates, a group which tends to be under-sampled in most surveys. We discuss five main results. First, women are less likely to be shortlisted for a scholarship as they tend to receive lower scores in the most subjective criteria used in the initial screening of candidates. Second, scholarship winners are much more likely to choose a research career and this effect is larger for women. Third, women who work in Italian universities tend to have less citations than men who work in Italy. However, the citation gender gap is smaller for candidates who received a scholarship. Fourth, women take longer to be promoted to the rank of full professor, even after controlling for academic productivity. Fifth, it is easier to become a high achiever for individuals from households with a lower socio-economic status if they reside in high social mobility provinces. However, high-achievers from lower socio-economic status households face an up-hill battle even in high social mobility provinces.},
	url = {https://cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=16135},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Panizza, Ugo and Nano, Enrico}
}
@workingpaper {672154,
	title = {Crime, Inequality and Subsidized Housing: Evidence from South Africa},
	year = {Working Paper},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X2300061X},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Roxana Manea and Piraino, Patrizio}
}
@workingpaper {667930,
	title = {The Gender Aspect of Immigrants{\textquoteright} Assimilation in Europe},
	year = {Working Paper},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537122000719},
	author = {M Viarengo and G Peri and Lee, T.}
}
@workingpaper {663031,
	title = {Knowledge Intensity and Gender Wage Gaps: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {Do knowledge intense jobs exhibit lower gender gaps in wages? Here we use a linked employer-employee dataset of the entire Brazilian formal labor force to study the relationship between gender wage gaps and the knowledge intensity of industries and occupations. We find that employees in high-skilled occupations and industries experience lower gender wage gaps, and that the effect of knowledge intensity is stronger when the demand for skilled labor is high and the supply of skilled labor is low. We also find evidence that the gender wage gap of skilled workers, but not that of unskilled workers, decreases when knowledge intense industries grow. These effects are robust to controlling for individual, occupation, sector, and location characteristics. To address endogeneity concerns, we use a Bartik instrument based on labor demand shocks. Together, these findings suggest that competition for skilled labor in knowledge intense industries contributes to the reduction of gender wage gaps.},
	url = {https://www.cesifo.org/en/publikationen/2020/working-paper/knowledge-intensity-and-gender-wage-gaps-evidence-linked-employer},
	author = {Radu Barza and Cristian Jara-Figueroa and C{\'e}sar A. Hidalgo and Martina Viarengo}
}
@workingpaper {653462,
	title = {Gender Differences in Professional Career Dynamics: New Evidence from a Global Law Firm},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {We examine gender gaps in career dynamics in the legal sector using rich panel data from one of the largest global law firms in the world. The law firm studied is representative of multinational law firms and operates in 23 countries. The sample includes countries at different stages of development. We document the cross-country variation in gender gaps and how these gaps have changed over time. We show that while there is gender parity at the entry level in most countries by the end of the period examined, there are persistent raw gender gaps at the top of the organization across all countries. We observe significant heterogeneity among countries in terms of gender gaps in promotions and wages, but the gaps that exist appear to be declining over the period studied. We also observe that women are more likely to report exiting the firm for family and work-life balance reasons, while men report leaving for career advancement. Finally, we show that various measures of national institutions and culture appear to play a role in the differential labor-market outcomes of men and women},
	url = {https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/cid/publications/faculty-working-papers/gender-in-professional-careers-global-law},
	author = {M. Viarengo and I. Ganguli and R. Hausmann}
}
@workingpaper {653461,
	title = {Coming Out in America: AIDS, Politics and Cultural Change},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {The last few decades witnessed a dramatic change in public opinion towards gay people. This paper studies the hypothesis that the AIDS epidemic was a shock that changed the incentive to {\textquotedblleft}come out{\textquotedblright} and that the ensuing process of mobilization and endogenous political process led to cultural transformation. We show that the process of change was discontinuous over time and present suggestive evidence that the 1992 presidential election followed by the {\textquotedblleft}don{\textquoteright}t ask, don{\textquoteright}t tell{\textquotedblright} debate led to a change in attitudes. Using a difference-in-difference empirical strategy, we find that, in accordance with our hypothesis, the change in opinion was greater in states with higher AIDS rates. Our analysis suggests that if individuals in low-AIDS states had experienced the same average AIDS rate as a high-AIDS state, the change in their approval rate from the {\textquoteright}70s to the {\textquoteright}90s would have been 50 percent greater.},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w25697},
	author = {R. Fernandez and S. Parsa and M. Viarengo}
}
@workingpaper {442566,
	title = {Does Additional Spending Help Urban Schools? An Evaluation Using Boundary Discontinuities},
	journal = {LSE-Centre for the Economics of Education Discussion Paper No. 128; IZA Discussion Paper No. 6281},
	year = {Working Paper},
	month = {2015},
	url = {cee.lse.ac.uk/ceedps/ceedp128.pdf},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Steve Gibbons and Sandra McNally}
}
@article {442571,
	title = {Nation-Building through Compulsory Schooling during the Age of Mass Migration},
	year = {Working Paper},
	month = {2016},
	url = {http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctpimr/research/CSL.pdf},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Oriana Bandiera and Myra Mohnen and Imran Rasul}
}
@article {442561,
	title = {{\textquoteright}Teaching to Teach{\textquoteright} Literacy},
	journal = {London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, Discussion Paper No. 1425},
	year = {Working Paper},
	month = {2016},
	url = {cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1425.pdf},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Steve Machin and Sandra McNally}
}
@article {650378,
	title = {Gender Differences in Professional Career Dynamics: New Evidence from a Global Law Firm},
	journal = {Economica},
	year = {2020},
	author = {Ina Ganguli and Hausmann, Ricardo and Martina Viarengo}
}
@article {611986,
	title = {Nation-Building through Compulsory Schooling during the Age of Mass Migration},
	journal = {Economic Journal},
	volume = {129},
	number = {617},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {62-109},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/129/617/62/5253920},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Oriana Bandiera and Myra Mohen and Imran Rasul}
}
@article {611983,
	title = {Changing How Literacy is Taught: Evidence on Synthetic Phonics},
	journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {217-41},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Stephen Machin and Sandra McNally}
}
@article {611985,
	title = {Does Additional Spending Help Urban Schools? An Evaluation Using Boundary Discontinuities},
	journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
	volume = {November},
	year = {2017},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Steve Gibbons and Sandra McNally}
}
@article {611984,
	title = {The Effect of Opposite Sex Siblings on Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills in Early Childhood},
	journal = {Applied Economics Letters},
	volume = {24},
	number = {19},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1369-73},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Laura Cyron and Guido Schwerdt}
}
@article {442581,
	title = {Does Public Sector Control Reduce Variance in School Quality?},
	journal = {Education Economics},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {557-76},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09645292.2015.1012152},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Pritchett, Lant}
}
@book {442576,
	title = {Ni en Emploi Ni en Formation - Des Jeunes Laiss{\'e}s pour Compte},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Paris: Sciences-Po Press},
	organization = {Paris: Sciences-Po Press},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Francis Kramarz}
}
@article {442586,
	title = {The State, Socialization and Private Schooling: When Will Governments Support Alternative Producers?},
	journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
	volume = {51},
	number = {7},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {784-807},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00220388.2015.1034109?journalCode=fjds20},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Pritchett, Lant}
}
@article {442601,
	title = {Closing the Gender Gap in Education: What is the State of Gaps in Labor Force Participation for Women, Wives and Mothers?},
	journal = {International Labor Review},
	volume = {153},
	number = {2},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {173-208},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00007.x/abstract},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Ina Ganguli and Hausmann, Ricardo}
}
@article {442591,
	title = {Colonial Institutions, Trade Shocks, and the Diffusion of Elementary Education in Brazil, 1889-1930},
	journal = {Journal of Economic History},
	volume = {74},
	number = {3},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {730-66},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=9335248\&fileId=S0022050714000588},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Aldo Musacchio and Andre Martinez-Fritscher}
}
@article {442606,
	title = {Marriage, Education and Assortative Mating in Latin America},
	journal = {Applied Economics Letters},
	volume = {21},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {806-11},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504851.2013.849375},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Ina Ganguli and Hausmann, Ricardo}
}
@article {442596,
	title = {School and Family Effects on Educational Outcomes across Countries},
	journal = {Economic Policy},
	volume = {79},
	number = {29},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {395-446},
	url = {http://economicpolicy.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/79/395},
	author = {Martina Viarengo and Richard B. Freeman}
}
@article {40029,
	title = {The Making of Modern America: Migratory Flows in the Age of Mass Migration},
	journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {23-47},
	author = {Oriana Bandiera and Imran Rasul and Martina Viarengo}
}
@article {40030,
	title = {Why Demographic Suicide? The Puzzles of European Fertility},
	journal = {Population and Development Review},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {55-71},
	author = {Pritchett, Lant and Martina Viarengo}
}
@article {27586,
	title = {Inequality of Educational Outcomes: International Evidence from PISA},
	journal = {Journal for Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	author = {M.G. Viarengo and R.B. Freeman and S.J. Machin}
}
@article {27585,
	title = {The Virtuous Equity-Efficiency Trade-off in Educational Outcomes},
	journal = {VOX},
	volume = {January},
	year = {2011},
	author = {R.B. Freeman and S.J. Machin and M.G. Viarengo}
}
@inbook {6818,
	title = {Social Capital and School Impacts on the Non-Cognitive Skills of Early Adolescents: Evidence from a National Longitudinal Survey},
	booktitle = {School Choice and School Improvement},
	volume = {School Choice and School Improvement},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Chapter 4},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	organization = {Harvard University Press},
	chapter = {4},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {M.G. Viarengo and P.E. Peterson}
}
@inbook {6817,
	title = {Inequality, Poverty and the 2010 UK Election},
	booktitle = {Brown{\textquoteright}s/Cameron{\textquoteright}s Britain: UK Politics and the 2010 Election},
	volume = {Brown{\textquoteright}s/Cameron{\textquoteright}s Britain: UK Politics and the 2010 Election},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Chapter 6},
	publisher = {Manchester University Press},
	organization = {Manchester University Press},
	chapter = {6},
	address = {Manchester, UK},
	author = {M.G. Viarengo and J. Hopkin}
}
@article {3341,
	title = {The Expansion and Convergence of Compulsory in Western Europe: 1950-2010},
	journal = {Economica},
	volume = {78},
	number = {311},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {501-522},
	author = {F. Murtin and M.G. Viarengo}
}
@report {6820,
	title = {Explaining the Cross-National Time-Series Variation in Life Expectancy: Income, Women{\textquoteright}s Education, Shifts and What Else?},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	institution = {Human Development Report 2010 Twentieth Anniversary of the UNDP},
	address = {Washington DC},
	author = {M.G. Viarengo and L. Pritchett}
}
@workingpaper {3345,
	title = {The Great Leap Forward: The Political Economy of Education in Brazil, 1889-1930},
	volume = {HBS WP 10-075},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Harvard Business School },
	url = {http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/10-075.pdf},
	author = {A. Martinez-Fritscher and A. Musacchio and M.G. Viarengo}
}
@article {3342,
	title = {American Education in the Age of Mass Migrations, 1870-1930},
	journal = {Cliometrica},
	volume = {4},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	chapter = {113},
	author = {M.G. Viarengo and F. Murtin}
}
@article {3340,
	title = {Does Money matter for Schools?},
	journal = {Economics of Education Review},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2010},
	author = {H. Holmlund and S. McNally and M.G. Viarengo}
}
@inbook {3348,
	title = {ICT Skills Shortage and Institutional Response: A Comparison of International Perspectives},
	booktitle = {Annals of the Fondazione Einaudi},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2009},
	author = {M.G. Viarengo}
}
@inbook {3347,
	title = {The Dynamics of the Gender Gap: how do Countries rank in terms of making Marriage and Motherhood compatible with Work},
	booktitle = {Global Gender Gap Report 2009},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {World Economic Forum},
	organization = {World Economic Forum},
	address = {Geneva},
	author = {R. Hausmann and I. Ganguli and M.G. Viarengo}
}
@article {3344,
	title = {The Lisbon Agenda and Gender Differences in Labor-Market Outcomes},
	journal = {Women{\textquoteright}s Policy Journal of Harvard},
	volume = {6},
	number = {Summer Edition},
	year = {2009},
	chapter = {23},
	author = {M.G. Viarengo}
}
@inbook {3343,
	title = {Producing Superstars for the Economic Mundial: The Mexican Predicament with Quality of Education},
	booktitle = {Mexico Competitiveness Report 2009 },
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {World Economic Forum},
	organization = {World Economic Forum},
	chapter = {2},
	address = {Geneva},
	author = {L. Pritchett and M.G. Viarengo}
}
@report {3350,
	title = {The Skills needed for Economic Growth},
	year = {2008},
	institution = {UK: Government Office for Science },
	address = {London},
	author = {M.G. Viarengo}
}
@report {3349,
	title = {Impact of School Resources on Attainment at Key Stage 2},
	year = {2008},
	institution = {Department for Education and Skills - UK Ministry of Education},
	address = {London},
	author = {H. Holmlund and S. McNally and M.G. Viarengo}
}
